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sage in the fifth book (v.8), in which Caesar describes his second voyage, shows very clearly where he landed. He sailed from Portus Itius, on his second expedition, at sunset, with a wind about SW. by W.; about mid-. night the wind failed him, he could not keep his course, and, being carried too far by the tide, at daybreak, when he looked about him, he saw Britannia on his left hand behind him. Taking advantage of the change of the tide, he used his oars to reach "that part of the island where he had found in the previous summer that there was the best landing." He had been carried a few miles past the Cantium Promontorium, or North Foreland but not out of sight, and he could easily find his way to the beach at Deal. There are many arguments to show that Deal was Caesar's landing-place, as it was for the Romans under the empire, who built near it the strong place of Rutupiae (Richborough), on the Stour, near Sandwich.

D'Anville makes out Caesar's distance of 30 M. P. thus. He reckons 22 or 24 M. P., at most, from Portus Itius to the English cliffs, and 8 miles from his anchorage under the cliffs to his landingplace make up 30. Perhaps Caesar means to estimate the whole distance that he sailed to his landing place; and if this is so, his estimate of "about 30 Roman miles" is not far from the truth, and quite as near as we can expect. Strabo (p. 199) makes the distance 320 stadia, or only 300, according to a note of Eustathius on Dionysius Periegetes (v. 566), who either found 300 in his copy of Strabo, or made a mistake about the number; for he derived his information about Caesar's passage only from Strabo. It may be observed here that Strabo mentions two expeditions of Caesar, and only one port of embarkation, the Itius. He understood Caesar in the same way as all people will do who can draw a conclusion from premises. But even 300 stadia is too great a distance from Wissant to the British coast, if we reckon 8 stadia to the Roman mile; but there is good reason, as D'Anville says, for making 10 stadia to the mile here Pliny gives the distance from Boulogne to Britannia, that is, we must assume, to the usual landing place, Rutupiae, at 50 M. P., which is too much; but it seems to be some evidence that he could not suppose Boulogne to be Caesar's place of embarkation.

Caesar mentions another port near Itius. He calls it the Ulterior Portus (iv. 22, 23, 28), or Superior, and it was 8 M.P. from Itius. We might assume from the term Ulterior, which has reference to Itius, that this port was further to the north and east than Itius; and this is proved by what he says of the wind. For the wind which carried him to Britannia on his first expedition, his direct course being nearly north, prevented the ships at the Ulterior Portus from coming to the place where Caesar embarked (iv. 23). The Ulterior, or Superior, Portus is between Wissant and Calais, and may be Sangatte. Calais is too far off. When Caesar was returning from his first expedition (iv. 36, 37) two transport ships could not make the same portus-the Itius and the Ulterior or Superior-that the rest of the ships did, but were carried a little lower down (paulo infra), that is, further south, which we know to be Caesar's meaning by comparing this with another passage (iv. 28). Caesar does not say that these two ships landed at a "portus," as Ukert supposes (Gallien, p. 554), who makes a port unknown to Caesar, and gives it the name "Inferior."

Du Cange, Camden, and others, correctly took

Portns Itius to be Witsand. Besides the resemblance of name, Du Cange and Gibson have shown

Eng Miles

MAP ILLUSTRATING THE POSITION OF PORTUS ITIUS.

A. A. Strait of Dover, or Pas de Calais. 1. Portus Itius (Wissant). 2. Itium Pr. (Cap. Grisnez). 3. Gesoriacum, afterwards Bononia (Boulogne). 4. Calais. 5. Sandgate. 6. Portus Dubris (Dover). 7. Rutupiae (Richborough). 8. River Stour. 9. Cantium Pr. (North Foreland).10. Regulbium (Reculver). that of two middle age Latin writers who mention the passage of Alfred, brother of St. Edward, into England, one calls Wissant Portus Iccius, and the other Portus Wisanti. D'Anville conjectures that Wissant means "white sand," and accordingly the promontory Itium would be the White, a very good name for it. But the word "white," and its various forms, is Teutonic, and not a Celtic word, so far as the writer knows; and the word "Itius" existed in Caesar's time on the coast of the Morini, a Celtic people, where we do not expect to see a Teutonic name.

Wissant was known to the Romans, for there are traces of a road from it to Taruenna (Therouenne). It is no port now, and never was a port in the modern sense, but it was very well suited for Caesar to draw his ships up on the beach, as he did when he landed in England; for Wissant is a wide, sheltered, sandy bay. Froissart speaks of Wissant as a large town in 1346.

A great deal has been written about Caesar's voyages. The first and the best attempt to explain it, though it is not free from some mistakes, is Dr. Halley's, of which an exposition is given in the Classical Museum, No. xiii., by G Long. D'Anville, with his usual judgment, saw that Itius must be Wissant, but he supposed that Caesar landed at Hythe, south of Dover. Walckenaer (Géog. des Gaules, vol. i. pp. 448, 452) has some remarks on Itius, which he takes to be Wissant; and there are remarks on Portus Itius in the Gentleman's Magazine for September, 1846, by H. L. Long, Esq. Perhaps the latest examination of the matter is in G. Long's edition of Caesar, Note on Caesar's British Expeditions, pp. 248-257. What the later German geographers and critics, Ukert and others, have said of these voyages is of no value at all.

[G. L.]

ITON or ITO'NUS ("ITWV, Hom. ;*ITwvos, Strab.),| a town of Phthiotis in Thessaly, called by Homer "mother of flocks" (Il. ii. 696), was situated 60 stadia from Alus, upon the river Cuarius or Coralius, and above the Crocian plain. (Strab. ix. p. 435.) Leake supposes the Kholó to be the Cuarius, and places Itonus near the spot where the river issues from the mountains; and as, in that case, Iton possessed a portion of the pastoral highlands of Othrys, the epithet "mother of flocks" appears to have been well adapted to it. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 356, 357.) Iton had a celebrated temple of Athena, whose worship, under the name of the Itonian Athena, was carried by the Boeotians, when they were expelled from Thessaly, into the country named after them. (Strab. I. c.; Steph. B. s. v.; Apollod. ii. 7. § 7.; Appollon. i. 551, with Schol.; Callim. Hymn. in Cer. 74.; Paus. i. 13. § 2, iii. 9. § 13, ix. 34. § 1, x. 1. § 10; Plut. Pyrrh. 26.)

=

ITO'NE (Irún), a town in Lydia of unknown site. (Dionys. Per. 465; Steph. B. s. v.) [L. S.] ITUCCI (Plin. iii. 1. s. 3), or ITUCI (Coins; 'ITÚкn, Appian, Hisp. 66, 68), a city in the W. of Hispania Baetica. Under the Romans, it was a colonia immunis, with the surname VIRTUS JULIA, and it belonged to the conventus of Hispalis. Its probable site, in the opinion of Ukert, was between Martos and Espejo, near Valenzuela. (Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 369; Coins, ap. Florez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 487; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 18, Suppl. vol. i. p. 32; Sestini, p. 63; Eckhel, vol. i. p. 24.) [P. S.] ITUNA, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3. §2) as an aestuary immediately to the north of the Moricambe aestuary Morecambe Bay. This identifies it with the Solway Firth. [R. G. L.] ITURAEA (IToupaía), a district in the NE. of Palestine (Strab. xvi. p. 755; Plin. v. 19), which, with Trachonitis, belonged to the tetrarchy of Philip. (St. Luke, iii. 1; comp. Joseph. Ant. xv. 10. § 1.) The name is so loosely applied by the ancient writers that it is difficult to fix its boundaries with precision, but it may be said roughly to be traversed by a line drawn from the Lake of Tiberias to Damascus. It was a mountainous district, and full of caverns (Strab.1.c.): the inhabitants, a wild race (Cic. Phil.ii. 24), favoured by the natural features of the country, were in the habit of robbing the traders from Damascus (Strab. xvi. p. 756), and were famed as archers. (Virg. Georg. ii. 448; Lucan. vii. 230, 514.) At an early period it was occupied by the tribe of Jetur (1 Chron.v. 19; 'Iroupaîoi, LXX.), whose name is connected with that of Jetur, a son of Ishmael. (1 Chron. i. 31.) The Ituraeans-either the scendants of the original possessor, or, as is more probable, of new comers, who had occupied this district after the exile, and assumed the original name -were eventually subdued by king Aristobulus, B.C. 100, who compelled them to be circumcised, and incorporated them in his dominions. (Joseph. Ant. xiii. 1. §3.) The mountain district was in the hands of Ptolemaeus, tetrarch of Chalcis (Strab. xvi. p. 753); but when Pompeius came into Syria, Ituraea was ceded to the Romans (Appian. Mithr. 106), though probably it retained a certain amount of independence under native vassal princes: M. Antonius imposed a heavy tribute upon it. (Appian, B. C. v. 7.) Finally, under Claudius, it became part of the province of Syria. (Tac. Ann. xii. 23; Dion Cass. lix. 12.) The district El-Djedur, to the E. of Hermon (Djebel esh-Scheikh), and lying W. of the Hadj road, which according to Burckhardt |

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(Trav. p. 286) now contains only twenty inhabited
villages, comprehended the whole or the greater
part of ancient Ituraea. (Münter, de Reb. Ituraeor.
Havn. 1824; comp. Winer, Realwörterbuch, s. v. ;
Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt. ii. pp. 354-357,
899.)
[E. B. J.]
ITURISSA. [TURISSA.]
ITYCA. [ITUCCI.]

ITYS, in Britain, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 3.
§ 1) as a river lying north of the Epidian promon-
tory (Mull of Cantyre), with the river Longus be-
tween. As this latter Loch Linnhe, the Itys is
probably the Sound of Sleat, between the Isle of
Skye and the mainland. In the Monumenta Bri-
tannica we have Loch Torridon, Loch Duich, Loch
Eu.
[R. G. L.]

JUDAEA. [PALAESTINA.]
JUDAH. [PALAESTINA.]
IVERNIA. [IERNE.]

IVERNIS ('Iovepvís), mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 2. §10) as one of the inland towns of Ireland, the others being Rhigia, Rhaeba, Laberus, Macolicum, another Rhaeba, Dunum. Of these, Dunum has been identified with Down, and Macolicum with Mallow, on the strength of the names. Laberus, on similar but less satisfactory ground, Kil-lair in West Meath. Ivernus is identified by O'Connor with Dun-keron, on the Kenmare river; but the grounds on which this has been done are unstated. [R. G. L.]

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IVIA or JUVIA. [GALLAECIA.]
JULIA CONSTANTIA. [OSSET.]
JULIA FIDENTIA. [ULIA.]

JULIA JOZA ('Iovλía 'Ióga), a city on the coast of Hispania Baetica, between Gades and Belon, colonized by a population of Romans mixed with the removed inhabitants of the town of Zelis, near Tingis, on the Libyan shore of the Straits. Thus far Strabo (iii. p. 140): later writers speak of a place named JULIA TRANSDUCTA, or simply TRANSDUCTA ('lovλía Тpavodovkта, Ptol. ii. 4. § 6; Marcian. Heracl. p. 39; Geog. Rav.), E. of Mellaria; and oins are extant with the epigraph JULIA TRADUCTA (Flórez, Med. de Esp. vol. ii. p. 596, Esp. S. vol. x. p. 50; Mionnet, vol. i. p. 26, Suppl. vol. i. pp. 19, 45; Sestini, Med. Isp. p. 90; Num. Goth.; Eckhel, vol. i. pp. 29-31). Mela does not mention the place by either of these names; but, after speaking of Carteia, he adds the following remarkable words: et quam transvecti ex Africa Phoenices habitant, atque unde nos sumus, Tingentera. (Mela, ii. 6.) It can hardly be doubted that all these statements refer to the same place; nay, the very names are de-identical, Transducta being only the Latin translation of the word Joza (from, egressus est) used by the Phoenician inhabitants to describe the origin of the city. Its site must have been at or near Tarifa, in the middle of the European shore of the Straits, and on the S.-most point of the peninsula. (Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscr. p. 103; Philos. Trans. xxx. p. 919; Mentelle, Geog. Comp. Esp. Anc. p. 229; Ukert, ii. 1. p. 344.)

[P.S.]

JULIA LIBYCA. [CERRETANI.]
JULIA MYRTILIS. [MYRTILIS.]
JULIA ROMULA. [HISPALIS.]
JULIA TRANSDUCTA. [JULIA Joza.]
JULIA VICTRIX. [TARRACO.]

JULIACUM, a town in Gallia Belgica. In the Antonine Itin. a road runs from Castellum (Cassel) through Tongern to Juliacum, and thence to Colonia (Cologne). Juliacum is 18 leagues from Colonia. Another road runs from Colonia Trajana to

from Alexandreia, upon the banks of the canal which connected that city with the Canopic arm of the Nile. Some geographers suppose Juliopolis to have been no other than Nicopolis, or the City of Victory, founded by Augustus Caesar in B. c. 29, partly to commemorate his reduction of Aegypt to a Roman province, and partly to punish the Alexandrians for their adherence to Cleopatra and M. Antonius. Mannert, on the contrary (x. i. p. 626), believes Juliopolis to have been merely that suburb of Alexandreia which Strabo (xvii. p. 795) calls Eleusis. At this place the Nile-boats, proceeding up the river, took in cargoes and passengers. [W. B. D.] IU'LIS. [CEOS.]

Juliacum, and from Juliacum through Tiberiacum | to Pliny, Juliopolis stood about 20 miles distant to Cologne. On this road also Juliacum is placed 18 leagues from Cologne. Juliacum is Juliers, or Jülich, as the Germans call it, on the river Roer, on the carriage road from Cologne to Aix-la-Chapelle. The first part of the word seems to be the Roman name Juli-, which is rendered more probable by finding between Juliacum and Colonia a place Tiberiacum (Bercheim or Berghen). Acum is a common ending of the names of towns in North Gallia. [G. L.] JULIANO'POLIS ('Iovλiavoúñoλis), a town in Lydia which is not mentioned until the time of Hierocles (p. 670), according to whom it was situated close to Maeonia, and must be looked for in the southern parts of Mount Tiolus, between Philadelphia and Tralles. (Comp. Plin. v. 29.) [L. S.] JULIAS. [BETHSAIDA.]

JULIO'BONA ('Iovλióbova), a town in Gallia Belgica, is the city of the Caleti, or Caleitae as Ptolemy writes the name (ii. 8. § 5), who occupied the Pays de Caux. [CALETI.] The place is Lillebone, on the little river Bolbec, near the north bank of the Seine, between Havre and Caudebec, in the present department of Seine Inférieuse. The Itins. show several roads from Juliobona; one to Rotomagus (Rouen), through Breviodurum; and another through | Breviodurum to Noviomagus (Lisieux), on the south side of the Seine. The road from Juliobona to the west terminated at Carocotinum. [CAROCOTINUM.] The place has the name Juliabona in the Latin middle age writings. It was a favourite residence of the dukes of Normandie, and William, named the Conqueror, had a castle here, where he often resided. The name Juliobona is one of many examples of a word formed by a Roman prefix (Julio) and a Celtic termination (Bona), like Augustobona, Juliomagus. The word Divona or Bibona [DIVONA] has the same termination. It appears from a middle age Latin writer, cited by D'Anville (Notice, fc., Juliobona), that the place was then called Illebona, from which the modern name Lillebonne has come by prefixing the article; as the river Oltis in the south of France has become L'Olt, and Lot.

discovered.

The name Juliobona, the traces of the old roads, and the remains discovered on the site of Lillebonne prove it to have been a Roman town. A Roman theatre, tombs, medals, and antiquities, have been [G. L.] JULIOBRIGA ('Iovλióépiya), the chief city of the Cantabri, in Hispania Tarraconensis, belonging to the conventus of Clunia, stood near the sources of the Ebro, on the eminence of Retortillo, S. of Reyñosa. Five stones still mark the bounds which divided its territory from that of Legio IV. It had its port, named Portus Victoriae Juliobrigensium, at Santonna. (Plin. iii. 3. s. 4, iv. 20. s. 34; Ptol. ii. 6. § 51; Inscr. ap. Gruter, p. 354; Morales, Antig. p. 68; Florez, Esp. S. vol. vi. p. 417; Cantabr. p. 64 Ukert, vol. ii. pt. 1. p. 443.) [P.S.]

JULIOMAGUS ('Iovλóuayos), a town of the Andecavi, in Gallia Lugdunensis, and their capital. (Ptol. ii. 8. § 8.) It is named Juliomagus in the Table, and marked as a capital. It is now Angers. [ANDECAVI.] [G. L.]

JULIO'POLIS. [GORDIUM and TARSUS.] JULIO'POLIS AEGYPTI. Pliny (vi. 23. s. 26) alone among ancient geographers mentions this place anong the towns of Lower Aegypt. From the silence of his predecessors, and from the name itself, we may reasonably infer its recent origin. According

JU'LIUM CA'RNICUM ('IOÚλov Káρvikov, Ptol:
Zuglio), a town of the Carni, situated at the foot of
the Julian Alps, which, from its name, would seem
to have been a Roman colony founded either by
Julius Caesar, or in his honour by Augustus. If
Paulus Diaconus is correct in ascribing the foun-
dation of Forum Julii to the dictator himself (P.
Diac. Hist. Lang. ii. 14), there is little doubt that
Julium Carnicum dates from the same period: sat
we have no account of its foundation. Ptolemy in
one place distinctly describes it as in Noricum
(viii. 7. § 4), in another more correctly as situated
on the frontiers of Noricum and Italy (μeragù Tĥs
'Iтaλías Kai Næρikov, ii. 13. § 4). But Pliny ex-
pressly includes it in the territory of the Carni and
the tenth region of Italy (" Julienses Carnorum," iii.
19. s. 23), and its position on the S. side of the Alps
clearly entitles it to be considered in Italy. Its
position is correctly indicated by the Itinerary of
Antoninus (p. 219), which places it 60 M. P., from
Aquileia, on the road leading nearly due N. from
that city over the Julian Alps. The first stage on
this road," Ad Tricesimum," still retains the name
of Trigesimo, and the site of Julium Carnicum is
marked by the village of Zuglio (where some Roman
remains have been discovered), in a side valley open-
ing into that of the Tagliamento, about 4 miles above
Tolmezzo. The pass from thence over the Monte
di Sta. Croce into the valley of the Gail, now prac-
ticable only for mules, follows the line of the ancient
Roman road, given in the Itinerary, and therefore
probably a frequented pass under the Romans
[ALPES, p. 110, No. 7]: but the inscription on
the faith of which the construction of this road has
been ascribed to Julius Caesar is a palpable forgery.
(Cluver. Ital. p. 200.)
[E. H. B.]
JUNCARIA, JUNCARIUS CAMPUS. [IN-
DIGETES.]

JUNOÑIA INSULA. [FORTUNATAE INS.]
JURA. [HELVETII; GALLIA, p. 951.]

JURCAE ("Iυрkα), mentioned by Herodotus
(iv. 22) as lying contiguous to the Thyssagetae,
who lay beyond the Budini, who lay beyond the
Sauromatae of the Palus Maeotis and Lower Tanaïs.
Their country was well-wooded. They were hunters,
and had horses. This points to some portion of
the lower Uralian range. They were probably
tribes of the Ugrian stock, akin to the present
Morduins, Tsherimiss, Tshuvashes, of which they
were the most southern portion. The reason for
for this lies in the probability of the name being a
derivative from the root kr (as in Ukraine and
Carin-thia) = border, or boundary, some form of
which gave the Slavonic population their equivalent
to the Germanic name Marcomanni March-
men.
[R. G. L.]

JUSTINIA'NA. [CARTHAGO: HADRUMETUM.] | MISHPAT (Gen. xiv. 7, xvi. 14), where the Israelites JUSTINIA'NA PRIMA. [SCUPI.] encamped with the intention of entering the ProJUSTINIANO'POLIS. 1. A city in Epeirus, mised Land (Num. xxxii. 8), and the point from formerly called Hadrianopolis. [HADRIANOPOLIS.] which the spies were sent. (Num. xiii. xiv. 40—45, 2. The later name of Hadrumetum in Africa. xxi. 1—3; Deut. i. 41-44; comp. Judg. i. 17.) [HADRUMETUM.] The supposition that the Kadesh-Barnea, to which the Israelites first came, is different from the Kadesh-Meribah, which formed their later encampment, where the wants of the people were miraculously supplied from the smitten rock (Num. xx. 14), reconciles some difficulties. On the hypothesis that there were two places of this name, the first Kadesh and its localities agrees very well with the spring of 'Ain Kădēs or Kudēs, lying to the E. of the highest part of Djebel Halal, towards its N. extremity, about 12 miles from Moilâhhi Hadjar. (Beer-lahai-roi, Gen. xvi. 14), and something like due S. from Khalasa (Chezil, Josh. xv. 30), which has been identified by Mr. Rowlands (Williams, Holy City, vol. i. App. pp. 466-468) with the rock struck by Moses.

JUTHUNGI ('Ioúlovyyoi), a German tribe dwelling on the banks of the Danube. They are described by some ancient writers as a part of the Alemanni (Amm. Marc. xvii. 6); but they belonged more probably to the Gothic race: even their name seems to be only another form for Gothi or Gothones. (Ambros. Epist. 20.) Dexippus, from whom we learn most about their history, calls them a Scythian tribe, which, however, clearly means that they were Goths.

In the reign of the emperor Aurelian the Juthungi invaded Italy, and, being defeated, they sued for peace, but were obliged to return without having effected their purpose: afterwards they made preparations for another invasion. (Dexip. pp. 11, 12, 18, 19, 21, ed. Niebuhr and Bekker.) In these wars, however, they never appeared alone, but always in conjunction with others, either Alemannians, Suevi, or Goths. (See Eisenschmidt, de Origine Ostrogothorum et Visigothorum, p. 26; Latham, Tacit. Germ., Epileg. p. cxiii.) [L. S.]

JUTTAH ('Iτáv, LXX.), a town of Judah (Josh. xv. 55), appropriated to the priests; according to Eusebius (Onomast. s. v. 'IETTáv) it was 18 M. P. from Eleutheropolis. Reland (Palaest. p. 870) supposes this to have been the residence of Zacharias and Elizabeth, and the birthplace of John the Baptist, the óλis 'loúda of Luke, i. 39, being so written, by a corruption or from a softer pronunciation, instead of Tóλis 'Loúra. The modern Yutta, on the site of the old town, in which there are said to be indications of old remains, preserves the ancient name. (Robinson, Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 190, 195, 628; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt. i. pp. 638, 641; Winer, s. v.) [E. B. J.]

JUVAVUM, JUVA'VIA, a town in the interior of Noricum, on the left bank of the river Ivarus. It is the modern city of Salzburg, situated in an extensive and fertile valley, on the slope of a range of a high mountain. It is chiefly known from inscriptions one of which (Orelli, no. 496) describes the place as a colony planted by the emperor Hadrian; but its genuineness is disputed. (Orelli, Inscript. vol. i. p. 138.) Juvarium was the head-quarters of the fifth cohort of the first legion (Notit. Imper.) and the residence of the governor of the province. At an earlier period it seems to have been the residence of the native kings of Noricum. In the second half of the fifth century it was destroyed by the Heruli; but was restored as early as the seventh century, and still contains many beautiful remains of antiquity, especially mosaics. (Comp. Orelli, script. nos. 496, 497; Itin. Ant. p. 235, where it bears the erroneous name of Jovavis; Eugipp. Vit. S. Sever. 13, 24, where it is called Iopia; Vit. S. Ruperti, ap. Basnage, tom. iii. pt. 2. p. 273; Eginhard, Vit. Caroli M. 33; Juvavia, oder Nachrichten vom Zustande der Gegenden und Stadt Juvavia, Salzburg, 1784, fol.) [L. S.]

K.

The second Kadesh, to which the Israelites came with a view of passing through the land of Edom, coincides better with the more easterly position of 'Ain-el-Weibeh which Dr. Robinson (Bib. Res. vol. ii. pp. 582. 610, 622) has assigned to it (comp. Kitto, Scripture Lands, p. 82). Ritter (Erdkunde, vol. xiv. pp. 1077-1089), who refers to the latest discoveries in this district, does not determine whether one Kadesh would sufficiently answer all the conditions required. [E. B. J.]

KADMONITES (Kedμavaioi, LXX.), a nation of Canaan at the time that Abraham sojourned in the land (Gen. xv. 19). The name Beni-Kedem, “children of the East" (Judg. vi. 3; comp. Isa. xi. 14), was probably not distinctive of, but collectively applied to various peoples, like the Saracens in the middle ages, and the Beduins in later times. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt. i. p. 138.) [E. B. J.]

KAMON (Kauúv, LXX.), a town in Gilead, belonging to the tribe of Manasseh, where Jair died. (Judges, x. 5; comp. Joseph. Antiq. v. 7. § 6.) The Kamona (Kauwvá) of Eusebius, which lay 6 M. P. to the N. of Legio (Onomast. s. v.), must have been another place of the same name; but the city which Polybius (v. 70) calls Camus (Kauoûs), and which was taken, with other places in Peraea, by Antiochus, is identical with the town in Gilead. (Reland, | Palaest. 649; Winer, s. v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p.242; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. p. 1026.) [E.B.J.]

KANAH (Kavá, LXX.). 1. A town in the N. district of Asher. (Josh. xix. 28.) Dr. Robinson recognises it in the large village of Kâna, on the brow of the Wady-'Ashur, near Tyre.

2. A river which divided the district of Manasseh from that of Ephraim (Josh. xvi. 8, xvii. 9, 10), probably the river which discharges itself into the sea In-between Caesareia and Apollonia (Arundinetis; comp. Schultens, Vita Salad. pp. 191, 193), now the Nahr Abu-Zubâra. [E. B. J.]

KADESH (Kadńs, LXX), or KADESH-BARNEA, a site on the SE. of Palestine, with a fountain, EN

KAPHARABIS (Kapapabis), a fortified place, in Idumaea, taken, with Kaphethra, by Cerealis, A. D. 69. (Joseph. B. J. iv. 9. § 9.) [E. B. J.]

KEDEMOTH (Baкedμwe, LXX.), a city in the tribe of Reuben (Josh. xiii. 18), which gave its name to the wilderness of Kedemoth, on the borders of the river Arnon, from whence Moses sent messengers of peace to Sihon king of Heshbon (Deut. ii. 26.) Its site has not been made out. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pt i. pp. 574, 1208; Winer s. v.) [E. B. J.]

2. A town of Moab. (Jer. xlviii. 24, 41; Amos, ii. 2.) [E. B. J.] KIRJATH, a word signifying in Hebrew "town," or "city;" the following are the principal places to which this term is attached.

KEDESH (Kads, LXX.). 1. A town of Naphtali, ridge S. of Hebron, where there are sites of ruins 20 M. P. from Tyre. (Euseb. Onomast. s. v. Čedes.) | visible. Its Canaanitish chieftain was slain at the conquest of the land (Josh. xii. 22); afterwards it belonged to the Levites, and was one of the cities of refuge. (Josh. xx. 7, xxi. 32; 1 Chron. vi. 76.) Barak was born here (Judges, iv. 6): and Tiglath-Pileser made the conquest of it (2 Kings, xv. 29). It was the scene of the victory of Jonathan Maccabaeus over the princes of Demetrius (1 Macc. xi. 63–73), and was the birthplace of Tobias (Kudis tŷs Neplaλelu, Tobit, i. 2). In Josephus, Kúdioa (Antiq. ix. 11. §1) or Kédaσa (Antiq. xiii. 5. § 1) is spoken of as the boundary between Tyre and Galilee: during the war it appears to have been hostile to Galilee (B. J. ii. 18. § 1). The strongly fortified place in this district, called Kudooool by the same writer (B. J. iv. 2. § 3), is probably the same as Kedesh. A village on the hills opposite the marshes of HuletBânias, still called Kedes, is identified by Dr. Robinson with the ancient city. (Bibl. Res. vol. iii. p. 355.) Kedes was visited in 1844 by the Rev. Eli Smith, who has a full account of it in MS. (Biblioth. Sacra, vol. iii. p. 203.)

1. KIRJATHAIM (Kipiabalu, LXX.), or the "double city," one of the most ancient towns in the country E. of the Jordan, as it was in the hands of the Emims (Gen. xiv. 5; comp. Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 308), who were expelled from it by the Moabites. (Deut. ii. 9, 11.) Kirjathaim was afterwards assigned to the children of Reuben (Num. xxxii. 37; Josh. xiii. 19); but during the exile the Moabites recovered this and other towns. (Jer. xlviii. 1, 23; Ezek. xxv. 9.) Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v. Kapiabalu) describe it as being full of Christians, and lying 10 M. P. W. of Medeba. Burckhardt (Trav. p.367) heard of ruins called El-Teim, half an hour W. of the site of Medeba, which he conjectures to have been this place, the last syllable of the name being retained. This does not agree with the distance in

2. A town in the S. district of the tribe of Judah. the Onomasticon, but Jerome is probably wrong in (Josh. xv. 23.)

3. A town of Issachar, belonging to the Levites. (1 Chron. vi. 72; Reland, Palaest. p. 668; Winer, Biblisch. Reclwört. s.v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p. 129; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 246-252.) [E.B.J.]

KEDRON, KIDRON. [JERUSALEM.]

KEILAH (Keïλά, LXX.; Kí^^α, Joseph. Antiq. vi. 13. § 1; Knλá, Euseb.), a city in the tribe of Judah (Josh. xv. 44), 8 M. P. from Eleutheropolis. (Euseb. Onomast. s. v.) When the city was besieged by the Philistines, David relieved it, but the thankless inhabitants would have delivered him into the hands of Saul. (1 Sam. xxiii. 1-13.) It assisted in the building of the walls of Jerusalem (Neh. iii. 17, 18); and, according to tradition, the prophet Habakkuk was buried here. (Sozomen, H. E. vii. 29; Niceph. H. E. xii. 48; Reland, Palaest. p. 698: Winer, Biblisch. Realwört. s. v.; Von Raumer, Palest. p. 207.) [E. B. J.]

KENITES (Kivalot, LXX.), a semi-nomad tribe of Midianites, dwelling among the Amalekites. (Gen. xv. 19; Num. xxiv. 21; 1 Sam. xv. 6.) Hobab (Jethro), the father-in-law of Moses, and Heber, the husband of Jael, who slew Sisera (Judg. i. 16, iv. 11), belonged to this race. The Rechabites are mentioned, with other families, as belonging to the Kenites. (1 Chron. ii. 55; Jer. xxxv. 2; Winer, 8. v.; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 135-138; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 337, vol. ii. p. 31.) [E. B. J.] KENIZZITES (KevaÇaîoi, LXX.), a Canaanitish tribe. (Gen. xv. 19.) Caleb, the son of Jephunneh, is called a Kenezite (Num. xxxii. 12; Josh. xiv. 6), and Othniel, his younger brother, is also called a son of Kenaz. (Judg. i. 13, iii. 9; comp. Josh. xv. 17; 1 Chron. iv. 13.) Another branch of this race are referred to the Edomites. (Gen xxxvi. 11; Winer, 8. v.; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. p. 138; Ewald, Gesch. des Volkes Israel. vol. i. p. 338.) [E. B.J.] KERIOTH (Kapiwe, LXX.). 1. A town of the tribe of Judah. (Josh. xv. 25.) It was probably the birthplace of the traitor Judas, who owed his surname (lokaрirns) to this place. (Comp. Winer, 8. v. Judas.) Dr. Robinson (Bibl. Res. vol. ii. p. 472) has suggested that it may be represented by ElKüreyetein, situated at the foot of the mountain

identifying the Christian town with the ancient Kirjathaim, as the former is no doubt, from the data assigned by him, the modern Kureyeiât, S. of the Wady Zurka Main, and the latter the El-Teim of Burckhardt, to the N. of the Wady. (Comp. Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xv. pp. 1185, 1186.) There was another place of this name in the tribe of Naphtali. (1 Chron. vi. 76.)

2. KIRJATH-ARBA, the ancient name of Hebron, but still in use in the time of Nehemiah (xi. 25). [HEBRON.]

3. KIRJATH-BAAL. [KIRJATH-JEARIM.] 4. KIRJATH-HUZOTн, or "city of streets," a town of Moab. (Num. xxii. 39.)

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5. KIRJATH-JEARIM, or city of forests," one of the four towns of the Gibeonites (Josh. ix. 17), and not far distant from Beeroth (El-Bireh). (Ezra, ii. 25.) At a later period the ark was brought here from Beth-Shemesh (1 Sam. vii. 1,2), and remained there till it was removed to Jerusalem (1 Chron. xiii. 6). The place was rebuilt and inhabited after the exile (Ezra, l. c.; Neh. vii. 29). Josephus (Ant. vi. 1. § 4) says that it was near to Betli-Shemesh, and Eusebius and Jerome (Onomast. s. v. BaalCarathiarim) speak of it, in their day, as a village 9 or 10 M. P. from Jerusalem, on the way to Diospolis (Lydda). Dr. Robinson (Bibl. Res. vol. ii. pp. 334-337) has identified it with the present Kuryet-el-'Enáb, on the road to Ramleh. The monks have found the ANATHOTH of Jeremiah (i. 1; comp. Hieron. in loc.; Onomast. s. v. ; Joseph. Ant. x. 7. § 3), which is now represented by the modern 'Anâta at Kuryet-el-'Enáb, but the ecclesiastical tradition is evidently incorrect. There was formerly here a convent of the Minorites, with a Latin church. The latter remains entirely deserted, but not in ruins; and is one of the largest and most solidly constructed churches in Palestine. (Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. xvi. pp. 108-110.)

6. KIRJATH-SEPHER, or "city of the book (Josh. xv. 15, 16; Judg. i. 11), also called KIRJATHSANNAH, "city of palms." (Josh. xv.49.) Afterwards it took the name of DEBIR (Aa6ip, LXX.), a “word" or "oracle." Debir was captured by Joshua (z 38), but being afterwards retaken by the Canaanites, Caleb gave his daughter Achsa to Othnie, for his

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