Questions Proposées, par M. Michaelis, pp. 183188.) This catastrophe seems to have happened about the time of Alexander the Great, though some chronologies place it subsequently to the Christian aera. Sale places the city three days' journey from Sanaa (note, in loc. cit.). The notion of the identity of Mareb with Sheba, mentioned by Abulfeda, is still maintained by some natives; and Niebubr quotes for this opinion a native of the town itself (Description de l'Arabie, p. 252), and justly remarks that the existence of the remains of the famous reservoir of the Sabaeans in the vicinity of Mareb serves to identify it with the capital of the Sabaeans. To account for the capital not bearing the name of the tribe, as was usual, he suggests that the Sabaeans may have derived their name from another town, and then have built this stupendous reservoir near Mariaba, and there have fixed the residence of their kings. But a fact elsewhere mentioned by him, will perhaps lead to a more satisfactory solution. It seems that the great reservoir is not situated before Mareb, nor close to it, but at the distance of an hour, and on the side of it. This may account for its preservation on the bursting of the embankment. May not the inundation have occasioned the utter destruction of the neighbouring city of Sheba, as the traditions relate, while the royal residence at Mareb escaped, and formed the nucleus of the modern town? We have seen from Abulfeda that some native authorities maintain that Maarib was the royal residence, while the capital itself was called Saba. The name Mariaba (al. Mariva) signifying, according to the etymology of Pliny, "dominos omnium," would well suit the residence of the dominant family (vi. 28. § 32).

Mareb is now the principal town of the district of Dsorf, 16 German leagues ENE. of Sana, containing only 300 houses, with a wall and three gates; and the ruins of a palace of Queen Balkis are there shown. The reservoir is still much celebrated. It is described by a native as a valley between two chains of mountains, nearly a day's journey in length (=5 German leagues). Six or seven small streams, flowing from the west and south, are united in this valley, which contracts so much at its east end, by the convergence of the mountains, that it is not more than 5 or 6 minutes wide. This space was closed by a thick wall, to retain the superfluous water during and after the rains, and to distribute it over the fields and gardens on the east and north by three sluice-gates, one over the other. The wall was 40 or 50 feet high, built of enormous blocks of hewn stone, and the ruins of its two sides still remain. It precisely resembles in its construction the Bends, as they are called, in the woods of Belgrave, near Bukderie, on the Bosphorus, which supply Constantinople with water, only that the work at Mareb is on a much larger scale. (Niebuhr, 1. c. pp. 240, 241.)

46

...

2. MARIABA BARAMALACUM. A city of this name in the interior of Arabia is mentioned with this distinguishing appellation by Pliny (vi. 32) as a considerable town of the Charmaei, which was one division of the MINAEI: he calls it oppidum XVI. mill. pass.. et ipsum non spernendum." It is supposed by some to be identical with the Baraba metropolis (Bápasa al. Maμápa untρónoλis) of Ptolemy (vi. 15, p. 155), which he places in long. 76°, lat. 18° 20'. Forster has found its representative in the modern Taraba, whose situation corresponds sufficiently well with

the Baraba metropolis of Ptolemy (Geog. of Arabia, vol. i. p. 135, ii. p. 256); but his account of the designation Baramalacum (quasi Bar-Amalacum, equivalent to "Merab of the sons of Amelek ") is inadmissible according to all rules of etymology (vol. ii. pp. 43, 47). Taraba, pronounced by the Bedouins Toroba, is 30 hours (about 80 miles) distant from Tayf in the Hedjaz, still a considerable town, "as large as Tayf, remarkable for its plantations, which furnish all the surrounding country with dates; and famous for its resistance against the Turkish forces of Mohammed Ali, until January, 1815, when its inhabitants were compelled to submit. Taraba is environed with palmgroves and gardens, watered by numerous rivulets.” (Burckhardt, Travels in Arabia, Appendix, No. iv. p. 451.) A more probable derivation of Baramalacum from Bahr-u-malkim the Royal Lake, would identify it with the preceding, No. 1. (Vincent, Periplus, p. 307.)

=

3. MARIABA, another inland city of Arabia, is mentioned also by Pliny (l. c.) as the capital of the Calingii, 6 M.P. in circumference, which was, according to him, one of the eight towns taken and destroyed by Aelius Gallus. He has perhaps confounded it with the Marsyabae which Strabo fixes as the limit of his expedition, and the siege of which he was forced to abandon; but it was remarked before that this name was according to Pliny equivalent to metropolis, though the etymology of the name is hopelessly obscure:-so that it is very possible that, besides the Marsyabae mentioned by Strabo, a Mariaba may have fallen in with the line of that general's march, either identical with one of those above named, or distinct from both; possibly still marked by a modern site of one of several towns still preserving a modification of the naine, as ElMarabba, marked in Kiepert's map in the very heart of the country of the Wahibites; and a Merab marked by Arrowsmith, in the NE. of the Nedjd country. [MARSYABAE.] [G. W.]

MARIAMA (Mapiáμa), an inland city of Arabia, mentioned only by Ptolemy (vi. 15), who places it in long. 78° 10' and lat. 17° 10′, and therefore not far south-east from his Baraba or Maraba metropolis [MARIABA, 2]. Mannert (Geographie, pt. vi. vol. i. p. 66) suggests its identity with Maribba, marked in Niebuhr's map towards the north-east of Yemen, which is, however, the name of a district, not of a town, its capital being named Arâm (Description de l'Arabie, p. 228); but this would not agree with the position above assigned to Mariaba Baramalacum. (Ritter, Erdkunde von Arabien, vol. i. p. 283.) [MARSYABAE.] [G. W.]

MARIAMME (Mapidμμn), a city of Syria, subject to Aradus, and surrendered with Aradus and its other dependencies, Marathus and Sigon, to Alexander the Great by Straton, son of Gerostratus, king of Aradus. (Arrian, ii. 14. § 8.) It is placed by Ptolemy in the district of Cassiotis (v. 15), and by Hierocles in the second eparchy of Syria (apud Wesseling, Itineraria, p. 712). [G. W.]

MARIANA (Mapiarn, Ptol.), a city on the E. coast of Corsica, which, as its name imports, was a Roman colony, founded by the celebrated C. Marius. (Plin. iii. 6. s. 12; Ptol. iii. 2. § 5; Mel. ii. 7. § 19; Senec. Cons. ad Helv. 8.) Nothing more is known of its history, but it is recognised as holding colonial rank by Pliny and Mela, and appears to have been one of the two principal cities in the island. It is a plausible conjecture of Cluverius that it was founded

on the site previously occupied by the Greek city of Nicaea mentioned by Diodorus (Diod. v. 13; Cluver. Sicil. p. 508). Its name is mentioned in the Antonine Itinerary (p. 85), which erroneously reckons it 40 miles from Aleria; the ruins of Mariana, which are still extant under their ancient name at the mouth of the river Golo, being only about 30 miles N. of those of Aleria. They are 15 miles S. of the modern city of Bastia. The ancient remains are inconsiderable, but a ruined cathedral still marks the site, and gives title to the bishop who now resides at Bastia. (Rampoldi, Diz. Geogr. vol. ii. p. 589.) [E. H. B.]

MARIA'NA FOSSA. [FOSSA MARIANA.] MARIANDY'NI (Μαριανδυνοί, Μαριανθηνοί, οι Mapuavovvoi), an ancient and celebrated tribe in the north-east of Bithynia, between the rivers Sangarius and Billaeus, on the east of the tribe called Thyni or Bithyni. (Scylax, p. 34; Plin. vi. 1.) According to Scylax, they did not extend as far west as the Sangarius, for according to him the river Hypius formed the boundary between the Bithyni and "Mariandyni. Strabo (vii. p. 295) expresses a belief that the Mariandyni were a branch of the Bithynians, a belief to which he was probably led by the resemblance between their names, and which cannot be well reconciled with the statement of Herodotus (iii. 90), who clearly distinguishes the Mariandyni from the Thracians or Thyni in Asia. In the Persian army, also, they appear quite sepa. rated from the Bithyni, and their armour resembles that of the Paphlagonians, which was quite different from that of the Bithyni. (Herod. vii. 72, 75; comp. Strab. vii. p. 345, xii. p. 542.) The chief city in their territory was Heraclea Pontica, the inhabitants of which reduced the Mariandyni, for a time, to a state of servitude resembling that of the Cretan Mnoae, or the Thessalian Penestae. To what race they belonged is uncertain, though if their Thracian origin be given up, it must probably be admitted that they were akin to the Paphlagonians. In the division of the Persian empire they formed part of the third Persian satrapy. Their country was called Mariandynia (Mapıavduvía, Steph. B. 8. v.), and Pliny speaks of a Sinus Mariandynus on their coast. (Comp. Hecat. Fragm. 201; Aeschyl. Pers. 932; Xen. Anab. vi. 4. § 4, Cyrop. i. 1. § 4; Ptol. v. 1. § 11; Scymu. Fragm. 199; Dionys. Perieg. 788; Mela, i. 19; Athen. xiv. p. 620; Apollon. Argon. ii. 724; Constant. Porph. Them. i. 7.)

[L. S.]

MARIA NUS MONS (7ò Mapiavòv ŏpos, Ptol. ii. 4. § 15; Mons Mariorum, It. Anton. p. 432: Sierra Morena), a mountain in Hispania Baetica, properly only a western offshoot of the Orospeda, and probably the mountain which Strabo describes, (iii. p. 142), without mentioning its name, as running parallel to the river Baetis, and full of mines. Hence Pliny (xxxiv. 2) speaks of aes Marianum, quod et Cordubense dicitur." The eastern part of this mountain was called Saltus Castulonensis. [CASTULO.]

Britain, a town in the country of the Demetae, now Carmarthen. In the time of Giraldus Cambrensis the Roman walls were in part standing ("est igitur haec urbs antiqua coctilibus muris partem adhuc extantibus egregie clausa," Itin. Camb. lib. i. e 10). [C. R. S.]

MARINIA'NA, also called MAURIANA (It. Hieros. p. 562), a town in Pannonia, on the frontier between Upper and Lower Pannonia, on the road from Jovia to Mursa. (It. Ant. p. 130.) It is possible that the place may have been the same as the one called by Ptolemy (ii. 14. § 6) Mayvíava. (Comp. Geogr. Rav. iv. 19, and Tab. Peut.) [L. S.]

MARIO'NIS (Mapiwvis). Two towns of this name are inentioned by Ptolemy (ii. 11. § 27) in the northwest of Germany. As the name seems to indicate a maritime town, it has been inferred that one of them was the modern Hamburg, or Marne at the mouth of the Elbe, and the other Lübeck or Wismar. But nothing certain can be said about the matter. [L. S.] MARIS. [MARISUS.]

MARISUS (Mápioos, Strab. vii. 304; Mápis, Herod. iv. 49; Marisia, Jornand. de Reb. Get. 5; Geogr. Rav.), a river of Dacia, which both Herodotus (1. c.) and Strabo (l. c.) describe as falling into the Danube; it is the same as the Marosch, which falls into the Theiss. (Heeren, Asiat. Nations, vol. ii. p. 10, trans.; Schafarik, Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 507.) [E. B. J.]

MARITHI MONTES (τὰ Μάρθα οι Μάρειθα opn), a mountain chain in the interior of Arabia, the middle of which is placed by Ptolemy, who alone mentions them, in long. 80° 30', lat. 21° 30', and round which he groups the various tribes of this part of the peninsula, viz., the Melangitae (Meλayyîrai) and Dachareni (al. Dacharemoizae, ▲axapnvoí), on the north; the Zeritae (Zeipîrai), Blinlaei (BALovλaîoi), and Omanitae ('Oμaykîтai), on the south; to the east of the last were the Cattabeni, extending to the Montes Asaborum. [MELANES MONTES.] (Ptol. vi. 7. § 20.) They appear to correspond in situation with the Jebel 'Athal, on the south of Wady-el-Aftân, in Ritter's map. (Forster, Geog. of Arabia, vol. ii. p. 266.) [G. W.]

MARI'TIMA, a town of Gallia Narbonensis on the coast. Mela (ii. 5) says, that "between Massilia and the Rhodanus Maritima was close to the Avaticorum stagnum ;" and he adds that a "fossa" discharges a part of the lake's water by a navigable mouth. Pliny in a passage before quoted [Fossa MARIANA, Vol. I. p. 912], also calls "Maritima a town of the Avatici, above which are the Campi Lapidei.” Ptolemy (ii. 18. § 8) places Maritima of the Avatici east of the eastern branch of the Rhone, and he calls it Colonia. The name is Avatici in the Greek texts of Ptolemy that are now printed, but it is Anatili in the Latin text of Pirckeym, and perhaps in other Latin texts. It does not seem certain which is the true reading. Walckenaer (Géog. fc. vol. i. p. 188) assumes that Anatili is the true reading in Ptolemy.

mia.

and Marseille, and that there is some little resemblance between the two names. It is said that no traces of remains have been found at Martigues, which, however, is not decisive against it, if it is true; and it is not true. Martigues is near the outlet of the Etang de Berre. Walckenaer observes, that

there has been found at Citis or Saint-Blaise, on the borders of the same lake, an inscription which mentions "Curator Maritimae, Sextumvir Augustalis Avaticorum," and he would fix the Maritima Avaticorum of Pliny at this place. But he thinks that the Maritima Colonia of Ptolemy is a different place from the Maritima Avaticorum of Pliny; and he says that the measures of Ptolemy for Maritima Colonia fix the Anatili, whose capital this town was, between the months of the Rhone. Pliny also speaks of the Anatili (iii. 4), and Walckenaer says that he places them where Ptolemy does, or rather where he says that Ptolemy places them. But this is not so. Pliny places them east of the eastern branch of the Rhone, if his text can be understood. Nor is it true that Ptolemy places the Anatili or Avatici, whatever may be the true name in his text, between the mouths of the Rhone; for Ptolemy places them east of the eastern branch of the Rhone, where Pliny places the Avatici. Walckenaer can find no place for Ptolemy's Maritima Colonia, except by hazarding a guess that it may have been Heraclea [HERACLEA] at the mouth of the Rhone; but Ptolemy places the Maritima Colonia half a degree east of the eastern mouth of the Rhone. Walckenaer's examination of this question is very badly done. The site of Maritima at Saint-Blaise seems probable, for it is certain that a Roman town was there. Many remains, Roman bricks, and coins have been found at Saint-Blaise; and "there are wharves on which there are still iron rings to fasten ships by " (Ukert, Gallien, p. 421). Ukert's authority seems to be the Statistique du Départ. des Bouches-du-Rhône; but one can hardly suppose that any man can believe that iron rings exposed to the weather could last so long. [G. L.]

MARITIMA INSULA. [AEGATES.]

MARITIMAE STATIONES ("Tpaλo 8pμo, Ptol. iv. 4. § 3), a place on the coast-line of the Great Syrtis, a little to the N. of AUTOMALA (Braiga). The position of Tabilba, where there are ruins, and inscriptions in the running hand of the Greeks of the Roman Empire, corresponds exactly with these naval stations. (Beechey, Expedition to the N. Coast of Africa, pp. 230-237.) [E.B.J.] MARIUM. [ARSINOE, p. 225, b.]

MARIUS (Mapios); a town of Laconia, belonging in the time of Pausanias to the Eleuthero-Lacones, was situated 100 stadia east of Geronthrae. It contained a sanctuary of all the gods and one of Artemis, and in each there were copious springs of water. It is represented by Mari, which stands on the road from Gheráki (Geronthrae) over the mountains to Kremasti; but, according to the French Commission, its real distance from Geronthrae is from 75 to 80 stadia, and not 100, as is stated by Pausanias. There are ruins of the ancient town about a mile and a half to the south of the modern village, and the place is still characterised by its abundant fountains. (Paus. iii. 21. § 7, 22. §8; Boblaye, Recherches, &c. p. 96; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 362; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 303.)

MARMA'RICA ( Mapμapiкn), the sandy and barren district, which extends along the S. coast of the Mediterranean, from the valley of the Nile to the Cyrenaica, and is now called the Desert of Barkah, and divided by no certain line of demarcation between the Pasha of Aegypt and the ruler of Tripoli. The MARMARIDAE (oi Mapuapida), a Libyan tribe, gave their name, which Niebuhr (Lect. on Anc. Ethnog. and Geog. vol. ii. p. 336)

derives from the word "Mar"= salt, with a reduplication common to these languages, to the region they occupied. They appear as the principal indigenous tribe to the W. of Aegypt, between the age of Philip of Macedon, and the third century of the Christian aera (Scylax, c. 107, ed. Klausen ; Strab. ii. p. 131, xvii. pp. 798, 825, 838; Plin. v. 5; Joseph. B. J. ii. 16. § 4; Vopisc. Vit. Prob. c. 9), but are not mentioned by Herodotus; it is probable that they were pushed into the interior of the country, by the Greek colonists of Cyrene, and afterwards recovered their ancient seats. In the reign of Magas of Cyrene, the Marmaridae revolted, and compelled that prince to give up his intention of attacking Ptolemy Philadelphus, and the Aegyptian frontier. (Paus. i. 7. §§ 1, 2.) The ancients differed considerably in the limits they assigned to the Marmaridae: Scylax (l. c.) places them between Apis, and the Gardens of the Hesperides; Pliny (c.) between Paraetonium, and the Greater Syrtis; while Strabo (xvii. p. 838) extends their frontier to the S. as far as the Oasis of Ammonium (Sirah). Ptolemy (iv. 5. §§ 1-10) bounds the district Marmarica, on the E. by the Plinthinetic gulf, and on the W. by a line which is drawn through the town of Darnis (Derna); he divides this regionaccording to the arrangement made by the Ptolemies when Cyrenaica became a dependency of Aegyptinto two parts, the E. of which was called LIBYCUS Nomos (A6úns vóμos, § 4) and the W. MARMARICUS NOMOS (Mapμapiks vóμos; § 2); the line of separation was made by the CATABATHMUS MAGNUS (Karábalμos μévas, Polyb. xxxi. 26; Strab. pp. 791, 798, 825, 838; Stadiasm. p. 440; Sall. Jug. 19; Mela. i. 8. § 2; Plin. v. 5; Oros. i. 2; Steph. B.) This elevation, which rises to the height of 900 feet, according to some authors separated Aegypt from Cyrenaica, and extends from the coast in a SSE. direction towards the Oasis of of Ammonium. Edrisi (vol. i. p. 125, ed. Jaubert.) calls it 'Akábah el Sullom, or staircase descent, whence the port Solom and Soloume of most of the earlier "Portulani ;" the modern naine is 'Akábah el Kibir. Further to the E., near Paraetonium, was the smaller inclination CATABATHMUS MINOR (Strab. p. 838; Solin. 30), now called 'Akábah el Sgir, the height of which is 500 feet. Shooting out into the sea, in the headland Ras el Kanaïs, it takes a direction from N. to S. to the Oasis of Ghara. In the sea-board of this arid space, following the coast from E. to W., were the promontories of DERIS (el Heyf'); HERMAEUM (Ras el Kaanis); the harbour of GYZIS or ZYGIS (Mahadah); PARAETONIUM (Ras el Harzeit); APIs (Boun Ajoubuh); the little rocks called SCOPULI TYNDAREI (el Chairy); PLYNI Ps. (Ras Halem); PANORMUS (Marsah Saloum); ARDANIS PROM. (Ras el Mellah), with the adjoining harbour MENELAI PS.; ANTIPYRGOS (Tobruk); PETRAS PARVUS (Magharat el Heabés), with its harbour BATRACHUS; AEDONIA Ps. (Aïn el Ghazáh), with the islands AEDONIA and PLATEA (Bomba), and CHERSONESUS (Ras et Tin.) Along the whole of this coast a road ran, the stations on which are given in the Peutinger Table. (Segm. viii.) One river, the PALIURUS (Пaλloupos, Ptol. iv. 5. § 2: el Zemminéh), watering the district of AZIRIS, discharges itself into the sea at the Gulf of Bomba. The interior, which was occupied by the tribes of the ADYRMACHIDAE and GILIGAMMAE, is described under OASIS. TAPOSIRIS, APIs, and PARALTONIUM were the chief towns, of

which the ruins still remain. Throughout the whole of Marmarica no vestiges of Aegyptian architecture before the Greek period have been found. The seaonion, "scilla maritima," and madder, "rubia," which cover the plains, remind the traveller of what Herodotus (iv. 189, 190) says about the practice of the Libyan women dying their goat-skins with red, and of the portable houses constructed of stalks of asphodel, intertwined with rushes. Now, as then, the "jerboa" (Sinous, Herod. iv. 192) is common. The few coins of Marmaric towns, such as those of Apis and Batrachus, are of the same workmanship as the Aegyptian mints. (Eckhel, vol. iv. p. 116.)

Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 22) enumerates the following tribes in Marmarica:-In the Lybian nome, along the coast, the ZYGRITAE (Zuypirai), CHATTANI (XаTTavo), and Zygenses (Zvyeîs); further to the S., in the interior, the BUZENSES (Bouteis) and OGDAEMI. In the district of Ammonium (§ 23), the ANAGOMBRI (Ανάγομβροι), ΙΟBACCHI (ΙοβακXoi), and RUADITAE (Povadira). In the Marmaric nome, to the N., on the coast, the LIBYARCHAE (Λιβυάρχαι), the ANERITAE ('Ανηρῖται), and BASSACHITAE (Baσaxirai); to the S. of these, the AUGILAE (Avyina), NASAMONES (Naσauves), and BACATAE (Bakára); then the AUSCHISAE (Avoxioa), who belong more properly to Cyrenaica; TAPANITAE (TaTavirai); and further to the S. the SENTITES (ZEVTITES), OBILAE ('O6ixa), and AEZARI (Αΐζαροι).

(Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique. pp. 1-81; Barth, Wanderungen, pp. 499-546.) [E. B. J.] MARMA'RIUM. [CARYSTUS.]

MARMOLITIS. [PAPHLAGONIA.]

MAROBU'DUM (Mapósovdov), a town of the Marcomanni in Bohemia (Ptol. ii. 11. § 29), and undoubtedly identical with the royal residence of Maroboduus, with a fortress attached to it, mentioned by Tacitus. (Ann. ii. 62.) The same place, or rather the fortress, is called by Strabo (vii. p. 290) Buiaemon, and is identified with the modern Budweis, in Bohemia.

[L. S.]

MARONEIA (Mapúveia: Eth. Mapwveirns), a rich and powerful city of the Cicones, in Thrace, situated on the Aegean sea, not far from the lake Ismaris. (Herod. vii. 109.) It was said to have been founded by Maron, a son of Dionysus (Eurip. Cycl. v. 100, 141), or, according to some, a companion of Osiris (Diod. Sic. i. 20); but Scymnus (675) relates that it was built by a colony from Chios in the fourth year of the fifty-ninth Olympiad (B. C. 540). Pliny (iv. 11. s. 18) tells us that the ancient name was Ortagurea. The people of Maronea venerated Dionysus in an especial manner, as we learn from their coins, probably on account of the superior character of their wine, which was celebrated as early as the days of Homer (Od. ix. 196, seqq.). This wine was universally esteemed all over the ancient world; it was said to possess the odour of Nectar (Nonnus, i. 12, xvii. 6, xix. 11), and to be capable of mixture with twenty times its quantity of water (Hom. Od. ix. 209); and, according to Pliny, on an experiment being made by Mucianus, who doubted the truth of Homer's statement, it was found to bear even a larger proportion of water. (Plin. xiv. 4. s. 6; comp. "Victa Maroneo foedatus lumina Baccho," Tibull. iv. 1. 57).

Maroneia was taken by Philip V. of Macedon in B. C. 200; and when he was ordered by the Romans to evacuate the towns of Thrace, he vented his rage slaughtering a great number of the inhabitants of

the city. (Liv. xxxi. 16, xxxix. 24; Polyb. xxii. 6, 13, xxiii. 11, 13.) The Romans subsequently granted Maroneia to Attalus; but they almost immediately afterwards revoked their gift, and declared it a free city. (Polyb. xxx. 3.) By Constantine Porphyrogenitus (Them. ii. 2), Maroneia is reckoned among the towns of Macedon. The modern name is Marogna, and it has been the seat of an archbishopric. (Comp. Ptol. iii. 11. § 2; Scylax, p. 27; Strab. vii. 331; Amm. Marc. xxii. 8, xxvii. 4; Hierocl. p. 643; Tzetz. ad Lycophr. p. 818; Theophil. ad Autol. xi. p. 86.) [A. L.]

MARONSA (Mápwvoa, Zosim. iii. 28), a small village in Mesopotamia, at which the army of Julian arrived, just before the combat in which he fell. It is probably the same which Ammianus calls Maranga (xxv. 1), but its exact locality cannot now be determined." [V.]

MARPESSA (Máprηooa), a mountain in the island of Paros, from which the celebrated Parian marble was obtained. (Steph. B. s. v. Mápnoσa.) [PAROS.] Hence Virgil (vi. 471) speaks of Marpesia cautes."

66

MARPESSUS. [MERMESSUS.]
MARRUBIUM. [MARRUVIUM.]

MARRUCI'NI (Mappovкivo, Pol., Strab.; Mappovkivol, Ptol.), a nation of Central Italy, inhabiting a narrow strip of territory on the S. bank of the river Aternus, extending from the Adriatic to the ridge of the Apennines. (Strab. v. p. 241.) They were bounded on the N. by the Vestini, from whom they were separated by the Aternus, and on the S. by the Frentani, while to the W. and SW. they apparently extended inland as far as the lofty mountain barriers of the Majella and the Morrone, which separated them from the Peligni, and effectually cut them off from all intercourse with their neighbours on that side, except by the valley of the Aternus. The southern limit of their territory is not stated by any ancient author, but was probably formed by the river Foro, which falls into the Adriatic about 7 miles from the mouth of the Aternus (Pescara). Pliny, indeed, extends the district of the Frentani as far as the Aternus (Plin. iii. 12. s. 17), thus cutting off the Marrucini altogether from the sea; but there seems little doubt that this is erroneous. [FRENTANI.] The Marrucini were, undoubtedly, like the other tribes in their immediate neighbourhood, of Sabine origin, and appear to have been closely connected with the Marsi; indeed, the two names are little more than different forms of the same, a fact which appears to have been already recognised by Cato (ap. Priscian. ix. p. 871). But, whether the Marrucini were an offset of the Marsi, or both tribes were separately derived from the common Sabine stock, we have no information. The Marrucini appear in history as an independent people, but in almost constant alliance with the Marsi, Peligni, and Vestini. There is, indeed, little doubt that the four nations formed a kind of league for mutual defence

(Liv. viii. 29; Niebuhr, vol. i. p. 101); and hence | we find the Marrucini generally following the lead and sharing the fortunes of the Marsi and Peligni. But in B. C. 311 they appear to have taken part with the Samnites, though the other confederates remained neuter; as in that year, according to Diodorus, they were engaged in open hostilities with Rome. (Diod. xix. 105.) No mention of this is found in Livy, nor is their name noticed in B. C. 308, when the Marsi and Peligni appear in hostility to Rome; but a few years after, B. C. 304, all three nations, together with the Frentani, united in sending ambassadors to sue for peace, and obtained a treaty of alliance on favourable terms. (Liv. ix. 41, 45; Diod. xx. 101.) From this time the Marrucini became the firm and faithful allies of Rome; and are repeatedly mentioned among the auxiliaries serving in the Roman armies. (Dionys. xx. Fr. Didot.; Pol. ii. 24; Lix. xliv. 40; Sil. Ital. viii. 519.) During the Second Punic War their fidelity was unshaken, though their territory was repeatedly traversed and ravaged by Hannibal (Liv. xxii. 9, xxvi. 11; Pol. iii. 88); and we find them, besides furnishing their usual contingent to the Roman armies, providing supplies for Claudius Nero on his march to the Metaurus, and raising a force of volunteers to assist Scipio in his expedition to Africa. (Liv. xxvii. 43, xxviii. 45.) In the Social War, however, they followed the example of the Marsi and Peligni, and, though their name is less often mentioned than that of their more powerful neighbours, they appear to have borne an important part in that momentous contest. (Appian, B. C. i. 39, 46; Liv. Epit. lxxii.; Oros. v. 18.) Thus Herius Asinius, who is called by Livy "praetor Marrucinoruin," and was slain in one of the battles between Marius and the Marsi, is particularly noticed as one of the chief leaders of the Italian allies. (Liv. Epit. lxxiii.; Vell. Pat. ii. 16; Appian, B. C. i. 40.) But before the close of the year 89 B. C. they were defeated, and their territory ravaged by Sulpicius, the lieutenant of Pompeius, and soon after reduced to submission by Pompeius himself. (Liv. Epit. lxxvi.; Oros. v. 18; Appian, B. C. i. 52.)

The Marrucini were at this time admitted to the Roman franchise, and became quickly merged in the ordinary condition of the Italian subjects of Rome. Hence their name is from henceforth rarely found in history; though it is incidentally noticed by Cicero, as well as by Caesar, who traversed their territory on his march from Corfinium into Apulia. (Cic. pro Cluent. 19; Caes. B. C. i. 23, ii. 34.) In B. C. 43, also, they were among the most prominent to declare themselves against Antonius. (Cic. Phil. vii. 8.) From these notices it is evident that they still retained their municipal existence as a separate people; and we learn from the geographers that this continued to be the case under the Roman Empire also; but the name gradually sank into disuse. Their territory was comprised, as well as that of the Vestini, in the Fourth Region of Augustus; in the subsequent distribution of the provinces, it is not quite clear to which it was assigned, the Liber Coloniarum including Teate among the "Civitates Piceni," while P. Diaconus refers it, together with the Frentani, to the province of Samnium. (Strab. v. p. 241; Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Ptol. iii. 1. § 60; Lib. Col. p. 258; P. Diac. ii. 20.)

The territory of the Marrucini (ager Marrucinus, Plin.; Mappouкívn, Strab.), though of small extent, was fertile, and, from its situation on the E. of the

Apennines, sloping towards the sea, enjoyed a much milder climate than that of the neighbouring Peligni. Hence it produced oil, wine, and corn in abundance, and appears to have been noted for the excellence of its fruit and vegetables. (Plin. xv. 19. s. 21; Columell. x. 131.) It would appear to have been subject to earthquakes (Plin. ii. 83. s. 85, xvii. 25. s. 38); and hence, probably, arose the apprehension expressed by Statius, lest the mountains of the Marrucini should be visited by a catastrophe similar to that which had recently occurred in Campania. (Stat. Silv. iv. 4. 86.)

The only city of importance belonging to the Marrucini was TEATE, now Chieti, which is called by several writers their metropolis, or capital city. At a later period its municipal district appears to have comprised the whole territory of the Marrucini. INTERPROMIUM, known only from the Itineraries, and situated on the Via Valeria, 12 miles from Corfinium, at the Osteria di S. Valentino, was never more than a village or vicus in the territory of Teate. Pollitium, mentioned by Diodorus (xix. 105) as a city of the Marrucini, which was besieged by the Romans in B. C. 311, is wholly unknown. ATERNUM, at the mouth of the river of the same name, served as the port of the Marrucini, but belonged to the Vestini. (Strab. v. p. 241.) [E. H. B.]

MARRU'VIUM or MARRUBIUM (Mapovïov, Strab.: Eth. Marruvius: S. Benedetto), the chief city of the Marsi, situated on the eastern shore of the lake Fucinus, and distant 13 miles from Alba Fucensis. Ancient writers agree in representing it as the capital of the Marsi: indeed, this is sufficiently attested by its name alone; Marruvii or Marrubii being evidently only another form of the name of the Marsi, and being thus used by Virgil as an ethnic appellation (Marruvia de gente, Aen. vii. 750). In accordance with this, also, Silius Italicus represents Marruvium as deriving its name from a certain Marrus, who is evidently only an eponymous hero of the Marsi. (Sil. Ital. viii. 505.) We have no account of Marruvium, however, previous to the Roman conquest of the Marsic territory; but under the Roman Empire it was a flourishing municipal town; it is noticed as such both by Strabo and Pliny, and in inscriptions we find it called "splendidissima civitas Marsorum Marruvium." (Strab. v. p. 241; Plin. iii. 12. s. 17; Mommsen, Inser. R. N. 5491, 5499; Orell. Inscr. 3149.) It seems, indeed, to have been not unfrequently called "Civitas Marsorum," and in the middle ages "Civitas Marsicana :" hence, even in the Liber Coloniarum, we find it called "Marsus municipium." (Lib. Colon. pp. 229, 256.) It is noticed in the Tabula, which places it 13 M. P. from Alba; but it was not situated on the Via Valeria, and must have communicated with that high-road by a branch from Cerfennia. (Tab. Peut.) Marruvium continued through the middle ages to be the see of the bishop of the Marsi; and it was not till 1580 that the see was removed to the neighbouring town of Pescina. The site is now known by the name of S. Benedetto, from a convent erected on the spot. Considerable ruins of the ancient city still remain, including portions of its walls; the remains of an amphitheatre, &c., and numerous inscriptions, as well as statues, have been discovered on the site. These ruins are situated close to the margin of the lake, about two miles below Pescina. (Holsten, ad Cluver. p. 151; Romanelli, vol. iii. p. 180-186; Kramer, Fuciner See, p. 55; Hoare's Class. Tour.