in E. long. 14° 30', N. lat. 6° 20'. It has been identified with the Gambia, which can be no other than the ancient Stachir or Trachir; one of the rivers which flow into the Atlantic, between the Kamaranca and the Mesurado, is the probable representative of the Massitholus. [E. B. J.]

MASSYLI. [NUMIDIA.]

MASTAURA (Máσтaupa), a town in the north of Caria, at the foot of Mount Messogis, on the small river Chrysaoras, between Tralles and polis. (Strab. xiv. p. 650; Plin. v. 31; Steph. B. s. v.; Hierocl. p. 659.) The town was not of any great repute, but is interesting from its extant coins, and from the fact that the ancient site is still marked by a village bearing the name Mastaura, near which a few ancient remains are found. (Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 531.) [L. S.]

MASTE (Máσrη opos, Ptol. iv. 7. § 26), a mountain forming part of the Abyssinian highlands, a little to the east of the Lunae Montes, lat. 10° 59′ N., long. 36° 55' E. The sources of the Astapus, Bahr-el-Azrek, Blue or Dark river, one of the original tributaries of the Nile, if not the Nile itself, are supposed to be on the N. side of Mount Maste. They are three springs, regarded as holy by the natives, and though not broad are deep. Bruce, (Travels, vol. iii. p. 308) visited Mount Maste, and was the first European who had ascended it for seventy years. The tribes who dwelt near the fountains of the Bahr-el-Azrek were called Mastitae (Marrira, Ptol. iv. 5. § 24, 7. § 31), and there was a town of the same name with the mountain (Máσrn Tóλis, Ptol. iv. 7. § 25). [W. B.D.]

MASTIA'NI (Maoriavol), a people on the south coast of Spain, east of the Pillars of Hercules, to whom the town of MASTIA (Maoría) belonged. They were mentioned by Hecataeus (Steph. B. s. v. Maoriavol) and Polybius (iii. 33), but do not occur in later writers. Hannibal transported a part of them to Africa. (Polyb. 1. c.) Mastia appears to be the same as MASSIA (Maoσía), which Theopompus described as a district bordering upon the Tartessians. (Steph. B. s. v. Maooía.) Hecataeus also assigned the following towns to this people: MAENOBORA (Steph. B. s. v. Maivó6wpa), probably the same as the later Maenoba; SIXUS (Zigus, Steph. B. s. v.), probably the same as the later Sex, or Hexi; MOLYBDANA (Moλv6dáva, Steph. B. 8. v.); and SYALIS (Zúaλis, Steph. B. s. v.), probably the later Suel.

MASTRA'MELA (Maσrpaμéλn, Steph. B. s. v.), "a city and lake in Celtice," on the authority of Artemidorus. This is the Astromela of the MSS. of Pliny [FOSSA MARIANA, p. 912]. The name Mastramela also occurs in Avienus (Õra Maritima, v. 692). It is one of the lakes on the eastern side of the Delta of the Rhone, but it is uncertain which it is, the E'tang de Berre or the E'tang de Martigues. It is said that there is a dry part of some size in the middle of the E'tang de Caronte, and that this dry part is still called Malestraou. [G. L.] MASTU'SIA (Mаσтovσíа ăкра: Capo Greco), the promontory at the southern extremity of the Thracian Chersonesus, opposite to Sigeum. A little to the east of it was the town of Elaeus. (Ptol. iii. 12. § 1; Plin. iv. 18; Mela, ii. 21; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 534, where it is called Magovola.) The mountain in Ionia, at the foot of which Smyrna was built, likewise bore the name of Mastusia. (Plin. r. 31.) [L. S.]

MÁSU'RA (Máσovpa), a place between Attalia

MATEOLA, a town of Apulia, mentioned only by Pliny (iii. 11. s. 16) among the inland cities of that province. It is evidently the same now called Matera about 12 miles from Ginosa (Genusium), and 27 from the gulf of Tarentum. It is only about 8 miles from the river Bradanus, and must therefore have been closely adjoining the frontier of Lucania. [E. H. B.]

MATAVO, or MATAVONIUM, as D'Anville has it, in Gallia Narbonensis, is placed by the Antonine Itin. on a road from Forum Voconii [FoRUM VOCONII] to Massilia (Marseille), 12 M. P. from Forum Voconii and 14 from Ad Turres (Tourves), between which places it lies. It is also in the Table, but the distances are not the same. Matavo is supposed to be Vins. [G. L.]

MATERENSE OPPIDUM, one of the thirty free towns (" oppida libera,” Plin. v. 4) of Zeugitana. It still retains the ancient name, and is the modern Matter in the government of Tunis,- a small village situated on a rising ground in the middle of a fruitful plain, with a rivulet a little below, which empties itself into the Sisara Palus. (Shaw, Trav. p. 165; Barth, Wanderungen, p. 206.) [E. B. J.] MATERI (Ματῆροι ; some MSS. read Ματῆνοι, Ptol. v. 9. § 17), a people of Asiatic Sarmatia, to the E. of the river Rha. [E. B. J.]

MATERNUM, a town of Etruria, known only from the Tabula Peutingeriana, which places it on the Via Clodia, between Tuscania (Toscanella) and Saturnia, 12 miles from the former, and 18 from the latter city. It probably occupied the same site as the modern village of Farnese. (Cluver. Ital. p. 517; Dennis, Etruria, vol. i. p. 463.) [E. H. B.]

MATIA'NA (Mariavý, Strab. ii. p. 73, xi. p. 509; Steph. B.; Marinn, Herod. v. 52: Eth. Mariavós, Marinνós), a district of ancient Media, in the south-western part of its great subdivision called Media Atropatene, extending along the mountains which separate Armenia and Assyria. Its boundaries are very uncertain, and it is not possible to determine how far it extended. It is probably the same as the MapTiavn of Ptolemy (vi. 2. § 5). [MARTIANE.] Strabo mentions as a peculiarity of the trees in this district, that they distil honey (l. c.). The Matiani are included by Herodotus in the eighteenth satrapy of Dareius (iii. 94), and served in the army of Xerxes, being armed and equipped in the same manner as the Paphlagonians (vii. 72). Herodotus evidently considered them to occupy part of the more widely extended territory of Armenia. [V.]

ΜΑΤΙΕ'ΝΙ ΜΟNTES (τὰ Ματιηνὰ ὄρη, Herod. i. 189, 202, v. 52), the ridge of mountains which forms the back-bone or centre of Matiana, doubtless part of the mountain range of Kurdistán, in the neighbourhood of Ván. Herodotus makes them the watershed from which flowed the Gyndes and the

Araxes, which is giving them too extended a range from N. to S. (i. 189, 202).

[V.] MATILO, in Gallia Belgica, is placed by the Table on a route which ran from Lugdunum (Leiden) along the Rhine. The first place from Lugdunum is Praetorium Agrippinae (Roomburg), and the next is Matilo, supposed to be Rhynenburg. [G. L.]

MATILICA (Eth. Matilicas, -atis: Matilica), a municipal town of Umbria, situated in the Apennines, near the sources of the Aesis, and close to the confines of Picenum. It is mentioned both by Pliny and the Liber Coloniarum, of which the latter includes it among the "Civitates Piceni." Towards the close of the Roman Empire it appears as an episcopal see, included in the province then termed "Picenum Suburbicarium." (Plin. iii. 14. s. 19; Lib. Colon. p. 257; Bingham's Eccl. Antiq. book ix. ch. 5. § 4.) Matilica is still a considerable town, and retains the ancient site as well as name. [E. H. B.] MATINUS MONS. [GARGANUS.]

MATISCO, a place in Gallia Celtica, in the territory of the Aedui in Caesar's time, and on the Saône. (B. G. vii. 90.) After the capture of Alesia, B. c. 52, Caesar placed P. Sulpicius at Matisco with a legion during the winter, to look after the supply of corn for the army. (B. G. viii. 4.) The position of Matisco is fixed by the name, its site on the river, and the Itins. The name, it is said, was written Mastico by a transposition of the letters; and from this form came the name Mascon, and by a common change, Macon. The form Mastisco occurs in the Table. (D'Anville, Notice, fc.) [G. L.]

MATITAE. NIGEIR.]

MA'TIUM, a maritime city of Crete, next to the E. of Apollonia in Pliny's list (iv. 12), and opposite to the island of Dia,-" Contra Matium Dia" (l. c.). The modern Megálo- Kástron occupies the ancient site. (Pashley, Trav. vol. i. pp. 172, 261; Höck, Kreta, vol. i. pp. 12, 403.) [E. B. J.]

it appears that the name was applied only to the higher part, or actual pass of the mountain and this is confirmed by the Jerusalem Itinerary, which gives the name of Alpes Cottiae to the whole pass from Ebrodunum (Embrun) to Segusio, and confines that of Matrona to the actual mountain between Brigantia (Briançon) and Gesdao (Cesanne). (Itin. Hier. p. 556; Amm. xv. 10. § 6.) [E. H. B.] MA'TRONA. [SEQUANA.]

MATTIACI, a German tribe, perhaps a branch of the Chatti, their eastern neighbours, probably occupied the modern duchy of Nassau, between the rivers Lahn, Main, and Rhine. They are not mentioned in history until the time of the emperor Claudius; they then became entirely subject to the Romans (Tac. Germ. 29), who built fortresses and worked the silver mines in their country. (Tac. Ann. xi. 20.) In A. D. 70, during the insurrection of Civilis, the Mattiaci, in conjunction with the Chatti and other tribes, besieged the Roman garrison at Moguntiacum (Mayence: Tac. Hist. iv. 37); and after this event they disappear from history, their country being occupied by the Alemanni. In the Notitia Imperii, however, Mattiaci are still mentioned among the Palatine legions, and in connection with the cohorts of the Batavi. The country of the Mattiaci was and still is very remarkable for its many hot-springs, and the "Aquae Mattiacae," the modern Wiesbaden, are repeatedly referred to by the Romans. (Plin. xxxi. 17; Amm. Marc. xxix. 4; AQUAE MATTIACAE.) From Martial (xiv. 27: Mattiacae Pilae) we learn that the Romans imported from the country of the Mattiaci balls or cakes of soap to dye grey hairs. The name Mattiaci is probably derived from matte, a meadow, and ach, signifying water or bath. (Comp. Orelli, Inscript. Nos. 4977 and 4983; Zeuss, Die Deutschen, p. 98, foll.) [L. S.]

MATRI'NUS (Marpîvos), a river of Picenum, flowing into the Adriatic, now called La Piomba. Strabo describes it as flowing from the city of Adria, but it is in reality intermediate between Adria (Atri) and Angulus (Civita S. Angelo). According to the same writer it had a town of the same name at its mouth, which served as the port of Adria. (Strab. v. p. 241.) Ptolemy also mentions the mouth of the river Matrinus next to that of the Aternus, from which it is distant about 6 miles (Ptol. iii. 1. § 20), but he is certainly in error in assigning it to the Marrucini. [E. H. B.]

MATRONA or MATRONAE MONS is the name given by later Latin writers to the pass of the Mont Genevre, from Segusio (Susa) to Brigantia (Briançon), which was more coinmonly known by the general appellation of the Alpes Cottiae. The pass is described in some detail by Ammianus, from whom

(Logana), whereas Mattium is the modern Maden,
on the right bank of the Eder (Adrana). (Comp.
Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 188.)
[L. S]

MATTIUM. [MATTIACUM.]
MATUSARUM. [LUSITANIA, p. 220, a.]
MAURALI. [NIGEIR.]

MAURENSII. [MAURETANIA.]

MAURETA'NIA, the NW. coast of Africa, now known as the Empire of Marocco, Fez, and part of Algeria, or the Mogh'rib-al akza (furthest west) of the natives.

I. Name, Limits, and Inhabitants.

This district, which was separated on the E. from Numidia, by the river Ampsaga, and on the S. from Gaetulia, by the snowy range of the Atlas, was washed upon the N. coast by the Mediterranean, and on the W. by the Atlantic. From the earliest times it was occupied by a people whom the ancients distinguished by the name MAURUSII (Maupovσ 104, Strab. i. p. 5, iii. pp. 131, 137, xvii. pp. 825, 827; Liv. xxiv. 49; Virg. Aen. iv. 206; Maupývozi, Ptol. iv. 1. § 11) or MAURI (Maupoi," Blacks," in the Alexandrian dialect, Paus. i. 33 § 5, viii. 43.

§ 3; Sall. Jug. 19; Pomp. Mela, i. 4. § 3; Liv. xxi. 22, xxviii. 17; Horat. Curm. i. 22. 2, ii. 6. 3, iii. 10. 18; Tac. Ann. ii. 52, iv. 523, xiv. 28, Hist. i. 78, ii. 58, iv. 50; Lucan, iv. 678; Juv. v. 53, vi. 337; Flor. iii. 1, iv. 2); hence the name MAURETANIA (the proper form as it appears in inscriptions, Orelli, Inscr. 485, 3570, 3672; and on coins, Eckhel, vol. vi. p. 48; comp. Tzchucke, ad Pomp. Mela, i. 5. § 1) or MAURITANIA (Maupiravía, Ptol. iv. 1. §2; Caes. B. C. i. 6, 39; Hirt. B. Afr. 22; Pomp. Mela, i. 5; Plin. v. 1; Eutrop. iv. 27, viii. 5; Flor. iv. (the MSS. and printed editions vary between this form and that of Mauretania); Maupovσiv yn, Strab. p. 827). These Moors, who must not be considered as a different race from the Numidians, but as a tribe belonging to the same stock, were represented by Sallust (Jug. 21) as a remnant of the army of Hercules, and by Procopius (B. V. ii. 10) as the posterity of the Cananaeans who fled from the robber (Anons) Joshua; he quotes two columns with a Phoenician inscription. Procopius has been supposed to be the only, or at least the most ancient, author who mentions this inscription, and the invention of it has been attributed to himself; it occurs, however, in the history of Moses of Chorene (i. 18), who wrote more than a century before Procopius. The same inscription is mentioned by Suidas (s. v. Xaváav), who probably quotes from Procopius. According to most of the Arabian writers, who adopted a nearly similar tradition, the indigenous inhabitants of N. Africa were the people of Palestine, expelled by David, who passed into Africa under the guidance of Goliah, whom they call Djalout. (St. Martin, Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. xi. p. 328; comp. Gibbon, c. xli.) These traditions, though so palpably fabulous, open a field to conjecture. Without entering into this, it | seems certain that the Berbers or Berēbers, from whom it has been conjectured that N. Africa received the name of Barbary or Barbaria, and whose language has been preserved in remote mountainous tracts, as well as in the distant regions of the desert, are the representatives of the ancient inhabitants of Mauretania. (Comp. Prichard, Physical Hist. of Mankind, vol. ii. pp. 15-43.) The gentile name of the Berbers—Amazigh, the noble language"is found, according to an observation of Castiglione, even in Herodotus (iv. 191, ed. Bähr), where the correct form is MAZYES (MaÇues, Hecataeus, ap. Steph. B. s. v.), which occurs in the MSS., while the printed editions erroneously give Matues (Niebuhr, Lect. on Anc. Ethnog. and Geog. vol. ii. p. 334), -as well as in the later MAZICES of Ammianus Marcellinus (xxix. 5; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. iii. p. 471; comp. Gibbon, c. xxv.).

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II. Physical Geography.

From the extraordinary capabilities of the soilone vast corn plain extending from the foot of Atlas to the shores of the Atlantic- Mauretania was formerly the granary of the world. (Plin. xviii. 20.) Under a bigoted and fanatical government, the land that might give food to millions, is now covered with weeds. Throughout the plains, which rise by three great steps to the mountains, there is great want of wood; even on the skirts of the Atlas, the timber does not reach any great size-nothing to justify the expression of Pliny ("opacum nemorosumque" v. 1; comp. Journ. Geog. Soc. vol. i. pp. 123-155; Barth, Wanderungen).

of the productions of Mauretania, marvellous enough, in some particulars, as where he describes weasels as large as cats, and leeches 10 ft. long; and among other animals the crocodile, which there can scarcely be any river of Marocco capable of nourishing, even if the climate were to permit it. (In Aegypt, where the average heat is equal to that of Senegambia, the crocodile is seldom seen so low as Siout.) Pliny (viii. 1) agrees with Strabo (p. 827) in asserting that Mauretania produced elephants. As the whole of Barbary is more European than African, it may be doubted whether the elephant, which is no longer found there, was ever indigenous, though it may have been naturalised by the Carthaginians, to whom elephants were of importance, as part of their military establishment. Appian (B. P. 9) says that when preparing for their last war with the Romans, they sent Hasdrubal, son of Gisco, to hunt elephants; he could have hardly gone into Aethiopia for this purpose. Shaw (Trav. p. 258; Jackson, Marocco, p. 55) confirms, in great measure, the statements of Strabo (p. 830) and of Aelian (H. A. iii. 136, vi. 20) about the scorpion and the "phalangium," a species of the "arachnidae." The " litanus," of which Varro (de Re Rustica, iv. 14. §4; Plin. ix. 82) gives so wonderful an account, has not been identified. Copper is still worked as in the days of Strabo (p. 830), and the natives continue to preserve the grain, legumes, and other produce of their husbandry in "matmoures," or conical excavations in the ground, as recorded by Pliny (xviii. 73; Shaw, p. 221).

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Mauretania, which may be described generally as the highlands of N. Africa, elevates itself like an island between the Mediterranean, the Atlantic, and the great ocean of sand which cuts it off towards the S. and E. This "plateau" separates itself from the rest of Africa, and approximates, in the form and structure, the height, and arrangement of its elevated masses, to the system of mountains in the Spanish peninsula, of which, if the straits of the Mediterranean were dried up, it would form a part. A description of these Atlantic highlands is given in the article ATLAS.

Of

Many rivers flow from this great range, and fall into the Mediterranean, and the Atlantic. these, the most important on the N. coast were, in a direction from E. to W., the AMPSAGA, Usar, CHINALAPH, and MULUCHA; on the W. coast, in a direction from NE. to SW., the SUBUR, SALA, PHUTH, and LIXUS.

The coast-line, after passing the AMPSAGA (Wadel-Kibir) and SINUS NUMIDICUS, has the harbours IGILGILIS (Jijeli), SALDAE PS. (Bujeiyah), and RUSUCURRIUM (Tedlez). Weighing from Algiers, and passing IOMNIUM (Ras-al-Kanatir), to stand towards the W., there is a rocky and precipitous coast, mostly bold, in which in succession were the ports and creeks IOL (Zershell), CARTENNA (Tenez), MURUSTAGA (Mostaghanom), ARSENARIA (Arzán), Quiza (Wahran or Oran); Portus MagNUS (Marsa Kibir), within METAGONIUM PROM. (Ras-al Harsbah); and ACRA (Ishgún). The MULUCHA falls into the Gulf of Melilah of the charts. About 10 miles to the NW. of this river lay the TRES INSULAE (Zaphran or Ja'ferëi group); about 30 miles distant from these rocks, on a NW. by W. rhumb, was RUSADIR PROM. (Cap Tres Forcas of the Spanish pilots, or Ras ud-Dehur of the natives), and in the bight

(Melilah.) W. of Cap Tres Forcas, which is a termination of an offshoot of the secondary chain of the Atlas, was the district of the METAGONITAE, extending to ABYLA (Jebel-el-Mina). From here to TINGIS (Tangier) the coast is broken by alternate cliffs and coves; and, still standing to the W., a bold shore presents itself as far as the fine headland of AMPELUSIA (Cape Spartel; Ras-el-Shukkur of the natives). From Cape Spartel to the SSW. as far as ZILIS (Arzila), the coast-line is a flat, sandy, and shingly beach, after which it becomes more bold as it reaches LIxus (Al-Harátch or Laráiche). (Smyth, The Mediterranean, pp. 94-99.) description of the SW. coast is given in the article LIBYA. (Comp. C. Müller, Tab. ad Geog. Graec. Minores, ed. Didot, Paris, 1855; West Coast of Africa surveyed, by Arlett, Vidal, and Boteler, 1832; Côte occidentale de l'Afrique au Dépot de la Marine, Paris, 1852; Carte de l'Empire de Maroc, par E. Renou, 1844; Barth, Karte vom Nord Afrikanischen Gestadeland, Berlin, 1849.)

III. History and Political Geography.

A

The Romans first became acquainted with this country when the war with Hannibal was transferred | to Africa; Mauretania was the unknown land to the W. of the Mulucha. In the Jugurthine War, Bocchus, who is called king of Mauretania, played the traitor's part so skilfully that he was enabled to hand over his kingdom to his two sons Bogudes and Bocchoris, who were associated upon the throne. These princes, from their hostility to the Pompeian party, were confirmed as joint kings of Mauretania by J. Caesar in B. c. 49. During the civil war between M. Antonius and Octavius, Bocchus sided with the latter, while Bogudes was allied with Antonius. When Bogudes crossed into Spain, Bocchus seized upon his brother's dominions; a usurpation which was ratified by Octavius. In B. C. 25, Octavius gave to Juba II., who was married to the daughter of Cleopatra and Antonius, the two provinces of Mauretania (afterwards called Tingitana and Caesariensis) which had formed the kingdom of Bogudes and Bocchus, in exchange for Numidia, now made a Roman province. Juba was succeeded by his son Ptolemy, whom Selene, Cleopatra's daughter, bore to him. (Strab. xvii. pp. 828, 831, 840.) Tiberius loaded Ptolemy with favours on account of the assistance he gave the Romans in the war with Tacfarinas (Tac. Ann. iv. 23-26); but in A. D. 41 he was put to death by Caligula. (Dion Cass. lix. 25; Suet. Cal. 26; Seneca, de Tranq. 11.) For coins of these native princes, see Eckhel, vol. iv. Pp. 154-161.

In A.D. 42, Claudius divided the kingdom into two provinces, separated from each other by the river Mulucha, the ancient frontier between the territories of Bocchus and Jugurtha; that to the W. was called MAURETANIA TINGITANA, and that to the E. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS. (Dion Cass. lx. 9; Plin. v.1.) Both were imperial provinces (Tac. Hist. i. 11, ii. 58; Spart. Hadr. 6, “ Mauretaniae praefectura"), and were strengthened by numerous Roman "coloniae." M. Tingitana contained in the time of Pliny (1. c.) five, three of which, ZILIS, BABBA, and BANASA, as they were founded by Augustus when Mauretania was independent of Rome, were reckoned as belonging to Baetica. (Plin. l. c.; Pomp. Mela, iii. 10. § 5.) TINGI and LIXUS were colonies + Claudius (Plin. l. c.); to which were added in later times RUSADIR and VOLUBILIS (Itin. Ant.).

|

M. Caesariensis contained eight colonies founded by Augustus, CARTENNA, GUNUGI, IGILGILI, RusCONIAE, RUSAZUS, SALDE, SUCCABAR, TubusurTUS; two by Claudius, CAESAREIA, formerly IOL the capital of Juba, who gave it this name in honour of his patron Augustus, and OPPIDUM NOVUM; one by Nerva, SITIFIS; and in later times, ARSENARIA, BIDa, Siga, Aquae CALIDAE, QUiza, RusUCURRIUM, AUZIA, GILVA, Icosium, and TIPASA, in all 21 well-known colonies, besides several "municipia" and "oppida Latina." The Notitia enumerates no less than 170 episcopal towns in the two provinces. (Comp. Morcelli, Africa Christiana, vol. i. pp. 40-43.) About A. D. 400, Mauretania Tingitana was under a "Praeses," in the diocese of Spain; while Mauretania Caesariensis, which still remained in the hands of the diocese of Africa, was divided into MAURETANIA I. or SITIFENSIS, and MAURETANIA II. or CAESARIENSIS. The emperor Otho had assigned the cities of Mauretania to Baetica (Tac. Hist. i. 78); but this probably applied only to single places, since we find the two Mauretaniae remained unchanged down to the time of Constantine. Marquardt, in Becker's Handbuch der Röm. Alt. pp. 230-232; Morcelli, Africana Christiana, vol. i. p. 25.)

In A. D. 429, the Vandal king Genseric, at the invitation of Count Boniface, crossed the straits of Gades, and Mauretania, with the other African provinces, fell into the hands of the barbarian conquerors. Belisarius, "the Africanus of New Rome," destroyed the kingdom of the Vandals, and Mauretania again became a Roman province under an Eastern exarch. One of his ablest generals, John the Patrician, for a time repressed the inroads of the Moors upon Roman civilisation; and under his successor, the eunuch Solomon, the long-lost province of Mauretania Sitifensis was restored to the empire; while the Second Mauretania, with the exception of Caesareia itself, was in the hands of Mastigas and the Moors. (Comp. Gibbon, cc. xli. xliii.; Le Beau, Bas Empire, vol. viii.) At length, in A. D. 698-709, when the Arabs made the final conquest of Africa,- desolated for 300 years since the first fury of the Vandals,-the Moors or Berbers adopted the religion, the name, and the origin of their conquerors, and sunk back into their more congenial state of Mahometan savages.

Pliny (1. c.) makes out the breadth of the two Mauretaniae as 467 M. P.; but this will be too much even for Tingitania, where Mount Atlas lies more to the S., and more than 300 M. P. beyond the utmost extent of any part of Caesariensis. The same author gives 170 M. P., which are too few for Tingitania, and 879 M. P., which are too many for Caesariensis. (Shaw, Trav. p 9.)

to

The following tribes are enumerated by Ptolemy (iv. 2. §§ 17-22) in I. MAURETANIA CAESARIENSIS :- TODUCAE (Todoûkai), on the left bank of the Ampsaga; to the N. of these, COEDAMUSII (Kodaμovoo), and still more the N., towards the coast, and to the E. on the Ampsaga, MUCUNI (MOUKOûvo) and CHITUAE (XiTovα); to the W. of the latter, TULENSII (Tov. Avoio) and BANIURI (Bavíoupoi); S. of these, MACHURES (Maxoûpes), SALASSII (Zadáσσ101), and MALCHUBII (Maλxoúbio); NW. of the TuLENSII, and to the E. of ZALACUS M., and on the coast, MACCHUREBI (Maxxovрĥ601); W. of these, and N. of Zalacus, on the mouth of the Chinalaph, Machusii (Maxoúσio); below them on the other