[L. S.] 99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers | tioned in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word kápa, in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Wina pasture (Hesych. s. v. Káp), according to which it chester). [R. G. L.] would mean "the pasture land." In earlier times ICH (Ix), a river of Central Asia which only it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legat. BarCallim. Hymn. in Dian. 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; | barorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contempoIchthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present con- rary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century dition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lé- after Christ, to whom comparative geography is vant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den indebted for much curious information about the Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. p. 164, fol. basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba ur Djem, which rises in the mountain range Aïruruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbai, falls into the Caspian at its NE. corner. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des KirghizKazaks, p. 65.) [E. B. J.] OINAIAY COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS. ICARUSA, a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the HIEROS PORTUS (iepds Aiμhv) of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has beer, identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell, Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.) [E. B. J.] ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Antesiolurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icauna appears in a writing of the fifth century. According to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145), who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin, Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus. [G. L.] ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice. First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Ostorius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then inarches against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article CAMULODUNUM. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni. The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasutagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the frontiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31—37.) The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Cuistor); an assumption that is quite rea ICHANA (Ixava: Eth. 'Ixavivos), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb ixaváw, a form equivalent to ioxaváw), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s. 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.), the true reading is Ipanenses. [HIPPANA.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara. [IMACHARA.] [E. H. B.] ICHNAE (Ixvai), a city of Bottiaea, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with Pella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.) [E. B. J.] There ICHNAE (Ixval, Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called in Dion Cassins Ixva (xl. 12), and in Plutarch Toxva (Crass. c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant from the important town of Carrhae. [V.] ICCIUS PORTUS. [ITIUS.] ICHTHYOPHAGI (Ιχθυοφάγοι, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19; Pausan. i. 33. § 4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-eaters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who ΤΟ IBERIA INDIAE. no affinity either in language or descent, they have | an old version of the Bible into their language. The structure of this language has been studied by Adelung (Mithridat. vol. i. pp. 430, foll.) and other modern philologers, among whom may be mentioned Brosset, the author of several learned memoirs on the Georgian grammar and language: Klaproth, also, has given a long vocabulary of it, in his Asia Polyglotta. Armenian writers have supplied historical memoirs to Georgia, though it has not been entirely These curious wanting in domestic chronicles. records, which have much the style and appearance of the half-legendary monkish histories of other countries, are supposed to be founded on substantial truth. One of the most important works on Georgian history is the memorials of the celebrated Orpelian family, which have been published by St. Martin, Some account of these, along with a translation. with a short sketch of the History of the Georgians and their literature, will be found in Prichard (Physical Hist. of Mankind, vol. iv. pp. 261-276). Dubois de Montpéreux (Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. ii. pp. 8-169) has given an outline of the history of Georgia, from native sources; and the maps in the magnificent Atlas that accompanies his [E. B. J.] work will be found of great service. IBE'RIA INDIAE ('16npía, Peripl. M. E. p. 24, ed. Hudson), a district placed by the author of the Periplus between Larica and the Scythians. It was doubtless peopled by some of the Scythian tribes, who gradually made their descent to the S. and SE. part of Scinde, and founded the Indo-Scythic empire, on the overthrow of the Greek kings of Bactria, The name would seem to imply about B. C. 136. [V.] that the population who occupied this district had come from the Caucasus. It IBE'RICUM MARE. [HISPANUM MARE.] IBE'RES, IBE'RI, IBERIA. [HISPANIA.] IBERINGAE ('I6epiyya, Ptol. vii. 2. § 18), a people placed by Ptolemy between the Bepyrrhus Mons (Naraka Mts. ?) and the Montes Damassi, in India extra Gangem, near the Brahmaputra. [V.] IBE'RUS ('16mp, gen. -npos, and I6npos; in MSS. often Hiberus: Ebro), one of the chief rivers of Spain, the basin of which includes the NE. portion of the peninsula, between the great mountain chains of the Pyrenees and Idubeda. [HISPANIA.] rises in the mountains of the Cantabri, not far from the middle of the chain, near the city of Juliobriga (the source lies 12 miles W. of Reynosa), and, flowing with a nearly uniform direction to the SE., after a course of 450 M. P. (340 miles), falls into the Mediterranean, in 40° 42′ N. lat., and 0° 50′ E. long., forming a considerable delta at its mouth. It was navigable for 260 M. P. from the town of VARIA (Varea, in Burgos). Its chief tributaries were:-on the left, the SICORIS (Segre) and the GALLICUS (Gallego), and on the right the SALO (Xalon). It was long the boundary of the two Spains [HISPANIA], whence perhaps arose the error of Appian (Hisp. 6), who makes it divide the peninsula into two equal parts. There are some other errors not worthy of notice. The origin of the name is disputed. Dismissing derivations from the Phoenician, the question seems to depend very much on whether the Iberians derived their name from the river, as was the belief of the ancient writers, or whether the river took its name from the people, as W. von Humboldt contends. If the former was the case, and if Niebuhr's view is correct, that the popu lation of NE. Spain was originally Celtic [H18- IBETTES. [SAMOS.] IBES, a town in the SE. of Hispania Citerior, mentioned by Livy (xxviii. 21, where the MSS. vary in the reading), is perhaps the modern Ibi, NE. of [P. S.] 293.) Valencia. (Coins, ap. Sestini, p. 156; Laborde, Itin. vol. i. IBIO'NES, VIBIO'NES ('I6ives, al. Övibiúves, Ptol. iii. 5. § 23), a Slavonian people of Sarmatia Europaea, whom Schafarik (Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 213) looks for in the neighbourhood of a river Iva-IvizaIvinka, of which there are several in Russia deriving [E. B. J.] their name from "iwa"="Salix Alba," or the common white willow. IBLIODURUM, in Gallia Belgica, is placed by the The termination Antonine Itin. on the road between Virodunum (VerThe whole dun) and Divodurum (Metz). (durum) implies that it is on a stream. distance in the Itin. between Verdun and Metz is 23 Gallic leagues, or 34 M. P., which is less than even the direct distance between Verdun and Metz. There is, therefore, an error in the numbers in the Itin. somewhere between Virodunum and Divodurum, which D'Anville corrects in his usual way. site of Ibliodurum is supposed to be on the Iron, at a place about two leagues above its junction with [G. L.] the Orne, a branch of the Mosel, and on the line of an old road. ICA'RIA. [ATTICA, p. 328, b.] ICA'RIUM MARE. MARE.] The [ICARUS ; AEGAEUM I'CARUS, I'CARIA CIκapos, 'Ikаpía: Nikaria), an island of the Aegean, to the west of Samos, according to Strabo (x. p. 480, xiv. 639), 80 stadia from Cape Ampelos, while Pliny (v. 23) makes the distance 35 miles. The island is in reality a continuation of the range of hills traversing Samos from Its length, according to east to west, whence it is long and narrow, and extends from NE. to SW. Pliny, is 17 miles, and its circumference, according to Strabo, 300 stadia. The island, which gave its name to the whole of the surrounding sea (Icarium Mare or Pelagus), derived its own name, according to tradition, from Icarus, the son of Daedalus, who was believed to have fallen into the sea near this island. (Ov. Met. viii. 195, foll.) The cape forming the easternmost point of the island was called Drepanum or Dracanum (Strab. xiv. pp. 637, 639; Hom. Hymn. xxxiv. 1; Diod. Sic. iii. 66; Plin. iv. Further west, on 23; Steph. B. s. v. Aрákovov), and near it was a small town of the same name. the north coast, was the small town of ISTI (IoTo), with a tolerably good roadstead; to the south of this was another little place, called OENOE (Oivón, Strab. l. c.; Athen. i. p. 30.) According to some traditions, Dionysus was born on Cape Draconum (Theocrit. Idyll. xxvi. 33), and Artemis had a temple near Isti, called Tauropolion. The island had received its first colonists from Miletus (Strab. xiv. p. 635); but in the time of Strabo it belonged to the Samians: it had then but few inhabitants, and was mainly used by the Samians as pasture land for their flocks. (Strab. x. pp. 488, xiv. p. 639; Seylax, pp. 22; Aeschyl. Pers. 887; Thucyd. iii. 92, viii. [L. S.] 99; Ptol. v. 2. § 30; P. Mela, ii. 7.) Modern writers | tioned in the Itinerary as the Venta Icenorum, and derive the name of Icaria from the Ionic word kápa, in contradistinction to the Venta Belgarum (Wina pasture (Hesych. s. v. Káp), according to which it chester). [R. G. L.] would mean "the pasture land." In earlier times ICH (Ix), a river of Central Asia which only it is said to have been called Doliche (Plin. l. c.; occurs in Menander of Byzantium (Hist. Legat. BarCallim. Hymn. in Dian. 187), Macris (Plin. l. c.; barorum ad Romanos, p. 300, ed. Niebuhr, Bonn, Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 530; Liv. xxvii. 13), and 1829), surnamed the "Protector," and contempoIchthyoessa (Plin. l. c.). Respecting the present con- rary with the emperor Maurice, in the 6th century dition of the island, see Tournefort, Voyage du Lé- after Christ, to whom comparative geography is vant, ii. lett. 9. p. 94; and Ross, Reisen auf den indebted for much curious information about the Griech. Inseln, vol. ii. p. 164, fol. basin of the Caspian and the rivers which discharge themselves into it on the E. Niebuhr has recognised, in the passage from Menander to which reference has been made, the first intimation of the knowledge of the existence of the lake of Aral, after the very vague intimations of some among the authors of the classical period. Von Humboldt (Asie Centrale, vol. ii. p. 186) has identified the Ich with the Emba ur Djem, which rises in the mountain range Aïruruk, not far from the sources of the Or, and, after traversing the sandy steppes of Saghiz and Bakoumbaï, falls into the Caspian at its NE. corner. (Comp. Levchine, Hordes et Steppes des KirghizKazaks, p. 65.) [E. B. J.] OINAIRY COIN OF OENOE OR OENAE, IN ICARUS. ICARUSA, a river the embouchure of which is on the E. coast of the Euxine, mentioned only by Pliny (vi. 5). Icarusa answers to the Ukrash river; and the town and river of Hieros is doubtless the HIEROS PORTUS (iepds λiμhv) of Arrian (Peripl. p. 19), which has been identified with Sunjuk-kala. (Rennell, Compar. Geog. vol. ii. p. 328.) [E. B. J.] ICAUNUS or ICAUNA (Yonne), in Gallia, a river which is a branch of the Sequana (Seine). Antesiodurum or Autessiodurum (Auxerre) is on the Yonne. The name Icaunus is only known from inscriptions. D'Anville (Notice, &c., s. v. Icauna) states, on the authority of the Abbé le Beuf, that there was found on a stone on the modern wall of Auxerre the inscription DEAE ICAVNI. He supposes that Icauni ought to be Icauniae, but without any good reason. He also adds that the name Icanna appears in a writing of the fifth century. According to Ukert (Gallien, p. 145), who also cites Le Beuf, the inscription is "Deabus Icauni." It is said that in the ninth century Auxerre was named Icauna, Hionna, Junia. (Millin, Voyage, i. p. 167, cited by Ukert, Gallien, p. 474.) Icauna is as likely to be the Roman form of the original Celtic name as Icaunus. [G. L.] ICENI, in Britain. Tacitus is the only author who gives us the exact form Iceni. He mentions them twice. First, they are defeated by the propraetor P. Ostorius, who, after fortifying the valleys of the Autona (Aufona) and Sabrina, reduces the Iceni, and then marches against the Cangi, a population sufficiently distant from Norfolk or Suffolk (the area of the Iceni) to be near the Irish Sea. (Ann. xii. 31, 32.) The difficulties that attend the geography of the campaign of Ostorius have been indicated in the article CAMULODUNUM. It is not from this passage that we fix the Iceni. ICHANA (Ixava: Eth. 'Ixavivos), a city of Sicily, which, according to Stephanus of Byzantium, held out for a long time against the arms of the Syracusans, whence he derives its name (from the verb ixaváw, a form equivalent to loxaváw), but gives us no indication of the period to which this statement refers. The Ichanenses, however, are mentioned by Pliny (iii. 8. s. 14) among the stipendiary towns of the interior of Sicily, though, according to Sillig (ad loc.), the true reading is Ipanenses. [HIPPANA.] In either case we have no clue to the position of the city, and it is a mere random conjecture of Cluverius to give the name of Ichana to the ruins of a city which still remain at a place called Vindicari, a few miles N. of Cape Pachynum, and which were identified (with still less probability) by Fazello as those of Imachara. [IMACHARA.] [E. H. B.] ICHNAE (Ixvai), a city of Bottiaea, in Macedonia, which Herodotus (vii. 123) couples with Pella. (Leake, Travels in Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 582.) [E. B. J.] There ICHNAE (Ixvai, Isid. Char. p. 3; Steph. B. s. v), a small fortified town, or castle, in Mesopotamia, situated on the river Bilecha, which itself flowed into the Euphrates. It is said by Isidorus to have owed its origin to the Macedonians. can be little doubt that it is the same place as is called in Dion Cassins "Ixvaι (xl. 12), and in Plutarch "Toxva (Crass. c. 25). According to the former writer, it was the place where Crassus overcame Talymenus: according to the latter, that to which the younger Crassus was persuaded to fly when wounded. Its exact position cannot be determined; but it is clear that it was not far distant from the important town of Carrhae. [V.] ICCIUS PORTUS. [ITIUS.] ICHTHYO'PHAGI (Ixevopάyoι, Diod. iii. 15, seq.; Herod. iii. 19 ; Pausan. i. 33. § 4; Plin. vi. 30. s. 32), were one of the numerous tribes dwelling The second notice gives us the account of the great rebellion under Boadicea, wife of Prasutagus. From this we infer that Camulodunum was not far from the Icenian area, and that the Trinobantes were a neighbouring population. Perhaps we are justified in carrying the Iceni as far south as the fron-on each shore of the Red Sea which derived their tiers of Essex and Herts. (Ann. xiv. 31-37.) The real reason, however, for fixing the Iceni lies in the assumption that they are the same as the Simeni of Ptolemy, whose town was Venta (Norwich or Caistor); an assumption that is quite rea appellation from the principal article of their diet. Fish-eaters, however, were not confined to this region: in the present day, savages, whose only diet is fish cast ashore and cooked in the sun, are found on the coasts of New Holland. The Aethiopian Ichthyophagi, who DYTES. tribes, dwelt to the southward of the Regio Troglodytica. Of these, and other more inland races, concerning whose strange forms and modes of life curious tales are related by the Greek and Roman writers, a further account is given under TROGLO[W. B. D.] ICHTHYOPHAGORUM SINUS ('Ixovopάywv KÓλTOS, Ptol. vi. 7. § 13), was a deeply embayed portion of the Persian gulf, in lat. 25° N., situated between the headlands of the Sun and Asabé on the eastern coast of Arabia. The inhabitants of its borders were of the same mixed race - Aethiopo-Arabian-with the Ichthyophagi of Aethiopia. The bay was studded with islands, of which the principal were Aradus, Tylos, and Tharos. [W. B. D.] ICHTHYS. [ELIS, p. 817, b.] ICIANI, in Britain, mentioned in the Itinerary as a station on the road from London to Carlisle (Luguballium). As more than one of the stations on each side (Villa Faustini, Camboricum, &c.) are uncertain, the locality of the Iciani is uncertain also. Chesterford, Ickburg, and Thetford are suggested in the Monumenta Britannica. [R. G. L.] The ICIDMAGUS, a town of Gallia Lugdunensis, is placed by the Table on a road between Revessium (supposed to be St. Paulian) and Aquae Segete. [AQUAE SEGETE.] Icidmagus is probably Issengeaux or Issinhaux, which is SSW. of St. Etienne, on the west side of the mountains, and in the basin of the Upper Loire. The resemblance of name is the chief reason for fixing on this site. [G. L.] ICO'NII ('IKÓvioi), an Alpine people of Gallia. Strabo (p. 185) says: "Above the Cavares are the Vocontii, and Tricorii, and Iconii, and Peduli;" and again (p. 203): "Next to the Vocontii are the Siconii, and Tricorii, and after them the Medali (Medulli), who inhabit the highest summits." These Iconii and Siconii are evidently the same people, and the sigma in the name Siconii seems to be merely a repetition of the final sigma of the word OUKOVTIOUS. The Peduli of the first passage, as some editions have it, is also manifestly the name Medulli. ascertained position of the Cavares on the east side of the Rhone, between the Durance and Isère, and that of the Vocontii east of the Cavares, combined with Strabo's remark about the position of the Medulli, show that the Tricorii and the Iconii are between the Vocontii and the Medulli, who were on the High Alps; and this is all that we know. [G. L.] ICO'NIUM (IKÓVIOV: Eth. 'IKOVIEús: Cogni, Kunjah, or Koniyeh), was regarded in the time of Xenophon (Anab. i. 2. § 19) as the easternmost town of Phrygia, while all later authorities describe it as the principal city of Lycaonia. (Cic. ad Fam. iii. 6, 8, xv. 3.) Strabo (xii. p. 568) calls it a woAixvior, whence we must infer that it was then still a small place; but he adds that it was well peopled, and was situated in a fertile district of Lycaonia. Pliny (v. 27), however, and the Acts of the Apostles, describe it as a very populous city, inhabited by Greeks and Jews. Hence it would appear that, within a short period, the place had greatly risen in importance. In Pliny's time the territory of Iconium formed a tetrarchy comprising 14 towns, of which Iconium was the capital. On coins belonging to the reign of the emperor Gallienus, the town is called a Roman colony, which was, probably, only an assumed title, as no author speaks of it as a colony. Under the Byzantine emperors it was the metropolis of Lycaonia, and is frequently mentioned (Hierocl. 675); but it was wrested from them first by the Saracens, and afterwards by the Turks, who made it the capital of an empire, the sovereigns of which took the title of Sultans of Iconium. Under the Turkish dominion, and during the period of the Crusades, Iconium acquired its greatest celebrity. It is still a large and populous town, and the residence of a pasha. The place contains some architectural remains and inscriptions, but they appear almost all to belong to the Byzantine period. (Comp. Amm. Marc. xiv. 2; Steph. B. s. v.; Ptol. v. 6. § 16; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 48; Hamilton, Researches, vol. ii. p. 205, fol.; Eckhel, vol. iii. p. 31; Sestini, Geo. Num. p. 48.) The name Iconium led the ancients to derive it from eikév, which gave rise to the fable that the city derived its name from an image of Medusa, brought thither by Perseus (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 856); hence Stephanus B. maintains that the name ought to be spelt Eikóviov, a form actually adopted by Eustathius and the Byzantine writers, and also found on some coins. [L. S.] ICORIGIUM. [EGORIGIUM.] ICOS. [ICUs.] ICOSITA'NI. [ILICI.] ICO'SIUM ('IKÓσov: Algier), a city on the coast of Mauretania Caesariensis, E. of Caesarea, a colony under the Roman empire, and presented by Vespasian with the jus Latinum. (Itin. Ant. p. 15; Mela, i. 6. § 1; Plin. v. 2. s. 1; Ptol. iv. 2. § 6.) Its site, already well indicated by the numbers of Ptolemy, who places it 30′ W. of the mouth of the Savus, has been identified with certainty by inscriptions discovered by the French. (Pellissier, in the Exploration Scientifique de l'Algérie, vol. vi. p. 350.) Many modern geographers, following Mannert, who was misled by a confusion in the numbers of the Itinerary, put this and all the neighbouring places too far west. [Comp. IoL.] [P. S.] ICTIMULI or VICTIMULI (Ικτούμουλοι, Strab.), a people of Cisalpine Gaul, situated at the foot of the Alps, in the territory of Vercellae. They are mentioned by Strabo (v. p. 218), who speaks of a village of the Ictimuli, where there were gold mines, which he seems to place in the neighbourhood of Vercellae; but the passage is so confused that it would leave us in doubt. Pliny, however, who notices the gold mines of the Victimuli among the most productive in Italy, distinctly places them "in agro Vercellensi." We learn from him that they were at one time worked on so large a scale that a law was passed by the Roman censors prohibiting the employment in them of more than 5000 men at once. (Plin. xxxiii. 4. s. 21.) Their site is not more precisely indicated by either of the above authors, but the Geographer of Ravenna mentions the "civitas, quae dicitur Victimula" as situated "near Eporedia, not far from the foot of the Alps" (Geogr. Rav. iv. 30); and a modern writer has traced the existence of the "Castellum Victimula” during the middle ages, and shown that it must have been situated between Ivrea and Biella on the banks of the Elvo. Traces of the ancient gold mines, which appear to have been worked during the middle ages, may be still observed in the neighbouring mountains. (Durandi, Alpi Graie e Pennine, pp. 110-112; Walckenaer, Géogr. des Gaules, vol. i. p. 168.) [E. H. B.] ICTIS, in Britain, mentioned by Diodorus Siculus (v. 22) as an island lying off the coast of the tin districts, and, at low tides, becoming a peninsula, whither the tin was conveyed in waggons. St. Michael's Mount is the suggested locality for Ictis Probably, however, there is a confusion between the Isle of Wight, the Isle of Portland, the Scilly Isles, and the isle just mentioned; since the name is suspiciously like Vectis, the physical conditions being different. This view is confirmed by the text of Pliny (iv. 30), who writes, "Timaeus historicus a Britannia introrsus sex dierum navigatione abesse dicit insulam Mictim in qua candidum plumbum proveniat; ad eam Britannos vitilibus navigiis corio circumsutis navigare." [R. G. L.] ICTODURUM, in Gallia. The Antonine Itin. places Caturiges (Chorges) on the road between Ebrodunum (Embrun) and Vapincum (Gap): and the Table adds Ictodurum between Caturigomagus, which is also Chorges, and Vapincum. We may infer from the name that Ictodurum is some stream between Chorges and Gap; and the Table places it half-way. The road distance is more than the direct line. By following the road from either of these places towards the other till we come to the stream, we shall ascertain its position. D'An- | ville names the small stream the Vence; and Walckenaer names the site of Ictodurum, La Bastide Vieille. [G. L.] ICULISMA, a place in Gallia, mentioned by Ausonius (Ep. xv. 22) as a retired and lonely spot where his friend Tetradius, to whom he addresses this poetical epistle, was at one time engaged in teaching: "Quondam docendi munere adstrictum gravi It is assumed to be the place called Civitas Ecolismensium in the Notitia Prov. Gall., which is Angoulime, in the French department of Charente, on the river Charente. [G. L.] ICUS (Ikos: Eth. "Inios), one of the group of islands off the coast of Magnesia in Thessaly, lay near Peparethus, and was colonised at the same time by the Cuossians of Crete. (Scymn. Chius, 582; Strab. ix. p. 436; Appian, B. C. v. 7.) The fleet of Attalus and the Rhodians sailed past Scyrus to Icus. (Liv. xxxi. 45.) Phanodemus wrote an account of this insignificant island. (Steph. B. s. v.) It is now called Sarakino. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 312.) IDA, IDAEUS MONS († 'Iồn, Ida: Ida), a range of mountains of Phrygia, belonging to the system of Mount Taurus. It traverses western Mysia in many branches, whence it was compared by the ancients to the scolopendra or milliped (Strab. xiii. p. 583), its main branch extending from the southeast to the north-west; it is of considerable height, the highest point, called Gargarus or Gargaron, rising about 4650 feet above the level of the sea. The greater part is covered with wood, and contains the sources of innumerable streams and many rivers, whence Homer (Il. viii. 47) calls the mountain πολυπίδαξ. In the Homeric poems it is also described as rich in wild beasts. (Comp. Strab. xiii. pp. 602, 604; Hom. I. ii. 824, vi. 283, viii. 170, xi. 153, 196; Athen. xv. 8; Hor. Od. iii. 20. 15; Ptol. v. 2. § 13; Plin. v. 32.) The highlands about Zeleia formed the northern extremity of Mount Ida, while Lectum formed its extreme point in the south-west. Two other subordinate ranges, parting froin the principal summit, the one at Cape Rhoeteum, the other at Sigeum, may be said to enclose the territory of Troy in a crescent; while another central ridge between the two, separating the valley the whole the form of the Greek letter e. (Demetr. ap. Strab. xiii. p. 597.) The principal rivers of which the sources are in Mount Ida, are the Simois, Scamander, Granicus, Aesepus, Rhodius, Caresus, and others. (Hom. Il. xii. 20, foll.) The highest peak, Gargarus, affords an extensive view over the Hellespont, Propontis, and the whole surrounding country. Besides Gargarus, three other high peaks of Ida are mentioned: viz. Cotylus, about 3500 feet high, and about 150 stadia above Scepsis; Pytna; and Dicte. (Strab. xiii. p. 472.) Timosthenes (ap. Steph. B. s. v. 'Aλe§ávdpeia) and Strabo (xiii. p. 606) mention a mountain belonging to the range of Ida, near Antandrus, which bore the name of Alexandria, where Paris (Alexander) was believed to have pronounced his judgment as to the beauty of the three goddesses. (Comp. Clarke's Travels, ii. p. 134; Hunt's Journal in Walpole's Turkey, i. p. 120; Cramer's Asia Minor, i. 120.) [L. S.] IDA (I8n, Ptol. iii. 17. § 9; Pomp. Mela, ii. 7. § 12; Plin. iv. 12, xvi. 33; Virg. Aen. iii. 105; Solin. ii.; Avien. 676; Prisc. 528), the central and loftiest point of the mountain range which traverses the island of Crete throughout the whole length from W. to E. In the middle of the island, where it is broadest (Strab. x. pp. 472, 475, 478), Mt. Ida lifts its head covered with snow. (Theophrast. H. P. iv. 1.) The lofty summits terminate in three peaks, and, like the main chain of which it is the nucleus, the offshoots to the N. slope gradually towards the sea, enclosing fertile plains and valleys, and form by their projections the numerous bays and gulfs with which the coast is indented. Mt. Ida, now called Psiloriti, sinks down rapidly towards the SE. into the extensive plain watered by the Lethaeus. This side of the mountain, which looks down upon the plain of Mesara, is covered with cypresses (comp. Theophrast. de Vent. p. 405; Dion. Perieg. 503; Eustath. ad. loc.), pines, and junipers. Mt. Ida was the locality assigned for the legends connected with the history of Zeus, and there was a cavern in its slopes sacred to that deity. (Diod. Sic. v. 70.) The Cretan Ida, like its Trojan namesake, was connected with the working of iron, and the Idaean Dactyls, the legendary discoverers of metallurgy, are assigned sometimes to the one and sometimes to the other. Wood was essential to the operations of smelting and forging; and the word Ida, an appellative for any wood-covered mountain, was used perhaps, like the German berg, at once for a mountain and a mining work. (Kenrick, Aegypt of Herodotus, p. 278; Höck, Kreta, vol. i. p. 4.) [E. B. J.] I'DACUS (Idakos), a town of the Thracian Chersonese, mentioned by Thucydides (viii. 104) in his account of the manoeuvres before the battle of Cynossema, and not far from ARRHIANA. Although nothing whatever is known of these places, yet, as the Athenians were sailing in the direction of the Propontis from the Aegaean, it would appear that Idacus was nearest the Aegaean, and Arrhiana further up the Hellespont, towards Sestus and the Propontis. (Arnold, ad loc.) [E. B. J.] IDALIA, IDA'LIUM ('Idάλov: Eth. 'Idaλeus, Steph. B.; Plin. v. 31), a town in Cyprus, adjoining to which was a forest sacred to Aphrodite; the poe's who connect this place with her worship, give no indications of the precise locality. (Theocr. Id. xv. 100; Virg. Aen. i. 681, 692, x. 51; Catull. Pel. et Thet. 96; Propert. ii. 13; Lucan, viii. 17.) Engel |