the first king of the Mermnad dynasty, who is said to LYDIAS. [LUDIAS.] Ayio), is the general name for a number of small tribes in the north-east of Germany, all of which belonged to the Suevi. (Strab. vii. p. 290; Ptol. ii. 11. § 18; Dion Cass. lxvii. 5; Tac. Germ. 43, Ann. xii. 29, 30.) The ancients speak of them as a German nation, but there can be little doubt that, properly speaking, they were Slavonians, who had been subdued by the Suevi, and had gradually become united and amalgamated with them. Their name contains the root lug, which in the old German signifies a wood or marsh, and still has the same meaning in the Slavonic; it seems, therefore, to be descriptive of the nation dwelling in the plains of the Vistula and the Oder. The Lygii are first mentioned in history as belonging to the empire of Maroboduus, when they were united with the Marcomanni and Hermunduri. When the Quadi rose against king Vannius, in A. D. 50, the Lygii and Hermunduri were still united, and opposed the influence of the Romans in Germany. Tac. Ann. l. c.) In the reign of Domitian, about A. D. 84, they made war on the Quadi, their neighbours, who in vain sought the protection of the Romans. (Dion Cass. . c.) After this time the Lygii disappear from history, and it is possible that they may have become lost among the Goths. The different Lygian tribes, which are mentioned by Tacitus (Arii, Helvecones, Manimi, Elysii or Helisii, and Naharvali), seem to have been united among one another by a common worship, the principal seat of which was among the Naharvali. The name of their two common gods was Alci, who were worshipped without images; and Tacitus observes that their mode of worship was free from all foreign admixture. Ptolemy mentions, as tribes of the Lygii, the Omanni, Duni, and Buri, who are either not noticed by Tacitus at all, or are classed with other tribes. (Comp. Wilhelm, Germanier, p. 242, &c.; Zeuss, die Deutschen, p. 124; Latham, on Tacit. Germania, p. 158.) [L. S.] LYGOS. [CONSTANTINOPOLIS, p. 257.] LYNCESTIS (Avyknσтis, Strab. vii. p. 326; Ptol. iii. 13. § 33), the country of the LYNCESTAE (Avyênσría, Thuc. ii. 99, iv. 83, 124; Strab. vii. pp. 323, 326), once a small independent kingdom, and afterwards a province of the Macedonian mo narchy. This district was situated to the S. of the Pelagones, and between that people, and the Eordaei. It was watered by the Erigon, and lay in the centre of the Egnatian Way, which connected Rome, Constantinople, and Jerusalem. The pass which separated Lyncestis from Eordaea, where Philip made his unsuccessful stand against the Romans, is described by Polybius (xviii. 6) as ai eis tǹy 'Еoрdaíav úñeρ60λaí,-and Thucydides (iv. 83) calls a defile in the same mountains ἡ ἐσβολὴ τῆς Λύγκου, in relating the attempt of Perdiccas against Lyncestis, which ended in a separate negotiation between his ally Brasidas and Arrhibaeus king of the Lyncestae. (Thuc. iv. 83.) It was by the same pass in the following year that Brasidas effected his skilful and daring retreat from the united forces of the Lyncestae and Illyrians. (Thuc. iv. 124.) According to Strabo (vii. p. 326), Irrha, the daughter of Arrhabaeus (as he writes the name), was mother of Eurydice, who married Amyntas, father of Philip. Through this connection Lyncestis may have become annexed to Macedonia. The geography of this district is well illustrated by the operations of the consul Sulpicius against Philip, in the campaign of B. C. 200. (Liv. xxxi. 33.) From the narrative of Livy, which was undoubtedly extracted from Polybius, as well as from the Itineraries, it would appear that Lyncestis comprehended that part of Upper Macedonia now called Filúrina, and all the S. part of the basin of the ERIGON, with its branches, the BEVUS and OSPHAGUS. As it is stated that the first encampment of the Romans was at LYNCUS on the river Bevus, and as Lyncus is described as a town by Stephanus B. (though his description is evidently incorrect), it might be supposed that HERACLELA, the chief town of this district, was sometimes called Lyncus, and that the camp of Sulpicius, was at Heracleia itself. But though the words "ad Lyncum stativa posuit prope flumen Bevum" (Liv. 1. c.) seem to point to this identification, yet it is more likely that Lyncus is here used as synonymous with Lyncestis, as in two other passages of Livy (xxvi. 25, xxxii. 9), and in Thucydides (iv. 83, 124) and Plutarch. (Flamin. 4.) At or near Bánitza are the mineral acidulous waters of Lyncestis, which were supposed by the ancients to possess intoxicating qualities. (Ov. Met. xv. 329; comp. Arist. Meteor. ii. 3; Theopomp. ap. Plin. ii. 103, xxxi. 2, ap. Antig. Caryst. 180, ap. Sotion. de Flum. p. 125; Vitruv. viii. 3; Sen. Quaest. Nat. iii. 20.) They were found by Dr. Brown (Travels in Hungaria, Macedonia, Thessaly, fc. fc., Lond. 1673, p. 45) on the road from Filurina to Egri Budjá. He calls the place Eccisso Verbéni; this, which sounds Wallachian, may possibly be a corruption of the name of the Dervéni or pass. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 305-318.) [E. B. J.] LYRBE (Aúp6n: Eth. Avpbeírns), a town of Pisidia, mentioned by the poet Dionysius. There are coins of this place belonging to the reign of Alexander Severus, and it occurs among the episcopal towns of Pamphylia in the Not. Eccles. It is clearly the same as the LYROPE (Auрówn) of Ptolemy, though he places the latter in Cilicia Tracheia. (Dionys. Per. 858; Hierocl. p. 682; Ptol. v. 5. § 9; Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 313.) LYRCEIA or LYRCEIUM ( Аúркeiα, Рaus.; Avрκеîoν, Soph. ap. Strab. vi. p. 271; in Strab. viii. p. 376, Λυκούργιον is a false reading for Λυρκεῖον, see Kramer's Strab. vol. ii. p. 186), a town in the Argeia, distant 60 stadia from Argos, and 60 stadia from Orneae, and situated on the road Climax, which ran from Argos in a north-westerly direction along the bed of the Inachus. [ARGOs, p. 201.] The town is said to have been originally called Lynceia, and to have obtained this name from Lynceus, who fled hither when all his other brothers, the sons of Aegyptus, were murdered by the daughters of Danaus on their wedding night. He gave intelligence of his safe arrival in this place to his faithful wife Hypermnestra, by holding up a torch; and she in like manner informed him of her safety by raising a torch from Larissa, the citadel of Argos. The name of the town was afterwards changed into Lyrceia from Lyrcus, a son of Abas. It was in ruins in the time of Pausanias. Its remains may still be seen on a small elevation on the left of the Inachus, at a little distance beyond Sterna, on the road to Argos. (Paus. ii. 25. §§ 4,5; Apollod. ii. 1. § 5; Strab. I. c.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, p. 138; Boblaye, Récherches, &c. p. 45; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 414; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 415.) LYRNAS. [LYRNESSUS, 2.] LYRNESSUS (Λυρνησσός: Eth. Λυρνησσιος or Aupraîos, Aeschyl. Pers. 324). 1. A town often mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 690, xix. 60, xx. 92, | 191), and described by Stephanus B. (s. v.) as one of the eleven towns in Troas; and Strabo (xiii. p. 612) mentions that it was situated in the territory of Thebe, but that afterwards it belonged to Adramyttium. Pliny (v. 32) places it on the river Evenus, near its sources. It was, like Thebe, a deserted place as early as the time of Strabo. (Comp. Strab. xiii. p. 584; Diod. v. 49.) About 4 miles from Karaváren, Sir C. Fellows (Journ. of an Exc. in Asia Minor, p. 39) found several columns and old walls of good masonry; which he is inclined to regard as remnants of the ancient Lyr nessus. 2. A place on the coast of Pamphylia, which was reported to have been founded there by the Trojan Cilicians, who transferred the name of the Trojan Lyrnessus to this new settlement. (Strab. xiv. 676.) The town is also mentioned by Pliny (v. 26), who places it on the Catarrhactes, and by Dionysius Periegetes (875). The Stadiasmus Maris Magni (§ 204) calls it Lyrnas, and, according to the French translators of Strabo (vol. iii. pt. 2. p. 363), its site is identical with the modern Ernatia. 3. An ancient name of the island of Tenedos. (Plin. v. 39.) [L. S.] LY'ROPE. [LYRBE.] LY'SIAS (Avoiás: Eth. Avoiáðns), a small town in Phrygia, between Synnada and Prymnessus. (Strab. xii. p. 576; Plin. v. 29; Ptol. v. 2. § 23; Hierocl. p. 677.) No particulars are known about the place, nor is its site ascertained, but we still possess coins of Lysias. (Eckhel, Doctr. Num. iii, p. 167.) [L. S.] LYSIMACHIA (Λυσιμαχία or Λυσιμάχεια) 1. A small town in Mysia, mentioned only by Pliny (v. 22), in whose time it no longer existed. 2. An important town on the north-western extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus, not far from the Sinus Melas. It was built by Lysimachus in B. C. 309, when he was preparing for the last struggle with his rivals; for the new city, being situated on the isthmus, commanded the road from Sestos to the north and the mainland of Thrace. In order to obtain inhabitants for his new city, Lysimachus destroyed the neighbouring town of Cardia, the birthplace of the historian Hieronymus. (Strab. ii. p. 134, vii. p. 331; Paus. i. 9. § 10; Diod xx. 29; Polyb. v. 34; Plin. H. N. iv. 18.) Lysimachus no doubt made Lysimachia the capital of his kingdom, and it must have rapidly risen to great splendour and prosperity. After his death the city fell under the dominion of Syria, and during the wars between Seleucus Callinicus and Ptolemy Euergetes it passed from the hands of the Syrians into those of the Egyptians. Whether these latter set the town free, or whether it emancipated itself, is uncertain, at any rate it entered into the relation of sympolity with the Aetolians. But as the Aetolians were not able to afford it the necessary protection, it was destroyed by the Thracians during the war of the Romans against Philip of Macedonia. Antiochus the Great restored the place, collected the scattered and enslaved inhabitants, and attracted colonists from all parts by liberal promises. (Liv. xxxiii. 38, 40; Diod. Exc. de Virt. et Vit. p. 574.) This restoration, however, appears to have been unsuccessful, and under the dominion of Rome it decayed more and more. The last time the place is inentioned under its ancient name, is in a passage of Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii. 8). The emperor Justinian restored it and surrounded it with strong fortifications Procop. de Aed. iv. 10), and after that time it is spoken of only under the name of Hexamilium (Etauíλior; Symeon, Logoth. p. 408). The place now occupying the place of Lysimachia, Ecsemil, derives its name from the Justinianean fortress, though the ruins of the ancient place are more numerous in the neighbouring village of Baular. [L. S.] the sea of Obi,-the Obi being the Caramoucis. In the usual maps, however, the Dwina is the Carambucis, and Nanin Noss, on the east of the White Sea, the Lytarmis Prom. [R. G. L.] LYTTUS. [LYCTUS.] COIN OF LYSIMACHIA IN THRACE. LYSIMA'CHIA (Avoμaxía: Eth. Avoiuaxes: Papadhates), a town of Aetolia, situated upon the southern shore of the lake formerly called Hyria or Hydra, and subsequently Lysimachia, after this town. [Respecting the lake, see AETOLIA, p. 64, a.] The town was probably founded by Arsinoë, and named after her first husband Lysimachus, since we know that she enlarged the neighbouring town of Conope, and called it Arsinoe after herself. [CoNOPE.] The position of the town is determined by the statement of Strabo that it lay between Pleuron and Conope, and by that of Livy, who places it on the line of march from Naupactus and Calydon to Stratus. Its site, therefore, corresponds to Papad hates, where Leake discovered some Hellenic remains. It was deserted in Strabo's time. (Strab. p 460; Pol. v. 7; Liv. xxxvi. 11; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. pp. 122, 153.) LYSIMELEIA. [SYRACUSAE.] LYSINOE (Audivón) or LYSINIA (Avovia, Ptol. v. 5. § 5), a small town in the north of Pisidia, on the south of the Ascania Lacus, and west of Sagalassus. (Polyb. Exc. de Leg. 32; Liv. xxxviii. 15; Hierocl. p. 680, who calls it Lysenara, Λυσήναρα.) [L. S.] LYSIS, a small river mentioned only by Livy (xxxviii. 15), which had its sources near the town of Lagos, in the west of Pisidia. [L. S.] LYSTRA (Aú¬¬ра ǹ, or rá), a town of Lycaonia or Isauria, which is mentioned by Pliny (v. 42: Eth. Lystreni) and Ptolemy (v. 4. § 12), and repeatedly in the New Testament History. (Acts, xiv. 8, 21; Timoth. iii. 11; comp. Hierocl. p. 675.) A bishop of Lystra was present at the Council of Chalcedon. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 102) is inclined to place the town at Khatoun Seraï, about 30 miles south of Iconiun; but Hamilton (Researches, vol. ii. p. 313), with more appearance of probability, identifies its site with the ruins of Kaadagh, which are generally believed to be the remains of Derbe. [L. S.] -- LYTARNIS, a promontory in Northern Europe, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 12. s. 14). His text makes the promontory of Lytarnis, at one and the same time, a portion of the Celtic country and the extremity of the Rhipaean range- the Rhipaean mountains being the Uralian "extra eos" (i. e. the Scythians)," ultraque Aquilonis initia Hyperboreos aliqui posuere, pluribus in Europa dictos. Primum inde noscitur promontorium Celticae Lytarnis, fluvius Carambucis, ubi lassata cum siderum vi Riphaeorum montium deficiunt juga." In the eyes of the physical geographer, the extremity of the Uralian chain is either the island of Nova Zembla or the most northern portion of the district on the west of M. MAACAH, BETH-MAACAH v. ABEL BETH. MAACAH (Μααχά, Βεθααχά, Αβὲλ οἴκου Μααχάλ, a city of Palestine, placed by Eusebius and St. Je rome on the road between Eleutheropolis and Jerusalem, 8 miles from the former, the site of which was then marked by a village named Mechanum. It sacred writers could not have been situated so far is clear, however, that the Abel Beth-Maacah of the south. It is first mentioned in 2 Samuel, xx. 14, &c., by Joab. From this passage, however, it may be as the city in which the rebel Sheba was besieged gathered (1.) that Abel was not identical with Beth-Maacah, for the copula is inserted between (2.) that it was situated at the extremity of the the names ("unto Abel and unto Beth-Maacah"); land of Israel, for Joab "went through all the tribes of Israel" to come there. Abel then, which was, as "the wise woman" called it, "a city and a mother tiguity to Beth-Maacah, (so Reland, Palaestina, in Israel" (ver. 19), was so called from its conP. 519); and this must have been situated near and Dan, and Cinneroth and Naphthali (1 Kings, xv. the northern frontier, for it is mentioned with Ijon 20), as one of the cities taken by Benhadad, king of Syria, from Baasha, king of Israel; and two centuries later it was one of the cities of Israel first occupied by Tiglath-Pileser, king of Assyria. (2 Kings, xv. 29.) Eusebius mentions three places named Abel:—(1) a village three miles from Philadelphia; (2) a city 12 miles east of Gadara; 3. another between Paneas and Damascus. (Onomast. s. v.) Reland justly remarks (l. c.) that if any one of these is to be taken as Abel of Beth-Maacah it must be the last-named; but that he is more disof Paneas, rather than to the east or north, on the posed to look for it in Galilee, to the west or south Damascus road. This view is perhaps confirmed by 20; the Abel Beth-Maacah of the latter being a comparison of 2 Chron. xvi. 4. with 1 Kings, xv. called Abel Maim, or "Abel of the Waters" in the latter, probably so named either from the sea of Cinneroth or from the sea of Galilee. Dr. Robinson suggests its identity with the modern village of Abil, or Îbel-el-Kamkh, or Âbil Îbel-el-Hawa, or both situated in the Merj 'Ayun, which last name is certainly identical with the ancient Ijon, with which Abel Beth-Maacah is associated in 1 Kings, xv. 20. (Robinson, Bib. Res. vol. iii. pp. 346, n. 2. 347, n. 1., and Appendix, pp. 136, 137, n. 1.) Maacah is used as an adjunct to Syria or Aram in 1 Chron. xix. 6, 7, but its situation is not defined. (Reland, Palaestina, p. 118.) The existence of the Maacathites (Maxall) on the east of Jordan, apparently between Bashan and Mount Hermon, contiguous to the Geshurites (Deut. iii. 14; Josh. xii. 5, xiii. 11, 13) intimates that another city or district of the name Maacah was situated in that quarter. [G. W.] MAAGR-AMMUM (Maáypaμuor, Ptol. vii. 4. § 10, viii. 28. § 5), a considerable town in the island of Taprobane or Ceylon. Ptolemy calls it a metropolis. It is not now certain where it stood, but some have identified it with Tamankadawe. Some MSS. read Naagrammum, but Maagrammum must be correct, as its form shows its Sanscrit origin. Lassen has supposed it stood at the SE. end of the island, and that its ancient name was Maha gráma. [V.] MAARATH, a city of Judah situated in the mountains, mentioned only in the list in the book of Joshua (xv. 59). Reland (Palaest. s. v. p. 879) suggests that a lofty mountain, Mardes, near the Dead Sea, may have derived its name from this city. [G. W.] MAARSARES [BABYLONIA, p. 362, a.] MABOG. [HIERAPOLIS.] MACAE (Máxai), a people of Arabia mentioned by Ptolemy (vi. 7. § 14), immediately within the Persian Gulf, as inhabiting the shores of the extensive bay of the Fish-eaters (Ιχθυοφάγων κόλποι). They occupied apparently the western shore of Cape Musseldom, as Pliny (vi. 26) states that the width of the strait from the promontory of Carmania to the opposite shore and the Macae, is 50 miles. They were bounded on the east by the Naritae (Napeira) [EPIMARANITAE]. Mr. Forster considers the Macae of Ptolemy is a palpable contraction of the Naumachaei of Pliny, and that this tribe is recovered in the Jowaser Arabs, the most famous pirates of the Persian Gulf. (Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. p. 225.) It is clear that the "Naumachaeoruin promontorium" of Pliny (vi. 32) is identical with the modern Cape Musseldom, at which he places the Macae. (Comp. Strabo, p. 765.) He mentions a remarkable story in connection with this place: that Numenius, who had been appointed prefect of Mesena by King Antiochus, gained a naval victory over the Persians, and on the same day, on the tide receding, conquered them in a cavalry engagement, and erected on the same spot two trophies,-one to Neptune, the other to Jupiter. [G. W.] MACAE (Márai), one of the aboriginal tribes of the Regio Syrtica, on the N. Coast of Libya, on the river Cinyps, according to Herodotus, who describes their customs (iv. 175; comp. Seyl. p. 46; Diod. iii. 48; Plin. vi. 23, 26; Sil. iii 275; Ptol. iv. 3. § 27, calls them Makaiol or Mákaι, ZupTITα). Polybius mentions Maccaei in the Carthaginian army. (Pol. iii. 33.) [P.S.] MACALLA (Mákaλλa), an ancient city of Bruttium, where, according to Lycophron, was the sepulchre of Philoctetes, to whom the inhabitants paid divine honours. (Lycophr. Alex. 927.) The author of the treatise De Mirabilibus, ascribed to Aristotle, mentions the same tradition, and adds that the hero had deposited there in the temple of Apollo Halius the bow and arrows of Hercules, which had, however, been removed by the Crotoniats to the temple of Apollo in their own city. We learn from this author that Macalla was in the territory of Crotona, about 120 stadia from that city but its position cannot be determined. It was doubtless an Oenotrian town: at a later period all trace of it disappears. (Pseud.-Arist. de Mirab. 107; Steph. B. s. v.; Schol. ad Lycophr. l. c.) [E. H. B.] MACANITAE. [MAURETANIA.] MACARAS. [BRAGADAS.] MACAREAE (Μακαρέαι: Eth. Μακαριεύς), town of Arcadia, in the district Parrhasia, 22 stadia: from Megalopolis, on the road to Phigaleia, and 2 time of Pausanias, as its inhabitants had been removed to Megalopolis upon the foundation of the latter. (Paus. viii. 3. § 3, viii. 27. § 4, viii. 36, §9; Steph. B. s. v.) MACA'RIA (Makapia, Ptol. v. 14. § 4), a town on the N. coast of Cyprus, E. of Ceryneia. (Engel, Kypros, vol. i. p. 83.) [E. B. J.] MACA'RIA (Maxapía), that is, "the blessed (island)," a name given by the poets to several islands, such as CYPRUS, LESBOS, and RHODES ; but also occurs as a proper name of an island in the south of the Arabian gulf, a little to the north of the gulf of Adule. [L. S.] MACATUTAE (Maкaтoûтαi), a people in the extreme W. of Cyrenaica, on the border of the province of Africa, above the Velpi Montes. (Ptol. iv. 4. § 10.) [P.S.] MACCHURE'BI. [MAURETANIA.] MACCOCALINGAE. [CALINGAE.] MACCU'RAE. [MAURETANIA.] MACEDONIA ( Makedovía), the name applied to the country occupied by the tribes dwelling northward of Thessaly, and Mt. Olympus, eastward of the chain by which Pindus is continued, and westward of the river Axius. The extent of country, indeed, to which the name is generally given, embraces later enlargements, but, in its narrowest sense, it was very small country, with a peculiar population. I. Name, race, and original seats. The Macedonians (Μακεδόνες or Μακηδόνες), as they are called by all the ancient poets, and in the fragments of epic poetry, owed their name, as it was said, to an eponymous ancestor; according to some, this was Macednus, son of Lycaon, from whom the Arcadians were descended (Apollod. iii. 8. § 1), or Macedon, the brother of Magnes, or a son of Aeolus, according to He iod and Hellanicus (ap. Const. Porph. de Them. ii. 2; comp. Aelian. H. A. x. 48; Eustath. ad Dion. P. 247; Steph. B.). These, as well as the otherwise unsupported statement of Herodotus (i. 56), of the original identity of the Doric and Macednian (Macedonian) peoples, are merely various attempts to form a genealogical connection between this semi-barbarous people and the rest of the Hellenic race. In the later poets, they appear, sometimes, under the name of MACETAK (Sil. Ital. xiii. 878, xiv. 5, xvii, 414, 632; Stat. Sil. iv. 6. 106; Auson. de Clar. Urb. ii. 9; Gell, x. 3). And their country is called MACETIA (Makería, Hesych. s. v.; Eustath. ad Dion. P. l. c.). In the fashion of wearing the mantle and arranging their hair, the Macedonians bore a great resemblance to the Illyrians (Strab. vii. p. 327), but the fact that their language was different (Polyb. xxviii. 8) contradicts the supposition of their Illyrian descent. It was also different from Greek, but in the Macedonian dialect there occur many grammatical forms which are commonly called Aeolic, together with many Arcadian and Thessalian words; and what perhaps is still more decisive, several words which, though not found in the Greek, have been preserved in the Latin language. (Comp. Müller, Dorians, vol. i. p. 3, trans.) The ancients were unanimous in rejecting them from the true Hellenic family, but they must not be confounded with the armed plunderers-Illyrians, Thracians, and Epirots, by whom they were surrounded, as they resemble more nearly the Thessalians, and other ruder members of the Grecian name. times as they do now, accordingly as they dwelt in mountain or plain, or in soil or climate more or less kindly, though distinguished from each other, by having substantive names of their own, acknowledged one common nationality. Finally, the various sections, such as the Elymiotae, Orestae, Lyncestae, and others, were swallowed up by those who were pre-eminently known as the Macedonians, who had their original centre at Aegae or Edessa. (Comp. Grote, Hist. of Greece, c. xxv.) Macedonia in its proper sense, it will be seen, did not touch upon the sea, and must be distinguished into two parts,- UPPER MACEDONIA, inhabited by people about the W. range of mountains extending from the N. as far as Pindus, and LOWER MACEDONIA about the rivers which flow into the Axius, in the earlier times, not, however, extending as far as the Axius, but only to Pella. From this district, the Macedonians extended themselves, and partly repressed the original inhabitants. The whole of the sea-coast was occupied by other tribes who are mentioned by Thucydides (ii. 99) in his episode on the expedition of the Thracians against Macedonia. There is some little difficulty in harmonising his statements with those of Herodotus (viii. 138), as to the original series of occupants on the Thermaic gulf, anterior to the Macedonian conquests. So far as it can be made out, it would seem that in the seventh century B. C., the narrow strip between the Peneius and Haliacmon, was the original abode of the Pierian Thracians; N. of the Pierians, from the mouth of the Haliacmon to that of the Axius, dwelt the Bottiaeai, who, when they were expelled by the Macedonians, went to Chalcidice. Next followed the Paeonians, who occupied both banks of the Strymon, from its source down to the lake near its mouth, but were pushed away from the coast towards the interior. Mygdonia, the lower country E. of the Axius, about the Thermaic gulf, was, previously to the extension of the Macedonians, inhabited by Thracian Edonians. While Upper Macedonia never attained to any importance, Lower Macedonia has been famous in the history of the world. This was owing to the energy of the royal dynasty of Edessa, who called themselves Heracleids, and traced their descent to the Temenidae of Argos. Respecting this family, there were two legends; according to the one, the kings were descended from Caranus, and according to the other from Perdiccas: the latter tale which is given by Herodotus (viii. 137—139), bears much more the marks of a genuine local tradition, than the other which cannot be traced higher than Theopompus. (Dexippus ap. Syncell. p. 262.) After the legend of the foundation of the Macedonian kingdom, there is nothing but a long blank, until the reign of king Amyntas (about 520-500 B. C.), and his son Alexander (about 480 B. C.). Herodotus (l. c.; comp. Thuc. ii. 100) gives a list of five successive kings between the founder Perdiccas and Alexander Perdiccas, Argaeus, Philippus, Aëropas, Alcetas, Amyntas, and Alexander, the contemporary, and to a certain extent ally, of Xerxes. During the reign of these two last princes, who were on friendly terms with the Peisistratidae, and afterwards with the emancipated Athenians, Macedonia becomes implicated in the affairs of Greece. (Herod. i. 59, v. 94, vii. 136.) Many barbarous customs, such as that of tattooing, which prevailed among the Thracians and Illyrians, must have fallen into disuse at a very early period. Even the usage of the ancient Macedonians, that every person who had not killed an enemy should wear some disgraceful badge, had been discontinued in the time of Aristotle. (Pol. vii. 2. § 6.) Yet at a very late date no one was permitted to lie down at table who had not slain a wild boar without the nets. (Hegesander, ap. Athen. i. p. 18.) On the other hand, a military disposition, personal valour, and a certain freedom of spirit, were the national characteristics of this people. Long before Philip organised his phalanx, the cavalry of Macedon was greatly celebrated, especially that of the highlands, as is shown by the tetradrachms of Alexander I. In smaller numbers they attacked the close array of the Thracians of Sitalces, relying on their skill in horsemanship, and on their defensive armour. (Thuc. ii. 100.) Teleutias the Spartan also admired the cavalry of Elimea (Xen. Hell. v. 2. § 41, v. 3. § 1); and in the days of the conquests of Asia, the custom remained that the king could not condemn any person without having first taken the voice of the people or of the army. (Polyb. v. 27; Q. Curt. vi. 8. § 25, vi. 9. § 34.) II. Macedonia in the historic period till the death of Alexander. This kingdom had acquired considerable power even before the outbreak of the Persian War, and Grecian refinement and civilisation must have gained considerable ground, when Alexander the Philhellene offered himself as a combatant at the Olympic games (Herod. v. 22; Justin. vii. 12), and honoured the poetry of Pindar (Solin. ix. 16). After that war Alexander and his son Perdiccas appear gradually to have extended their dominions, in consequence of the fall of the Persian power in Thrace, as far as the Strymon. Perdiccas from being the ally of Athens became her active enemy, and it was from his intrigues that all the difficulties of Athens on the Thracian coast arose. The faithless Perdiccas, was succeeded by his son Archelaus, who first established fortre ses and roads in his dominions, and formed a Macedonian army (Thuc. ii. 100), and even intended to procure a navy (Solin. ix. 17), and had tragedies of Euripides acted at his court under the direction of that poet (Ael. V. H. ii. 21, xiii. 4), while his palace was adorned with paintings by Zeuxis (Ael. V. H. xiv. 17). In B. C. 399, Archelaus perished by a violent death (Diod. xiv. 37; Arist. Pol. v. 8, 10-13; Plat. Alcibiad. ii. p. 141, D.). A list of kings follows of whom we know little but the names. Orestes, son of Archelaus, a child, was placed upon the throne, under the guardianship of Aëropus. The latter, however, after about four years, made away with his ward, and reigned in his stead for two years; he then died of sickness, and was succeeded by his son Pausanias, who, after a reign of only one year, was assassinated and succeeded by Amyntas. (Diod. xiv. 84-89.) The power of Macedonia so declined with these frequent dethronements and assassinations of its kings, that Amyntas had to cede to Olynthus all the country about the Thermaic gulf. (Diod. xiv. 92, xv. 19.) Amyntas, who was dependant on, if not tributary to, Jason, the "tagus' of Thessaly, died nearly about the same time as that prince (Diod. xv. 60), and was succeeded by his youthful son Alexander. After a short reign of two years, B. c. 368, Alexander perished by assassination, the fate that so frequently befell the Macedonian kings. Eurydice, the widow of Amyntas, was left with her two younger children, Perdiccas, now a young man, and Philip, yet a youth; Ptolemaeus of |