this point it proceeds in a northern direction, under the name of Teufelshecke (the Devil's Hedge), as far as Lorch, and is more or less interrupted. From Lorch onwards it does not present a continuous line, its course being effaced in many parts; but where it is visible it generally consists of a mound of between 6 and 7 feet in breadth, sometimes rising to the height of 10 feet; and on its eastern side there runs along it a ditch or trench, which is called by the people the Schweinegraben, perhaps a corruption of Suevengraben (Ditch of the Suevi). In this state the limes runs as far as the Odenwald, from which point it changes its character altogether, for it consists of a succession of forts, which were originally connected by palisades. (Spart. Hadr. 12.) Remains of these forts (castella) are seen in many parts. At Obernburg this line of fortifications ceases, as the river Main in its northern course afforded sufficient protection. A little to the east of Aschaffenburg, where the Main takes a western direction, the fortifications recommence, but at first the traces are not continuous, until some miles north of Nidda it reappears as a continuous mound raised on a foundation of stones. This last part is now known by the name of the Pfahlgraben, and its remains in some parts rise to a height of from 10 to 12 feet. It can be distinctly traced as far as Rheinbreitbach, in the neighbourhood of Bonn, where every trace of a northern continuation disappears behind the Siebengebirge. It is probable, however, that it was continued at least as far as Cologne, where Tiberius had commenced the construction of a limes. (Tac. Ann. i. 50.) Some have supposed that it extended even further north, as far as the river Lippe and the Caesia forest; but from Tacitus (Germ. 32) it seems clear that it terminated near the river Sieg.

This enormous line of fortification was the work of several generations, and the parts which were first built appear to have been those constructed by Drusus in Mount Taunus. (Tac. Ann. i. 56; Dion Cass. liv. 33.) But Tiberius and the other emperors of the first century constructed the greater part of it, and more especially Trajan and Hadrian. (Vell. Pat. ii. 120; Dion Cass. Ivi. 15; Eutrop. viii. 2; Spart. Hadr. 12.) Until the reign of Alexander Severus these limites appear to have effectually protected the Decumates agri; but after that time the Alemanni frequently broke through the fortifications. (J. Capitol. Maximin. 13; Flav. Vopisc. Prob. 13.) His successors, Posthumus, Lollianus, and Probus, exerted themselves to repair the breaches; yet after the death of Probus, it became impossible to prevent the northern barbarians from breaking through the fortifications; and about the end of the third century the Romans for ever lost their possessions in Germany south of the limes. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 290, &c.; Buchner, Reise auf der Teufelsmauer, Regensburg, 1820.) [L.S.]

LIMNAE (Aluva), a place on the frontiers of Messenia and Laconia, containing a temple of Arte. mis Limnatis, used jointly by the Messenians and Lacedaemonians. An outrage offered by the Messenians to some Lacedaemonian virgins at the festival of this goddess is said to have been the cause of the First Messenian War. (Strab. vi. p. 257, viii. p. 362; Paus. iii. 2. § 6, iv. 31. § 3.) The possession of this temple, and of the Ager Dentheliatis, the district in which it was situated, was a frequent subject of the dispute between the Lacedaemonians and Messenians down to the time of the Roman emperors. (Tac. Ann. iv. 43.) The ruins of the

temple of Artemis Limnatis have been discovered by Ross, near the church of Panaghia Volimniátissa, in the village of Volimnos; but the topography of this district requires a more particular description, and will be found under MESSENIA. LIMNAE. (SPARTA.]

LIMNAEA. 1. (Λιμναία: Εth. Λιμναίος : Ker vasará), a town in Acarnania at the SE. corner of the Ambraciot gulf, on the very frontier of Acarnania towards Argos. There has been a dispute about its site, but the ruins at Kervasará are probably the remains of Limnaea: some modern writers would place it more to the W., either at Lutráki, or at Ruga. The former supposition, however, appears to be the more correct, since we learn from Thucydides that Limnaea lay on the road from Ambracia and Argos Amphilochicum to Stratus, which could not have been the case if Limnaea lay to the W. of Kervasará. Philip III., king of Macedonia, disembarked at Limnaea, when about to invade Aetolia. There is a marsh near Kervasará, two miles in length, from which Limnaea appears to have derived its name. (Thuc. ii. 80, iii. 105; Pol. v. 5; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 243, seq.)

2. A town of Histiaeotis in Thessaly, taken by the Romans in B. C. 191, was probably on the site of Kortikhi. (Liv. xxxvi. 13; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 512.)

LIMNUS, an island off the coast of Ireland, mentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 2), as lying to the east of Ireland, and being uninhabited. Pliny also mentions it (iv. 30). It is probably Lambay Island. However, the Monumenta Britannica not only suggests for Limnos (Ptolemy's Limnus) the modern names of Lambay, Lymen, and Ramsey, but they also distinguish it from Limnus (Pliny's Limnos) which they make Dalkey. [R. G. L]

LIMONE. [LEIMONE.] LIMONUM or LEMONUM (Alμovov, Ptol. ii. 7. § 6: Poitiers), the capital of the Pictones or Pictavi, one of the Celtic nations south of the Loire. The name is first mentioned in the eighth book of the Gallic war (viii. 26, 27.). At a later time, after the fashion of many other capital towns in Gallia, it took the name of the people, Pictavi, whence comes the modern name Poitiers. (Ammianus Marcellinus, xF. 11.) Though De Valois and others did not admit Limonum to be Poitiers, and fixed Augustoritum the capital of the Lemovices at Limoges, the evidence of the roads shows that Limonum must be Poitiers. Magnon, a writer of the 9th century, calls Poitiers by the name of Pictavus Limonum; and inscriptions also found at Poitiers confirm the other evidence. There is a place called Vieux-Poitiers, more than 15 Roman miles north of Poitiers, but though it seems to have been an old town, it is quite a different place from the Poitiers which is the site of Limonum.

The conquest of the Pictavi cost the Romans little trouble, we may suppose, for little is said of them. In B.C. 51, C. Caninius, a legatus of Caesar, came to the relief of Duratius, a Gaul and a Roman ally, who was blockaded in Limonum by Dumnacus, the chief of the Andes. The siege was raised, and Dumnacus was subsequently defeated.

The remains of the huge amphitheatre of Limonum are described by M. Dufour, in his Histoire de Poitou (quoted in the Guide du Voyageur, par Richard et Hocquart). M. Dufour found the walls of the amphitheatre three feet and a half below the present level of the soil. The walls are seven French feet thick. It is estimated that this amphitheatre

would contain 20,000 spectators, from which estimate we must conclude that the dimensions and outline of the building can be accurately determined. M. Dufour says: "On the level of the present soil, there are some vestiges of the corridors or covered porticoes, which led, by means of the vomitoria, into the different galleries: the part which is least damaged at present is in the stables of the Hotel d'Evreux. A principal arch, which led into the arena, is still nearly entire, though the interior facings have been almost completely removed."

[G. L.] LI'MYRA (Aíuvpa or Aiμúpa), a town in the southern part of Lycia, on the river Limyrus, twenty stadia above its mouth. (Strab. xiv. p. 666; comp. Scyl. p. 39; Ptol. v. 3. §6; Steph. B. s. v.) Velleius Paterculus (ii. 102) states that Caius Caesar, the adopted son of Augustus, died at Limyra. It is often mentioned by Roman writers, as Ovid (Met. ix. 646), Mela (i. 15), and continued to exist down to a late period. (Basil. M. Epist. 218; Hierocl. p. 683.) Ruins of Limyra were first discovered by Captain Beaufort above Cape Fineka; but it was reserved for Sir Charles Fellows to explore and describe them more minutely. In his first work (Journal of an Excursion in Asia Minor, p. 214) he only says: "two miles across the little valley, at the foot of the mountains, and up their sides, lay the ruins of the ancient Limyra, its theatre, temples, and walls." But in his later work (Account of Discoveries in Lycia, p. 205, foll.), he fully enters into a description of the remains of the place, illustrated by fine engravings and copies of some of the many inscriptions, both Greek and Lycian, in which the place abounds. In describing the approach to the town, he says, that first he found a fine stately sarcophagus, with a bilingual inscription. "Hundreds of tombs cut in the rocks, and quite excavating the long ribs of its protruding strata, as they curved down the sides of the mountain, soon came in view. ...The inscriptions were almost all Lycian,-some few Greek, but these were always inferior in execution, some being merely scratched upon the surface; while the Lycian were cut deeply in the stone, and inany richly coloured, the letters being alternately red and blue, or in others green, yellow, or red." Some of these tombs contain beautiful bas-reliefs, representing stories from Greek mythology. Beyond these tombs lies the city, "marked by many foundations, and by a long wall with towers. Further on is a very pretty theatre, the size of which bespeaks a small population." The whole neighbourhood, however, is filled with tombs cut in the rocks. (Comp. Leake, Asia Minor, p. 186.) [L. S.] LIMY'RICA. [INDIA, p. 47, a.]

...

LI'MYRUS (8 Aluvpos), a river on the south coast of Lycia, which, after receiving the waters of its tributary Arycandus (Fineka), becomes navigable at the point where Limyra is situated. It falls into the sea, at a distance of 90 stadia west of the holy promontory, and 60 stadia from Melanippe. (Scyl. p. 39; Strab. xiv. p. 666; Ptol. v. 3. § 3.) Pliny (v. 28) and Mela (i. 15) call the river Limyra, and the Stadiasmus Maris Magni (§_211) Almyrus, which is no doubt a mistake. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 187) states that both the Limyrus and the Arycandus reach the sea at no great distance from each other; while in the map of Lycia by Spratt, the Limyrus is the smaller river, and a tributary to the Arycandus. Both these statements are opposed to the testimony of Pliny, whose words are: "Limyra cuin amne in quem Arycandus influit." [L. S.]

LINDUM (Aivdov). 1. A town in Britain; the modern Lincoln. Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 20) assigns Lindum and Rage, or Ratae, to the district of the Coritani. In the list of the anonymous Geographer of Ravenna it appears as Lindum Colonia; in the Itinerary of Antoninus, simply as Lindum. Among the prelates who attended the Synod of Arles, a. D. 314, was "Adelfius de civitate colonia Londinensium," which we must read Lindinensium, for at the same council London was represented by Restitutus; and that Lincoln was a colony may be accepted from the authority cited above, and also from the form in which the word occurs in Beda (Hist. Eccles. ii. 16, "Civitas Lindocolina.") Lindum occurs in Antoninus in the iter from Londinium to the great Wall; in that from Eburacum to Londinium; and in another from Londinium, in which it is the terminus.

The Roman remains extant at Lincoln are among the most important and interesting in this country. It is perhaps the only town in England which preserves one of the original Roman gateways in use at the present day. This is the Newport Gate, which is wholly of Roman masonry, as is also the narrow side entrance for foot passengers. Originally there were two of the latter, but one is walled up in a modern building. Another of the Roman gateways was discovered, a few years since, near the castle. There is also a long extent of the Roman sewer remaining at Lincoln, and a considerable number of inscriptions, chiefly sepulchral. The Mint Wall, as it is called, is a side wall of a Roman edifice, apparently of a public description. From the course of the remains of the external walls, the Romans seem to have found it necessary to extend the circumvallation of Lindum.

2. A town of the Damnii, in the northern part of Britain, placed by Ptolemy (ii. 3. § 9) a little to the north of the Clyde. Horsley suggests Kirkintilloch, on the Wall of Antoninus Pius, as the site of this Lindum. [C. R. S.]

LINDUS (Aívdos: Eth. Aívdios: Lindos), one of the most important and most ancient towns in the island of Rhodes, was situated on the eastern coast, a little to the north of a promontory bearing the same name. The district was in ancient times very productive in wine and figs, though otherwise it was, and is still, very barren. (Philostr. Icon. ii. 24.) In the Homeric Catalogue (Il. ii. 656) Lindus, together with the two other Rhodian cities, Ialysus and Camirus, are said to have taken part in the war against Troy. Their inhabitants were Dorians, and formed the three Dorian tribes of the island, Lindus itself being of one the Dorian hexapolis in the south-west of Asia Minor. Previous to the year B. C. 408, when Rhodes was built, Lindus, like the other cities, formed a little state by itself, but when Rhodes was founded, a great part of the population and the common government was transferred to the new city. (Diod. xii. 75.) Lindus, however, though it lost its political importance, still remained an interesting place in a religious point of view, for it contained two ancient and much revered sanctuaries,— one of Athena, hence called the Lindian, and the other of Heracles. The former was believed to have been built by Danaus (Diod. v. 58; Callim. Fragm. p. 477, ed. Ernesti), or, according to others by his daughters on their flight from Egypt. (Herod. ii. 182; Strab. xiv. p. 655; comp. Plin. H. N. xxxiii. 23; Act. Apost. xvii. 17.) The temple of Heracles was remarkable, according to Lactantius

(i. 31), on account of the vituperative and injurious language with which the worship was conducted. This temple contained a painting of Heracles by Parrhasius; and Lindus appears to have possessed several other paintings by the same artist. (Athen. xii. p. 543, xv. p. 687.) Lindus also was the native place of Cleobulus, one of the Seven Sages of Greece; and Athenaeus (viii. p. 360) has preserved a pretty poem ascribed to Cleobulus, and which the Lindian boys used to sing as they went round collecting money for the return of the swallows in spring.

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The site of Lindus, as described by Strabo, the side of a hill, looking towards the south and Alexandria," cannot be mistaken; and the modern neat little town of Lindos is exactly the spot occupied by the ancient Dorian city. The place and its many ancient remains have often been visited and described, and most recently by Ross in his Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vols. iii. and iv., from which it appears that ancient remains are more and more destroyed. There are many tombs cut in the rocks, some of which have had beautiful architectural ornaments; the remains of a theatre at the foot of the hill; and on the acropolis are seen the ruins of two Greek temples, which, to judge from inscriptions, belonged to the Lindian Athena and Zeus Polieus. The number of inscriptions found at Lindus is very considerable. (Comp. Ross, l. c. vol. iii. pp. 72, &c., vol. iv. pp. 68, &c.; Hamilton, Researches, vol. ii. pp. 55, &c.; Rhein. Museum, for 1845, pp. 161, &c.) [L. S.J

LINGONES (Alvyoves). The form Abyywves in Ptolemy (ii. 19. § 9) may probably be a copyist's error. In Polybius (ii. 17, ed. Bekker), Aíyywves is a correction of Afyooves, which appears to be the MSS. reading, and was doubtless intended to be Aíγώνες. In the old text of Strabo (p. 186) it is said that the Arar (Saône) separates the Sequani from the Aedui and Lincasii (Arужασío); but it is agreed that we ought to read Lingones, for Strabo names the people Lingones in two other passages (pp. 193, 208).

The Lingones occupied the country about the sources of the Marne and Seine, and extended eastward to the Vosegus (Vosges) (B. G. iv. 10). Caesar does not state expressly whether they belonged to Celtica or to Belgica, but we may infer from what he says that he considered them as included in Celtica [GALLIA TRANSALPINA, Vol. I. p. 962]. Strabo (p. 193) says: Above or beyond the Helvetii and Sequani, the Aedui and Lingones dwell to the west; and beyond the Mediomatrici dwell the Leuci and part of the Lingones." But the Leuci, whose capital was Tullum (Toul), are between the Mediomatrici and the Lingones, and there is some error in this passage of Strabo. The chief town of the Lingones was Andomatunum, afterwards named Lingones, and in the old French, Langone or Langoinne, and now Langres, near the source of the Marne. Dibio (Dijon) was also in the territory of the Lingones, which corresponded to the diocese of Langres, before the diocese of Dijon was taken from it.

Ptolemy ( 8) and Pliny (iv. 17) place the Lingones in Belgica, which was true of the time when they wrote.

The Lingones were one of the Celtic nations, which, according to Roman tradition, sent a detachment to settle in North Italy. [See the next article.] Lucan (i. 397) represents the Lingones as warlike, or fond of fighting, for which there is no evidence in Caesar at least:

"Castraque quae Vosegi curvam super ardua ruper Pugnaces pictis cohibebant Lingones armis."

After Caesar had defeated the Helvetii in the great battle near Bibracte, the survivors fled into the country of the Lingones; "to whom Caesar sent letters and a message to inform them that they must not supply the Helvetii with corn, or help them in any way; and that if they did, he would treat them like the Helvetii." (B. G. i. 26.) It is plain from Caesar's narrative that this insolent order was obeyed. When Caesar was at Vesontio (Besançon) on his march against Ariovistus, the Sequani, Leuci, and Lingones supplied him with corn (B. G. i. 40). During the winter which followed the campaign of B. c. 53, Caesar placed two legions in the country of the Lingones, not to keep them in obedience, for they never rose in arms against him, but because it was a good position (B. G. vi. 44).

It is stated in Tacitus (Hist. i. 78) that Otho gave the "civitas Romana" to all the Lingones: but this passage is not free from difficulty. Galba had lost the fidelity of the Treviri, Lingones, and some other Gallic states, by harsh measures or by depriving them of part of their lands; and the Lingones and others supported the party of Vitellins in Gallia by offering soldiers, horses, arms and money (Tacit. i. 53, 59). It seems that Otho made the Lingones a present of the "civitas" in order to effect a diversion in his favour; but it remains to be explained, if Tacitus's text is right, why he omitted the Treviri and others. Pliny calls the Lingones "Foederati.” This nation, which during the whole Gallic war was tranquil, even in the year of Vercingetorix's great struggle (B. G. vii. 63), became very restless under the Empire, as we see from Tacitus (Hist. iv. 67). [GALLIA TRANSALPINA, Vol. I. p. 969.] [G. L.]

LINGONES (Aíyywves, Pol.), a tribe of Cisalpine Gauls, without doubt a colony or offset of the more powerful Transalpine tribe of the same name, who, according to Livy, migrated into Italy together with the Boii, and settled with them in the plains between the Apennines and the Padus. We learn from Polybius, that they dwelt between the Boii and the Senones, apparently occupying the country about Bononia and as far eastward as the river Utis (Montone), which was the northern limit of the Senones. (Liv. v. 35; Pol. ii. 17.) They seem to have been in later times so closely associated with the Boii as to be commonly considered as one nation; hence we do not meet with any separate mention of their name in history, nor are they noticed by the geographers. [E. H. B.]

LINTOMAGUS. [LUTTOMAGUS.]

LINUS (Avos), a place on the coast of Mysia, on the Propontis, between Priapus and Parium; it is noticed only by Strabo (xiii. p. 588), as the spot where the best snails (Koxía) were found. [L. S.]

LI'PARA (Aлápa: Eth. Airapaîos, Liparensis: Lipari), the largest and most important of the group of the Aeolian islands, between the coast of Sicily and Italy. It had a town of the same name, and was the only one of the whole group which was inhabited, or at least that had any considerable population. Hence the other islands were always dependent on it, and were sometimes called in ancient times, as they habitually are at the present day, the Liparaean islands (ai Aiπapalwv viσ0, Strab. vi. p. 275). Strabo correctly tells us that it was the largest of the seven, and the nearest to the Coast of Sicily except Thermessa or Hiera (Val

cano). Both he and Pliny inform us that it was originally called Meligunis (Meλɩyovvís); a name that must probably be referred to the period before the Greek colony; although ancient writers affirm that it derived the name of Lipara from Liparus, a son of Auson, who reigned there before Aeolus, so that they must have referred the name of Meligunis to a purely fabulous age. (Plin. iii. 9. s. 14; Diod. v. 7.) The name of Aeolus himself is inseparably connected with the Aeolian islands, and there can be no doubt that his abode was placed by the earliest mythological traditions in Lipara itself, though in later times this was frequently transferred to Strongyle. [AEOLIAE INSULAE, p. 52.]

In the historical period the first mention that we' find of Lipara is the settlement there of a Greek colony. This is assigned by Diodorus to the 50th Olympiad (B. C. 580-577); and there seems no reason to doubt this date, though Eusebius (on what authority we know not) carries it back nearly 50 years, and places it as early as B. C. 627. (Diod. v. 9; Euseb. Arm. p. 107; Clinton, F. H. vol. i. pp. 208, 232.) The colonists were Dorians from Cnidus and Rhodes; but the former people predominated, and the leader of the colony, Pentathlus, was himself a Cnidian, so that the city was always reckoned a Cnidian colony. (Diod. 7. c.; Paus. x. 11. § 3; Thuc. iii. 88; Strab. vi. p. 275; Scymn. Ch. 263.) According to some accounts Pentathlus did not himself live to reach Lipara, but the colony was founded by his sons. (Diod. l. c.) Of its history we know scarcely anything for more than a century and a half, but are told generally that it attained to considerable power and prosperity, and that the necessity of defending themselves against the Tyrrhenian pirates led the Liparaeans to establish a naval force, with which they ultimately obtained some brilliant victories over the Tyrrhenians, and commemorated these successes by costly offerings at Delphi. (Strab. I. c.; Diod. v. 9; Paus. x. 11. § 3, 16. § 7.) It appears, however, that the Liparaeans themselves were sometimes addicted to piracy, and on one occasion their corsairs intercepted a valuable offering that the Romans were sending to Delphi; but their chief magistrate, Timasitheus, immediately caused it to be restored and forwarded to its destination. (Diod. xiv. 93; Liv. v. 28; Val. Max. i. 1. § 4.)

The territory of Lipara, though of small extent, was fertile, and produced abundance of fruit; but its more important resources were its mines of alum, arising from the volcanic nature of the soil, and the abundance of thermal sources proceeding from the same cause. The inhabitants of Lipara not only cultivated their own island, but the adjoining ones of Hiera, Strongyle, and Didyme as well; a proof that the population of Lipara itself must have been considerable. (Thuc. iii. 88; Diod. v. 10; Paus. x. 1 § 4; Strab. vi. p. 275.)

At the time of the first Athenian expedition to Sicily under Laches (B. C. 427) the Liparaeans were in alliance with the Syracusans, probably on account of their Dorian descent; for which reason they were attacked by the Athenian and Rhegian fleet, but with no serious result. (Thuc. iii. 88; Diod. xii. 54.) In B. C. 396 they again appear as in friendly relations with Syracuse, and were in consequence attacked by the Carthaginian general Himilco, who made himself master of the city and exacted a contribution of 30 talents from the inhabitants. (Diod. xiv. 56.) It does not appear that the Carthaginians

at this time retained possession of Lipara; and we subsequently find it in the enjoyment of independence in B. C. 304, when the island was suddenly attacked by Agathocles, in the midst of profound peace, and without even a pretext for the aggression. The invader carried off a booty of 50 talents, which was, however, lost on his voyage to Sicily in a storm, which was naturally attributed to the wrath of Aeolus. (Id. xx. 101.) It could not have been long after this that Lipara fell under the yoke of Carthage, to which city it was subject at the outbreak of the First Punic War (B. c. 264), and from its excellent ports, and advantageous situation for commanding the N. coast of Sicily, became a favourite naval station with that people. (Id. xxii. 13, p. 500.) In the fifth year of the war (B. C. 260), the Roman consul, Cn. Cornelius, having been deceived with the hopes of making himself master of the island, was captured there, with his whole squadron (Pol. i. 21); and in B. C. 257, a battle was fought between the Carthaginian and Roman fleets in its immediate neighbourhood (Id. 25): but a few years later it was at length taken by the Romans, under C. Aurelius, and remained in their hands from this time, B. C. 251. (lb. 39; Diod. xxiii. 20; Zonar. viii. 14; Oros. iv. 8; Frontin. Strat. iv. 1. § 31.)

At the commencement of the Second Punic War a considerable Carthaginian squadron was wrecked on the shores of Lipara and the adjoining island of Vulcano (Liv. xxi. 49); but from this time we find no historical mention of it till the war between Octavian and Sextus Pompeius in Sicily, in B. c. 36, when Lipara and the adjoining islands once more appear as a naval station of importance. It was occupied and fortified by Pompeius, but taken by Agrippa, who afterwards established his fleets at the island of Vulcano, and from thence threatened the forces of Pompeius at Mylae and Messana. (Appian, B. C. v. 97, 105, 112; Dion Cass. xlix. 1,7.) There seems no doubt that Lipara continued to enjoy considerable prosperity under the Roman government. Diodorus praises its fertility, as well as the excellence of its ports; and says that the Liparaeans derived a large revenue from the monopoly of the trade in alum. (Diod. v. 10.) Cicero, indeed, speaks of it in disparaging terms, as parva civitas, in insula inculta tenuique posita" (Verr. iii. 37); but this seems to be an oratorical exaggeration, and the immediate reference of the passage is to corn, for the growth of which Lipara could never have been well adapted. But though suffering severely from drought in summer (Thuc. iii. 88), owing to the volcanic nature of the soil, the island is, nevertheless, one of considerable fertility, and at the present day produces abundance of fruit, wine, and oil. (Smyth's Sicily, p. 265; D'Orville, Sicula, p. 18.)

Under the Roman Empire Lipara was sometimes used as a place of exile for political offenders (Dion Cass. Ixxvi. 6); and before the fall of the Western Empire it became a favourite resort of monks. At an earlier period of the Empire it was frequented for its hot baths (Plin. xxxi. 6. s. 32 ; Diod. v. 10), which are still in use at the present day, being supplied from thermal springs: some remains of ancient buildings, still visible, appear to have been connected with these establishments. A few fragments of walls may also be traced on the hill crowned by the modern castle; and many coins, fragments of sculpture, &c., have been discovered on the island. (Smyth's Sicily, p. 262.)

Strabo and some other ancient writers speak of volcanic phenomena as occurring on the island of Lipara itself (Strab. vi. p. 275); but though it abounds in hot springs, and outbreaks of volcanic vapour, it does not appear probable that any volcanic eruptions on a larger scale have occurred there within the period of history. Those of the neighbouring island of Hiera (the VULCANI INSULA of the Romans, now Vulcano), from its proximity to Lipara, of which it was a mere dependency, are sometimes described as if they had occurred at Lipara itself. (Oros. v. 10; Jul. Obs. 89.) The volcanic phenomena of the Aeolian islands in general are more fully noticed under the article AEOLIAE INSULAE. [E. H. B.]

LI'PARIS (Alnapis), a small river in the east of Cilicia, which emptied itself into the sea at Soli, and was believed to derive its name from the oily nature of its waters. (Plin. v. 22; Antig. Caryst. 150; Vitruv. viii. 3.) [L. S.]

LIPAXUS (Almacos), a town of Crusis, or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Hecataeus (Steph. B. s. v.) and Herodotus (vii. 123).

LIPPOS, AD. [VETTONES.] LIPSYDRIUM [ATTICA, p. 326, b.] LIQUE'NTIA (Livenza), a considerable river of Venetia, which rises in the Julian Alps to the N. of Opitergium (Oderzo), and flows into the Adriatic near Caorle, about midway between the Piave (Plavis) and the Tagliamento (Tilaventum). (Plin. iii. 18. s. 22.) It had a port of the same name at its mouth. Servius (ad Aen. ix. 679) correctly places it between Altinum and Concordia. The name is not found in the Itineraries, but Paulus Diaconus mentions the "pons Liquentiae fluminis" on the road from Forum Julii towards Patavium. (P. Diac. Hist. Lang. v. 39; Anon. Ravenn. iv. 36.) [E. H. B.]

LIRIA. [EDETA.]

LIRIMIRIS (Appís), a town in the north of Germany, between Marionis and Leuphana, about 10 miles to the north of Hamburgh. Its exact site, however, is unknown. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 27.) [L. S.] LIRIS (Acipis: Garigliano), one of the principal rivers of central Italy, flowing into the Tyrrhenian Sea a little below Minturnae. It had its source in the central Apennines, only a few miles from the Lacus Fucinus, of which it has been sometimes, but erroneously, regarded as a subterranean outlet. It flows at first in a SE. direction through a long troughlike valley, parallel to the general direction of the Apennines, until it reaches the city of Sora, where it turns abruptly to the SW., and pursues that course until after its junction with the Trerus or Sacco, close to the site of Fregellae; from thence it again makes a great bend to the SE., but ultimately resumes its SW. direction before it enters the sea near Minturnae. Both Strabo and Pliny tell us that it was originally called Clanis, a

name which appears to have been common to many Italian rivers [CLANIS]: the former writer erroneously assigns its sources to the country of the Vestini; an opinion which is adopted also by Lucan. (Strab. v. p. 233; Lucan. ii. 425.) The Liris is noticed by several of the Roman poets, as a very gentle and tranquil stream (Hor. Carm. i. 31. 8; Sil. Ital. iv. 348),—a character which it well deserves in the lower part of its course, where it is described by a modern traveller as 66 a wide and noble river, winding under the shadow of poplars through a lovely vale, and then gliding gently towards the sea." (Eustace's Classical Tour, vol. ii. p. 320.) But nearer its source it is a clear and rapid mountain river, and at the village of Isola, about four miles below Sora, and just after its junction with the Fibrenus, it forms a cascade of above 90 feet in height, one of the most remarkable waterfalls in Italy. (Craven's Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 93.)

The Liris, which is still called Liri in the upper part of its course, though better known by the name of Garigliano, which it assumes when it becomes a more considerable streain, has a course altogether of above 60 geographical miles: its most considerable tributary is the Trerus or Sacco, which joins it about three miles below Ceprano. A few miles higher up it receives the waters of the Fibrenus, so celebrated from Cicero's description (de Leg. ii. 3); which is, however, but a small stream, though remarkable for the clearness and beauty of its waters. [FIBRENUS.] The Melfis (Melfu), which joins it a few miles below the Sacco, but from the opposite bank, is equally inconsiderable.

At the mouth of the Liris near Minturnae, was an extensive sacred grove consecrated to Marica, a nymph or local divinity, who was represented by a tradition, adopted by Virgil, as mother of Latinus, while others identified her with Circe. (Virg. Aen. vii. 47; Lactant. Inst. Div. i. 21.) Her grove and temple (LUCUS MARICAE: Mapinas σos, Plut. Mar. 39) were not only objects of great veneration to the people of the neighbouring town of Minturnae, but appear to have enjoyed considerable celebrity with the Romans themselves. (Strab. v. p. 233; Liv. xxvii. 37; Serv. ad Aen. vii. 47.) Immediately adjoining its mouth was an extensive marsh, formed probably by the stagnation of the river itself, and celebrated in history in connection with the adventures of Marius. [E. H. B.]

LISAE (Alσai), a town of Crusis or Crossaea, in Macedonia, mentioned only by Herodotus (vii. 123). [CRUSIS.]

LISINAE, a town of Histiaeotis, in Thessaly, on the borders of Athamania. (Liv. xxxii. 14.) LISSA. [JACCETANI.]

LISSA (Alooa, Procop. B. G. i. 7; Itin. Anton.), an island off the coast of Illyricum, placed by Pliny (iii. 30) over against Iadera. Uglian, noted for its marbles, and an island which obtained a momentary importance during the wars of the Venetians, represents Lissa. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia and Montenegro, vol. i. p. 78.) [E. B. J.]

LISSUS. [LEONTINI.]

LISSUS (Alvoos, Ptol. iii. 17. § 3), a town on the S. coast of Crete, which the anonymous Coastdescriber places between Suia and Calamyde. (Stadiasm.) The Peutinger Table gives 16 M. P. as the distance between Cantanum and Liso. This Cretan city was an episcopal see in the time of Hierocles. (Comp. Cornel, Creta Sacra, vol. i. p. 235.) The order in which he mentions it with the other bishoprics