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said to signify in the Albanian language " abounding | history, and it is clear that it was far from posin springs." The road next passed by the fountain sessing the same relative importance in ancient of the Meliastae (Meλiaoral), where were temples times that it did in the middle ages, and still reof Dionysus and of Aphrodite Melaenis: this fountains. It was undoubtedly a municipal town, and tain was 7 stadia from the city, opposite Ptolis is mentioned as such by all the geographers, as well or Old Mantineia. (Paus. viii. 6. §§ 4, 5.) The as in inscriptions, but both Strabo and Martial speak preceding account is rendered clearer by the map of it as very inferior to the neighbouring city of on p. 263. Verona, in comparison with which the latter terms it "parva Mantua." (Strab. v. p. 213; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23; Ptol. iii. 1. § 31; Martial, xiv. 195.) During the civil wars after the death of Caesar, Mantua suffered the loss of a part of its territory, for Octavian having assigned to his discharged soldiers the lands of the neighbouring Cremona, and these having proved insufficient, a portion of the territory of Mantua was taken to make up the necessary amount. (Virg. Ecl. ix. 28, Georg. ii. 198; Serv. ad loc.) It was on this occasion that Virgil was expelled from his patrimonial estate, which he however, recovered by the favour of Augustus.

(For the geography of Mantinice, see Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 100, seq., vol. iii. p. 44, seq.; Peloponnesiaca, p. 369, seq.; Ross, Reisen im Peloponnes, vol. i. p. 121, seq.; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. i. p. 232, seq.)

MA'NTUA (Mávrova: Eth. Mantuanus: Mantova), a city of Cisalpine Gaul, situated on the river Mincius, on an island formed by its waters, about 12 miles above its confluence with the Padus. There seems no doubt that it was a very ancient city, and existed long before the establishment of the Gauls in this part of Italy. Virgil, who was naturally well acquainted with the traditions of his native place, tells us that its population was a mixed race, but the bulk of the people were of Etruscan origin; and Pliny even says that it was the only city beyond the Padus which was still inhabited by an Etruscan people. (Virg. Aen. x. 201-203; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23.) Virgil does not tell us what were the other national elements of its population, and it is not easy to understand the exact meaning of his expression that it consisted of three "gentes," and that each gens comprised four "populi ;" but it seems certainly probable that this relates to the internal division of its own territory and population, and has no reference (as Müller has supposed) to the twelve cities founded by the Etruscans in the valley of the Padus. (Müller, Etrusker, vol. i. p. 137; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 296, note 757.) The Etruscan origin of Mantua is confirmed by its name, which was in all probability derived from that of the Etruscan divinity Mantus, though another tradition, adopted by Virgil himself, seems to have deduced it from a prophetic nymph of the name of Manto. (Serv. ad Aen. l. c.; Schol. Veron. ad loc. p. 103, ed. Keil.) According to one of the oldest scholiasts on Virgil, both Verrius Flaccus and Caecina, in their Etruscan histories, ascribed the foundation of Mantua to Tarchon himself, while Virgil represents Ocnus, the son of Manto, as its founder. (Virg. Aen. x. 200; Schol. Veron. l. c.) The only historical fact that can be considered as resulting from all these statements is that Mantua really was an Etruscan settlement, and that for some reason (probably from its peculiar and inaccessible situation) it retained much of its Etruscan character long after this had disappeared in the other cities of Cisalpine Gaul.

After the settlement of the Gauls in Northern Italy, Mantua was probably included in the territory of the Cenomani (Ptol. iii. 1. § 31); but we find no mention of its name in history, nor do we know at what period it passed under the Roman dominion. From an incidental notice in Livy (xxiv. 10) during the Second Punic War, we may probably infer that it was then on friendly terms with Rome, as were the Cenomani and Veneti; and as its name is not mentioned during the subsequent wars of the Romans in Cisalpine Gaul, it is probable that it passed gradually, with the other towns of the Cenomani, from a state of alliance to one of dependence, and ultimately of subjection. But even under the Roman

The chief celebrity of Mantua under the Roman Empire was undoubtedly owing to its having been the birthplace of Virgil, who has, in consequence, celebrated it in several passages of his works; and its name is noticed on the same account by many of the later Roman poets. (Virg. Georg.iii. 12; Ovid, Amor. iii. 15. 7; Stat. Silv. iv. 2. 9; Sil. Ital. viii. 595; Martial, i. 62. 2, xiv. 195.) According to Donatus, however, the actual birthplace of the poet was the village of Andes in the territory of Mantua, and not the city itself. (Donat. Vit. Virg. 1; Hieron. Chron. ad ann. 1947.)

After the fall of the Roman Empire, Mantua appears to have become a place of importance from its great strength as a fortress, arising from its peculiar situation, surrounded on all sides by broad lakes or expanses of water, formed by the stagnation of the river Mincius. It, however, fell into the hands of the Lombards under Agilulf (P. Diac. iv. 29), and after the expulsion of that people was governed by independent counts. In the middle ages it became one of the most important cities of the N. of Italy; and is still a populous place, and one of the strongest fortresses in Italy. It is still so completely surrounded by the stagnant waters of the Mincio, that it is accessible only by causeways, the shortest of which is 1000 feet in length.

Mantua was distant from Verona 25 miles; so that Procopius calls it a day's journey from thence. (Procop. B. G. iii. 3.) It was situated on a line of road given in the Tabula, which proceeded from Mediolanum, by Cremona and Bedriacum, to Mantua, and thence to Hostilia, where it crossed the Padus, and thence proceeded direct to Ravenna. (Tab. Peut.) Mantua was distant from Cremona by this road about 40 miles. It would appear from one of the minor poems ascribed to Virgil (Catalect. 8. 4), that this distance was frequently traversed by muleteers with light vehicles in a single day. [E. H. B.]

MANTZICIERT (Marт(ikiépт, Const. Porph. de Adm. Imp. c. 44), a fortress of great importance upon the Armenian frontier. In A. D. 1050, it offered so determined a resistance to Togrul Beï, the founder of the Seljukian dynasty, that he had to give up all hope of breaking through the barrier of fortresses that defended the limits of the empire, and retired into Persia. (Cedren. vol. ii. p. 780; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. xiv. p. 367; Finlay, Byzantine Empire, p. 523.) It is identified with Melasgerd or Ma

remarkable volcanic cone of Sipân Tagh. (St. Martin, Mém. sur l'Armenie, vol. i. p. 105; Ritter, Erdkunde, vol. ix. p. 994.) [E. B. J.] MAOGAMALCHA (Ammian. xxiv. 4), a place in Mesopotamia, attacked and taken by Julian. It was distant about 90 stadia from Ctesiphon. (Zosim. iii. 21.) It appears to have been strongly fortified and well defended. Zosimus evidently alludes to the same place (l. c.), though he does not mention it by name.

[V.]

MAON (Maúv), a city of Judah, in the mountains, south of Hebron. It is joined with Carmel, and Ziph, and Juttah (Josh. xv. 55), known only as the residence of Nabal and Abigail (1 Sam. xxv. 2). "The wilderness of Maon, in the plain on the south of Jeshimon," is identical with or contiguous to the wilderness of Ziph, where David and his men hid themselves in the strongholds from the malice of Saul (xxiii. 14-25). It is placed by Eusebius in the east of Daroma (Onomast. s. v.) Its site is marked by ruins, still called Mâin, situated between Carmel and Zuph, half an hour south of the former. [CARMEL, Vol. I. p. 521.] [G. W.]

MAPHARITIS (Mapapîris), a district of Arabia Felix, lying about the city of Sava (avh), which is placed by Arrian three days' journey from Muza, on the Red Sea. [MUZA.] He mentions the king's name, Cholaebus (Xóλaicos). (Periplus Maris Eryth. p. 13.) The Sava of Arrian is probably identical with the Sapphara or Sapphar of Ptolemy (Zárpapa al. Σaяpàρ μNTρóжоλis, vi. 7. §41), the capital no doubt of a tribe named by him Sappharitae (Zampapiraí), the Mapharitis of Arrian. They are distinct from the MAPHORITAE of Ptolemy.

[G. W.]

MAPHORI'TAE (Mapopîrai), a people of Arabia Felix, placed by Ptolemy above, i. e. north of, the Rathini, and west of the outer Frankincense country ( EKтds Zμvρvоpópos), contiguous to the Chatramamititae (vi. 7. § 25). The similarity of name indicates a connection between this tribe and the Maepha metropolis of the same geographer; the same as the Aphae metropolis" of Arrian, which he places 9 days' journey east of his Maphoritis regio, and therefore 12 days from the Red Sea. It was the capital of Charibaël, the lawful king of the Homeritae and their neighbours the Sabaitae, styled the friend of the Roman emperors, to whom he is said to have sent frequent embassies. [MAEPHA.] The district is probably that now known as Wady Mayfa, in the midst of which is situated the remarkable ruins now called Nakab-el- Hajar, which are supposed to mark the site of the metropolis. This fruitful valley commences above the ruins in question and is well cultivated throughout. It is thus described by Lieut. Wellsted, who traversed its southern part in 1838:"Nakab-el-Hajar (ancient MAEPHA, q. v.) is situated north-west, and is distant 48 miles from the village of 'Aïn, which is marked on the chart in latitude 14° 2′ north, and longitude 46° 30′ east, nearly. It stands in the centre of a most extensive valley, called by the natives Wady Meifah, which, whether we regard its fertility, population, or extent, is the most interesting geographical feature we have yet discovered on the southern coast of Arabia. Taking its length from where it opens out on the sea-coast to the town of 'Abbán, it is 4 days' journey, or 75 miles. Beyond this point I could not exactly ascertain the extent of its prolongation; various native authorities give it from 5 to 7 additional days. Throughout the whole of this space it is thickly studded with villages, hamlets, and culti

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vated grounds. In a journey of 15 miles, we counted more than thirty of the former, besides a great number of single houses." (Wellsted, Travels in Arabia, vol. i. p. 436.) [G. W.]

MAPONIS, in Britain, occurring in Geogr. Ravenn. among the diversa loca, without any clue to guide us to its locality. An inscription to a topical deity Mapon (Deo Mapono), discovered at Plumpton in Cumberland; and another (Apollini Mapono) at Ribchester, in Lancashire, merely strengthen the probability of the existence of a place so called in Britain, without disclosing its situation. Maporiton also appears in Geogr. Ravenn. among the towns in the north of Britain. [C. R. S.]

MARA'BIUS (Mapábios, Mapovcios, Ptol. v. 9 § 2), a river of Sarmatia, which Reichard has identified with the Manyez, an affluent of the Don, on the left bank of that river. Some have considered the Manyez to represent the ACHARDEUS ('Axapdéos), but Strabo (xi. p. 506) expressly says that the latter discharges itself into the Maeotis. (Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. i. pp. 60, 500.) [E. B. J.]

MARACANDA (Mapákavda, Strab. xi. p. 517; Arrian, iii. 30, iv. 5; Ptol. vi. 11. § 9), the capital of Sogdiana, now Samarcand. It is said by Strabo to have been one of the eight cities which were built in those parts by Alexander the Great. Ptolemy places it in Bactriana. Arrian (iii. 30) states that it contained the palace of the ruler of the Sogdiani, but does not apparently credit the story that Alexander had anything to do with the building of it. Curtius states that the city was 70 stadia in circumference, and surrounded by a wall, and that he had destined the province for his favourite, Clitus, when the unfortunate quarrel took place in which he was slain (viii. 1. § 20). Professor Wilson (Ariana, p. 165) considers that the name has been derived from the Sanscrit Samara-khanda, "the warlike province." In many of the old editions the word was written Paracanda, but there can be no doubt that Maracanda is the correct form. Samarcand has been in all ages a great entrepôt for the commerce of Central Asia. [V.]

MARANI'TAE (Mapavirai, Strab. xvi. p. 776; Mapaveîs), an ancient people on the W. coast of Arabia Felix, near the corner of the Aelaniticus Sinus, destroyed by the Garindaei.

MÁRAPHII (Mapápio, Herod. i. 125), one of the three tribes into which the highest class of the ancient Persians was divided, according to Herodotus. The other two were the Pasargadae and the Maspii. [V.]

MA'RATHA (Mápaða), a village of Arcadia, in the district Cynuria, between Buphagium and Gortys, perhaps represented by the ruin called the Castle of Leodhoro. (Paus. viii. 28. § 1; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 66, Peloponnesiaca, p. 232.)

MARATHE, a small island near Corcyra, mentioned only by Pliny (iv. 12. s. 19).

MARATHE'SIUM (Μαρθήσιον: Eth. Μαραθήoσios), an Ionian town on the coast of Lydia, south of Ephesus, and not far from the frontiers of Caria, whence Stephanus (s. v.) calls it a town of Caria. (Seylax, p. 37; Plin. H. N. v. 31.) The town at one time belonged to the Samians; but they made an exchange, and, giving it up to the Ephesians, received Neapolis in return. (Strab. xiv. p. 639.) Col. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 261) believes that a few ancient ruins found at a place called Skalanova mark the site of Marathesium, though others regard them as remains of Pygela. [L. S.]

MARATHON (Μαραθών : Ειλ. Μαραθώνιος), ο small plain in the NE. of Attica, containing four places, named MARATHON, PROBALINTHUS (Пpo6áAwoos: Eth. Пpobaλioios), TRICORYTHUS (Тpikóρυθος, οι Τρικόρυνθος, Τρικόρινθος: Εth. ΤρικορύGOs), and OENOE (Oivón: Eth. Oivaios), which originally formed the Tetrapolis, one of the 12 districts into which Attica was divided before the time of Theseus. Here Xuthus, who married the daughter of Erechtheus, is said to have reigned; and here the Heracleidae took refuge when driven out of Peloponnesus, and defeated Eurystheus. (Strab. viii. p. 383; Steph. B. s. v. Terpároλis.) The Marathonii claimed to be the first people in Greece who paid divine honours to Hercules, who possessed a sanctuary in the plain, of which we shall speak presently. (Paus. i. 15. §3, i. 35. §4.) Marathon is also celebrated in the legends of Theseus, who conquered the ferocious bull, which used to devastate the plain. (Plut. Thes. 14; Strab. ix. p. 399; Paus. i. 27. §10.) Marathon is mentioned in the Homeric poems in a way that implies that it was then a place of importance. (Od. vii. 80.) Its name was derived from an eponymous hero Marathon, who is described by Pausanias as a son of Epopeus, king of Sicyon, who fled into Attica in consequence of the cruelty of his father (Paus. ii. 1. § 1, ii. 6. § 5, i. 15. § 3, i. 32. § 4). Plutarch calls him an Arcadian, who accompanied the Dioscuri in their expedition into Attica, and voluntarily devoted himself to death before the battle. (Thes. 32.)

After Theseus united the 12 independent districts of Attica into one state, the name of Tetrapolis gradually fell into disuse; and the four places of which it consisted became Attic demi, Marathon, Tricorythus, and Oenoë belonging to the tribe Aeantis, and Probalinthus to the tribe Pandionis; but Marathon was so superior to the other three, that its name was applied to the whole district down to the latest times. Hence Lucian speaks of "the parts of Marathon about Oenoë" (Mapalŵvos тà Teρì tùν Oivóny, Icaro-Menip. 18).

Few places have obtained such celebrity in the history of the world as Marathon, on account of the victory which the Athenians here gained over the Persians in B. C. 490. Hence it is necessary to give a detailed account of the topography of the plain, in which we shall follow the admirable description of Colonel Leake, drawing a little additional information from Mr. Finlay and other writers.

The plain of Marathon is open to a bay of the sea on the east, and is shut in on the opposite side by the heights of Brilessus (subsequently called Pentelicus) and Diacria, which send forth roots extending to the sea, and bounding the plain to the north and south. The principal shelter of the bay is afforded by a long rocky promontory to the north, anciently called CYNOSURA (Kuvóσoupa, Hesych., Phot., 8. v.) and now Stoms. The plain is about 6 miles in length and half that breadth in its broadest part. It is somewhat in the form of a half-moon, the inner curve of which is bounded by the bay, and the outer by the range of mountains already described. The plain, described by Aristophanes as the "pleasant mead of Marathon" (λeiμŵva rdv èpóevтa MapaOwvos, Aves, 246), is a level green expanse. The hills, which shut in the plain, were covered in ancient times with olives and vines (Nonn. Dionys. xiii. 84, xlviii. 18). The plain is bounded at at its southern and northern extremities by two

is almost dry at the conclusion of the great heats; while the northern, which is much larger, offers several parts which are at all seasons impassable. Both, however, have a broad, firm, sandy beach | between them and the sea. A river, now called the river of Marathóna, flows through the centre of the plain into the sea.

There are four roads leading out of the plain. 1. One runs along the coast by the south-western extremity of the plain. (Plan, aa.) Here the plain of Marathon opens into a narrow maritime plain three miles in length, where the mountains fall so gradually towards the sea as to present no very defensible impediment to the communication between the Marathonia and the Mesogaea. The road afterwards passes through the valley between Pentelicus and Hymettus, through the ancient demus of Pallene. This is the most level road to Athens, and the only one practicable for carriages. It was the one by which Peisistratus marched to Athens after landing at Marathon. (Herod. i. 62.) 2. The second road runs through the pass of Vraná, so called from a small village of this name, situated in the southern of the two valleys, which branch off from the interior of the plain. (Plan, bb.) This road leads through Cephisia into the northern part of the plain of Athens. 3. The third road follows the vale of Marathóna, the northern of the two valleys already nained, in which lies the village of the same name, the largest in the district. (Plan, cc.) The two valleys are separated from one another by a hill called Kotróni (Plan, 3), very rugged, but of no great height. This third road leads to Aphidna, from which the plain of Athens may also be reached. 4. The fourth road leaves the plain on the north-east by a narrow pass (Plan, dd) between the northern marsh and a round naked rocky height called Mt. Koráki or Stavrokoráki. (Plan, 4.) It leads to Rhamnus; and at the entrance of the pass stands the village of Lower Súli. (Plan, 12.)

Three places in the Marathonian district particularly retain vestiges of ancient demi. 1. Vraní, which Leake supposes to be the site of the demus of Marathon. It lies upon a height fortified by the ravine of a torrent, which descends into the plain after flowing between Mts. Argalíki and Aforismó, which are parts of Mt. Brilessus or Pentelicus. (Plan, 1, 2.) A little below Vraná are seen four artificial tumuli of earth, one considerably larger than the others; and in a pass at the back of the hill of Kotróni, which leads from the vale of Vraná into that of Marathóna, there are some remains of an ancient gate. Near the gate are the foundations of a wide wall, 5 feet in thickness, which are traced for nearly 3 miles in circumference, enclosing all the upper part of the valley of Vraní These ruins are now known by the name of μávdpa rĥs ypaías (the old woman's sheepfold). Near the ruined gate Leake observed the remains of three statues, probably those which were erected by Herodes Atticus to three favourite servants. (Philostr. Soph. ii. 1. § 10.) Marathon was the demus of Herodes, who also died there. The wall mentioned above was probably built by Herodes, to enclose his property; for it would seem from Pliny that Marathon no longer existed as a town or village a century before the time of Herodes. ("Rhamnus pagus, locus Marathon," Plin. iv. 7. s. 11.) The early disappearance of the ancient town

transferred to another site; and it was natural that | kind abound in other parts of Greece, where no the celebrated name should be given to the principal place in the district. Three-quarters of a mile to the south-east of the tumuli of Vraná there is a rising ground, upon which are the traces of a Hellenic wall, apparently the peribolus of a temple. This was probably the temple of Hercules (Plan, 10), in whose sacred enclosure the Athenians were encamped before the battle of Marathon. (Herod. vi. 108.)

2. There are several fragments of antiquity situated at the head of the valley of Marathóna at a spot called Inói, which is no doubt the site of the ancient OENOE, one of the four demi of the district. The retired situation of Oenoe accounts for its omission by Strabo in his enumeration of the demi situated near the coast (ix. p. 399).

3. There are also evident remains of an ancient demus situated upon an insulated height in the plain of Suli, near the entrance of the pass leading out of the Marathonian plain to Suli. These ruins are probably those of TRICORYTHUS, the situation of which agrees with the order of the maritime demi in Strabo, where Tricorythus immediately precedes Rhamnus. We learn from Aristophanes and Suidas that Tricorythus was tormented by gnats from a neighbouring marsh (μnís éσriv hôn Tpikopuola, Aristoph. Lysistr. 1032; Suidas, s. v. urís); and at the present day the inhabitants of Lower Suli in the summer are driven by this plague and the bad air into the upper village of the same name. The town was probably called Tricorythus from the triple peak on which its citadel was built.

Persian is reputed to have set his foot; and, on the other hand, none have been found either at Thermopylae or Plataea. At a very small distance from this tumulus Leake noticed a small heap of earth and stones, which is, perhaps, the tomb of Plataeans and Athenian slaves. At 500 yards north of the great tumulus is a ruin called Pyrgo (Пúpyos), consisting of the foundation of a square monument, constructed of large blocks of white marble; it is apparently the monument erected in honour of Miltiades. (Plan, 14.)

We learn from Philochorus that there was a temple of the Pythian Apollo at Marathon (ap. Schol. ad Soph. Oed. Col. 1047); and Demosthenes relates that the sacred vessel was kept on this coast, and that once it was carried off by Philip. (Phil. i. p. 49.)

Pausanias (i. 32. § 3, seq.) mentions in the plain several natural objects, some of which have been noticed already. The lake at the northern extremity of the plain he describes "as for the most part marshy, into which the flying barbarians fell through their ignorance of the ways; and here it is said that the principal slaughter of them occurred. Beyond the lake (vπèρ τǹv Xíμvny) are seen the stables of stone for the horses of Artaphernes, together with vestiges of a tent upon the rock. A river flows out of the lake which, within the lake, affords water fit for cattle to drink; but, towards the place where it enters the sea, becomes salt and full of sea-fishes. At a little distance from the plain is a mountain of Pan, and a cavern worthy of inspection: the entrance is narrow; but within are apartments and baths, and that which is called the

The site of PROBALINTHUS is uncertain, but it should probably be placed at the south-west ex-goat-stand (airóλiov) of Pan, together with rocks tremity of the Marathonian plain. This might be inferred from Strabo's enumeration, who mentions first Probalinthus, then Marathon, and lastly Tricorythus. Between the southern marsh and Mt. Argaliki there are foundations of buildings at a place called Valarí, which is, perhaps, a corruption of Probalinthus. Close to the sea, upon a rising ground in the marsh, there are some ancient remains, which may, perhaps, be those of the temple of Athena Hellotia (Plan, 11), which epithet the goddess is said to have derived from the marsh of Marathon, where the temple was built. (Schol. ad Pind. Ol. xiii. 56; Etym. M. 8. v. 'EAλwrís.)

The principal monument in the Marathonian plain was the tumulus erected to the 192 Athenians who were slain in the battle, and whose names were inscribed upon ten pillars, one for each tribe, placed upon the tomb. There was also a second tumulus for the Plataeans and slaves, and a separate monument to Miltiades. All these monuments were seen by Pausanias 600 years after the battle (i. 32. § 3). The tumulus of the Athenians still exists. It stands in the centre of the plain, about half a mile from the sea-shore, and is known by the name of Soró (ó | Zopós), the tomb. (Plan, 13.) It is about 30 feet high, and 200 yards in circumference, composed of a light mould mixed with sand, amidst which have been found many brazen heads of arrows, about an inch in length, of a trilateral form, and pierced at the top with a round hole for the reception of the shaft. There are also found, in still greater numbers, fragments of black flint, rudely shaped by art, which have been usually considered fragments of the arrow-heads used by the Persian archers; but this opinion cannot be received, as flints of the same

very much resembling goats." Leake observes that the marshy lake, and the river, which, becoming salt towards the mouth, produces sea-fishes, are precisely as Pausanias describes them. The marsh is deepest towards the foot of Mt. Koráki, where several springs issue from the foot of the rocks on the right side of the road leading from the great plain to Lower Suli. These springs are apparently the fountain MACARIA (Plan, 8), which Pausanias mentions just before his description of the marsh. It derived its name from Macaria, a daughter of Hercules, who devoted herself to death in behalf of the Heraclidae before the victory which they gained over the Argives in the plain. (Comp. Strab. viii. p. 377.) A small stream, which has its origin in these springs, is traced through the marsh into a small salt lake (Plan, 9), supplied by subterraneous sources, and situated on the south-eastern extremity of the marsh, under a rocky ridge, the continuation of C. Stómi. Both the ridge and salt lake are known by the name of Dhrakonéria (тà Apaкwvépia, i. e. the monster-waters, so called from its size, since dpáko is a common expression among the modern Greeks for any marvellous object). On the eastern side of the great marsh Leake noticed a small cavern in the side of Mt. Dhrakonéria, which is perhaps the place called by Pausanias "the stables of Artaphernes." Leake supposes that the Persian commanders were encamped in the adjoining plain of Tricorythus. The mountain and cavern of Pan have not yet been discovered. They would appear, from the description of Pausanias, to have been a little further removed from the plain than the marsh and salt lake. Hence they may be placed in Mt. Koráki.

The exact ground occupied by the Greek and Persian armies at the battle of Marathon can only be a matter of conjecture. Col. Leake, whose account is both probable and consistent, though Mr. Finlay differs from him, supposes that the Athenian camp was in the valley of Vraná near its opening into the plain; that on the day of battle the Athenian line extended from a little in front of the Heracleium, at the foot of Mt. Argaliki, to the bend of the river of Marathóna, below the village of Seféri; and that the Persians, who were 8 stadia in front of them, had their right resting on Mt. Koráki, and their left extending to the southern marsh, which prevented them from having a front much greater than that of the Athenians. (See Plan, AA, BB.) When the Persians defeated the Athenian centre, they pursued the latter up one or both of the two valleys on either side of Mt.

Kotróni, since Herodotus says that the pursuit continued quite into the interior (ès Thy μeσbyaιar). Nearly at the same time the Persian left and right were defeated; but instead of pursuing them, the Athenians returned towards the field to the aid of their own centre. The Persian right fled towards the narrow pass leading into the plain of Tricory.. thus; and here numbers were forced into the marso, as Pausanias relates.

(Leake, The Demi of Attica, vol. ii. pp. 77, 203, originally published in Transactions of the Royal Society of Literature, 1829, vol. ii.; Finlay, Ibid. vol. iii. p. 363; Wordsworth, Athens and Attica, p. 44; Mure, Journal of a Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 101; Thirlwall, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 239: Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. ii. p. 466; Mure, Hist. of Greek Literature, vol. iv. pp. 510, 549, 550; Blakesley's Herodotus, vol. ii. 172.)

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11. Temple of Athena Hellotia?

12. Village of Lower Suli.

13. Soró: tumulus of Athenians.

14. Pýrgo: tomb of Miltiades.

Roads:

aa. To Athens, between Mts. Pentelicus and Hy. mettus through Pallene.

bb. To Athens, through Cephisia. cc. To Athens, through Aphidna. dd. To Rhamnus.

MARATHUS (Mápabos: Eth. Mapa@nvaios al. district was then under the dominion of the Aradians Mapalñvos), a city on the coast of Syria, north of (Strab. xvi. p. 753; comp. Plin. v. 20), who had been Aradus, placed by Ptolemy in the district of Cas- foiled in a former attempt to reduce it to their Biotis, which extended as far north as Antioch. It power. The story, as given in a fragment of Diodorus is joined with Enydra, and was a ruin in Strabo's (lib.xxxiii. vol. x. p. 76-78, ed. Bipont; vol. ii. p. 593,

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