to the south of Leucosia, at the foot of Mount Olympus. [E. B. J.J IDIMIUM, a town in Lower Pannonia, on the east of Sirmium, according to the Peut. Tab.; in the Ravenna Geographer (iv. 19) it is called Idominium. Its site must be looked for in the neighbourhood of Munvicza. [L. S.] IDIMUS, a town of uncertain site in Upper Moesia, probably on the Morawa in Servia. (It. Ant. 134; Tab. Peut.) [L. S.] IDISTAVISUS CAMPUS, the famous battlefield where Germanicus, in A. D. 16, defeated Arminius. The name is mentioned only by Tacitus (Ann. ii. 16), who describes it as a "campus medius inter Visurgim et colles," and further says of it, that "ut ripae fluminis cedunt aut prominentia montium resistunt, inaequaliter sinuatur. Pone tergum insurgebat silva, editis in altum ramis et pura humo inter arborum truncos." This plain between the river Weser and the hills has been the subject of much discussion among the modern historians of Germany, and various places have been at different times pointed out as answering the description of Tacitus' Idistavisus. It was formerly believed that it was the plain near Vegesack, below Bremen; inore recent writers are pretty unanimous in believing that Germanicus went up the river Weser to a point beyond the modern town of Minden, and crossed it in the neighbourhood of Hausberge, whence the battle probably took place between Hausberge and Rinteln, not far from the Porta Vestphalica. (Ledebur, Land u. Volk der Bructerer, p. 288.) As to the name of the place, it used to be believed that it had arisen out of a Roman asking a German what the place was, and the German answering, "It is a wiese" (it is a meadow); but Grimm (Deutsche Mythol. p. 372. 2nd edit.) has shown that the plain was probably called Idisiaviso, that is, "the maiden's meadow" (from idisi, a maiden). [L. S.]

IDO'MENE (1douévn, Ptol. iii. 13. § 39; Idomenia, Peut. Tab.), a town of Macedonia which the Tabular Itinerary places at 12 M. P. from Stena, the pass now called Demirkapi, or Iron Gate, on the river Vardhari. Sitalces, on his route from Thrace to Macedonia, crossed Mt. Cercine, leaving the Paeones on his right, and the Sinti and Maedi on his left, and descended upon the Axius at Idomene. (Thuc. ii. 98.) It probably stood upon the right bank of the Axius, as it is included by Ptolemy (L. c.) in Emathia, and was near Doberus, next to which it is named by Hierocles among the towns of Consular Macedonia, under the Byzantine empire. (Leake, North. Greece, vol. iii. p. 444.) [E. B. J.] IDO'MENE. ARGOS AMPHILOCHICUM.] IDRAE (Iôpai, Ptol. iii. 5. § 23), a people of Sarmatia Europaea, whose position cannot be made out from the indications given by Ptolemy. (Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 213.) [E. B. J.]

I'DRIAS ('18piás), according to Stephanus B. (s. v.), a town in Caria which had formerly borne the name of Chrysaoris. Herodotus (v. 118) describes the river Marsyas as flowing from a district called Idrias; and it is conjectured that Stratoniceia, founded by Antiochus Soter, was built on the site of the ancient town of Idrias. (Comp. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 235; see LAODICEIA.)

[L. S.]

IDU'BEDA ('Idoúseda, misspelt by Agathemerus 'Ivdovsaλda, ii. 9: Sierra de Oca and Sierra de Lorenzo), a great mountain chain of Hispania, running in a SE. direction from the mountains of

IDUMAEA ('1dovμaîa), the name of the country inhabited by the descendants of Edom (or Esau), being, in fact, only the classical form of that ancient Semitic name. (Joseph. Ant. ii. 1. § 1.) It is otherwise called Mount Seir. (Gen. xxxii. 3, xxxvi. 8; Deut. ii. 5; Joshua, xxiv. 4.) It lay between Mount Horeb and the southern border of Canaan (Deut. i. 2), extending apparently as far south as the Gulf of Akaba (Deut. ii. 2-8), as indeed its ports, Ezion-geber, and Eloth, are expressly assigned to the "land of Edom." (2 Chron. viii. 17.) This country was inhabited in still more ancient times by the Horims (Deut. ii. 12, 22), and derived its more ancient name from their patriarch Seir (Gen. xxxvi. 20; comp. xiv. 6), as is properly maintained by Reland, against the fanciful conjecture of Josephus and others. (Palaestina, pp. 68, 69.) The Jewish historian extends the name Idumaea so far to the north as to comprehend under it great part of the south of Judaea; as when he says that the tribe of Simeon received as their inheritance that part of Idumaea which borders on Egypt and Arabia. (Ant. v. 1. § 22) He elsewhere calls Hebron the first city of Idumaea, i. e. reckoning from the north. (B.J. iv. 9. § 7.) From his time the name Idumaea disappears from geographical descriptions, except as an historical appellation of the country that was then called Gebalene, or the southern desert (ʼn kaтà μeonμ6píav épñuos, Euseb. Onom. s. v. Aiλáμ), or Arabia. The historical records of the Idumaeans, properly so called, are very scanty. Saul made war upon them; David subdued the whole country; and Solomon made Ezion-geber a naval station. (1 Sam. xiv. 47, 2 Sam. viii. 14; 1 Kings, xi. 15, ix. 26.) Edomites, however, recovered their national independence under Joram, king of Judah (2 Kings, xiv. 7), and avenged themselves on the Jews in the cruelties which they practised at the capture of Jerusalem by Nebuchadnezzar. (Psalms, cxxxvii. 7.) It was probably during the Babylonish captivity that they extended themselves as far north as Hebron, where they were attacked and subdued by Judas Maccabaeus. (1 Maccab. v. 65-68; Joseph. Ant. xii. 8. § 6.) It was on this account that the whole of the south of Palestine, about Hebron, Gaza, and Eleutheropolis (Beit Jebrin), came to be designated Idumaga. (Joseph. B. J. iv. 9. § 7, c. Apion. ii. 9; S. Jerom. Comment. in Obad. ver. 1.) Meanwhile, the ancient seats of the children of Edom had been invaded and occupied by another tribe, the Nabathaeans, the descendants of the Ishmaelite patriarch Nebaioth [NABATHAEI], under which name the country and its capital [PETRA] became famous among Greek and Roman geographers and historians, on which account their description of the district is more appropriately given under that head. St. Jerome's brief but accurate notice of its general features may here suffice:"Omnis australis regio Idumaeorum de Eleuthero

The

portant than these scanty notices, and, indeed, more important than all the notices of Ireland put together, is the text of Ptolemy. In this author the details for Ireland ('Ioúpvia) are fuller, rather than scantier, than those for Great Britain. Yet, as Ireland was never reduced, or even explored by the Romans, his authorities must have been other than Latin. Along with this fact must be taken another, viz., that of the earliest notice of Ireland ('Iépvn) being full as early as the earliest of Britain; earlier, if we attribute the Argonautic poem to Onomacritus; earlier, too, if we suppose that Hanno was the authority of Avienus.

do we meet any separate substantive notice, a notice of their playing any part in history, or a notice of their having come in contact with any other nation. They appear only as details in the list of the populations of lerne. Neither do the Ierni appear collectively in history. They lay beyond the pale of the classical (Roman or Greek) nations, just as did the tribes of Northern Germany and Scandinavia; and we know them only in their geography, not in their history.

But they may have been tribes unmentioned by Ptolemy, which do appear in history; or the names of Ptolemy may have been changed. Ptolemy says nothing about any Scoti; but Claudian does He also connects them with Ireland:

"maduerunt Saxone fuso Orcades; incaluit Pictorum sanguine Thule Scotorum cumulos flevit glacialis Ierne." (De Tert. Consul. Honorii, 72-74.)

=

a large proportion - -are still current, e. g. Liboius, Senus, Oboca, Birgus, Eblana, Nagnatae, &c., Liffy, Shannon, Avoca, Barrow, Dublin, Connaught, &c. Ptolemy gives us chiefly the names of the Irish rivers and promontories, which, although along a sea-board so deeply indented as that of Ireland not always susceptible of accurate identification, are still remarkably true in the general outline. What is of more importance, inasmuch as it shows that his authorities had gone inland, is the fact of seven towns being mentioned: -"The inland towns are these, Rhigia, Rhaeba, Laverus, Macolicum, Dunum, another Rhigia, Turnis."

The populations are the Vennicnii and Rhobogdii, in Ulster; the Nagnatae, in Connaught; the Erdini and Erpeditani, between the Nagnatae and Vennicnii; the Uterni and Vodiae, in Munster; and the Auteri, Gangani, the Veliborae (or Ellebri), between the Uterni and Nagnatae. This leaves Leinster for the Brigantes, Coriondi, Menapii, Cauci, Blanii, Voluntii, and Darnii, the latter of whom may have been in Ulster. Besides the inland towns, there was a Menapia (nóλis) and an Eblana (wóλis) on the

coast.

Tacitus merely states that Agricola meditated the conquest of Ireland, and that the Irish were not very different from the Britons:-"Ingenia, cultusque hominum haud multum a Britannia differunt." (Agric. 24.)

It is remarkable that on the eastern coast one British and two German names occur,- Brigantes, Cauci, and Menapii. It is more remarkable that two of these names are more or less associated on the continent. The Chauci lie north of the Menapii in Germany, though not directly. The inference from this is by no means easy. Accident is the last resource to the ethnographical philologist; so that more than one writer has assumed a colonisation. Such a fact is by no means improbable. It is not much more difficult for Germans to have been in Wexford in the second century than it was for Northmen to have been so in the eighth, ninth, and tenth. On the other hand, the root m-n-p seems to have been Celtic, and to have been a common, rather than a proper, name; since Pliny gives us the island Monapia Anglesea. No opinion is given as to the nature of these coincidences.

Of none of the Irish tribes mentioned by Ptolemy

(In Prim. Consul. Stilich. ii. 252.) The extent to which the current opinions as to the early history of the Gaels of Scotland confirm the ideas suggested by the text of Claudian is considered under Scori. At present it may be said that Scoti may easily have been either a generic name for some of the tribes mentioned in detail by Ptolemy, or else a British instead of a Gaelic name. At any rate, the Scoti may easily have been, in the time of Ptolemy, an Irish population.

Two other names suggest a similar question, Belgae, and Attacotti. The claim of the latter to have been Irish is better than that of the former. The Attacotti occur in more than one Latin writer; the Belgae (Fir-bolgs) in the Irish annals only. [See ATTACOTTI, and BELGAE OF BRITANNIA.]

The ethnology of the ancient Ierne is ascertained by that of modern Ireland. The present population belongs to the Gaelic branch of the Celtic stock; a population which cannot be shown to have been introduced within the historical period, whilst the stock of the time of Ptolemy cannot be shown to have been ejected. Hence, the inference that the population of Ierne consisted of the ancestors of the present Irish, is eminently reasonable, -so reasonable that no objections lie against it. That English and Scandinavian elements have been introduced since, is well known. That Spanish (Iberic) and Phoenician elements may have been introduced in the ante-historical period, is likely; the extent to which it took place being doubtful. The most cautious investigators of Irish archaeology have hesitated to pronounce any existing remains either Phoenician or Iberian. Neither are there any remains referable to pagan Rome. [R. G. L.]

IERNUS, in Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 2. § 4) as the most southern of two rivers (the Durus being the other) lying between the Senus (Shannon) and the Southern Promontory (Mizen Head)= either the Kenmare or the Bantry Bay River. [R. G. L.] JERUSALEM, the ancient capital of Palaestine, and the seat of the Hebrew kingdom.

I. NAMES.

The name by which this ancient capital is most commonly known was not its original appellation, but apparently compounded of two earlier names,