the Erigon and its branches. (Leake, Northern PAEONIDAE. [ATTICA, p. 326, a.] PAESTUM (Пaîoтov, Ptol.; Пaiтós, Strab.. Eth. Пaioтavós, Paestanus: Ruins at Pesto), a city of Lucania, on the Tyrrhenian sea, about 5 miles S. of the mouth of the Silarus. It was originally a Greek colony, named POSIDONIA (Пoσeidwvía: Eth. Пoσeidwviárns), and was founded by a colony from Sybaris, on the opposite coast of Lucania. (Strab. v. p. 251; Scymn. Ch. 245; Scyl. p. 3. § 12.) The date of its foundation is uncertain, but it may probably be referred to the period of the chief prosperity of Sybaris, when that city ruled over the whole of Lucania, from one sea to the other, or from 650 to 510 B.C. [SYBARIS.] It may be observed, also, that Solinus calls Posidonia a Doric colony; and though his authority is worth little in itself, it is confirmed by the occurrence of Doric forms on coins of the city: hence it seems probable that the Doric settlers from Troezen, who formed part of the original colony of Sybaris, but were subsequently expelled by the Achaeans (Arist. Pol. v. 3), may have mainly contributed to the establishment of the new colony. According to Strabo it was originally founded close to the sea, but was subsequently removed further inland (Strab. I.c.); the change, however, was not considerable, as the still existing ruins of the ancient city are little more than half a mile from the coast. (Matovía, Thuc. ii. 99; Polyb. v. 97, xxiv. 8; Strab. vii. pp. 313, 318, 329, 331; Ptol. iii. 13. § 28; Liv. xxxiii. 19, xxxviii. 17, xxxix. 54, xl. 3, xlv. 29; Plin. iv. 17, vi. 39) was curtailed of its dimensions, on every side, though the name still continued to be applied in a general sense to the great belt of interior country which covered Upper and Lower Macedonia to the N. and NE., and a portion of which was a monarchy nominally independent of Macedonia until fifty years after the death of Alexander the Great. The banks of the "wide-flowing Axius" seem to have been the centre of the Paeonian power from the time when Pyraechmes and Asteropaeus led the Paeonians to the assistance of Priani (Hom. ll. cc.), down to the latest existence of the monarchy. They appear neither as Macedonians, Thracians, or Illyrians, but professed to be descended from the Teucri of Troy. When Megabazus crossed the river Strymon, he conquered the Paeonians, of whom two tribes, called the Siropaeones and Paeoplae, were deported into Asia by express order of Dareius, whose fancy had been struck at Sardis by seeing a beautiful and shapely Paeonian woman carrying a vessel on her head, leading a horse to water, and spinning flax, all at the same time. Herod. v. 12-16.) These two tribes were the Paeonians of the lower districts, and their country was afterwards taken possession of by the Thracians. When the Temenidae had acquired Emathia, Almopia, Crestonia, and Mygdonia, the kings of Paeonia still continued to rule over the country beyond the straits of the Axius, until Philip, son of Amyntas, twice reduced them to terms, when weakened by the recent death of their king Agis; and they were at length subdued by Alexander (Diodor. We know scarcely anything of the early history of xix. 2, 4, 22, xvii. 8); after which they were pro- Posidonia. It is incidentally mentioned by Herodotus bably submissive to the Macedonian sovereigns. An (i. 167) in a manner that proves it to have been inscribed marble which has been discovered in the already in existence, and apparently as a conside acropolis of Athens records an interchange of good rable town, at the period of the foundation of the offices between the Athenians and Audoleon, king of neighbouring Velia, about B.C. 540. But this is the Paeonia, in the archonship of Diotimus, B. C.354, or a only notice of Posidonia until after the fall of its few years after the accession of Philip and Audoleon parent city of Sybaris, B. c. 510. It has been supto their respective thrones. The coins of Audoleon, posed by some modern writers that it received a who reigned at that time, and adopted, after the great accession to its population at that period; but the death of Alexander, the common types of that Herodotus, who notices the Sybarites as settling on prince and his successors, the head of Alexander that occasion at Laüs and Scidrus, does not allude in the character of young Heracles, and on the ob- to Posidonia. (Herod. vi. 21.) There are, indeed, verse the figure of Zeus Aëtophorus,—prove the ci- few among the cities of Magna Graecia of which we vilisation of Paeonia under its kings. Afterwards hear less in history; and the only evidence of the kings of Paeonia are not heard of, so that their im- flourishing condition and prosperity of Posidonia, is portance must have been only transitory; but it is to be found in the numbers of its coins and in the certain that during the troublous times of Macedonia, splendid architectural remains, so well known as the that is, in the reign of Cassander, the principality of temples of Paestum. From its northerly position, it the Paeonians existed, and afterwards disappeared. must have been one of the first cities that suffered At the Roman conquest the Paeonians on the W. of from the advancing power of the Lucanians, as it the Axius were included in Macedonia Secunda. was certainly one of the first Greek colonies that Paeonia extended to the Dentheletae and Maedi of fell into the hands of that people. (Strab. v. p. 251.) Thrace, and to the Dardani, Penestae, and Dassaretii The date of this event is very uncertain; but it is proof Illyria, comprehending the various tribes who bable that it must have taken place before B. C. 390, occupied the upper valleys of the Erigon, Axius, when the city of Laus was besieged by the Lucanians, Strymon and Augitas as far S. as the fertile plain and had apparently become the bulwark of Magna of Siris. Its principal tribes to the E. were the Graecia on that side. [MAGNA GRAECIA.] We learn Odomanti, Aestraei, and Agrianes, parts of whose from a curious passage of Aristoxenus (ap. Athen. country were known by the names of Parstrymonia xiv. p. 632) that the Greek inhabitants were not exand Paroreia, the former containing probably the pelled, but compelled to submit to the authority of valleys of the Upper Strymon, and of its great tribn- the Lucanians, and receive a barbarian colony within tary the river of Strúmitza, the latter the adjacent their walls. They still retained many of their cus mountains. On the W. frontier of Paeonia its sub-toms, and for ages afterwards continued to assemble divisions bordering on the Penestae and Dassaretii were Deuriopus and Pelagonia, which with Lyncestis comprehended the entire country watered by at a certain festival every year with the express purpose of bewailing their captivity, and reviving the traditions of their prosperity. It would appear from Livy (viii. 17), though the passage is not quite distinct, that it was recovered by Alexander, king of Epirus, as late as B. C. 330; but if so, it certainly soon fell again into the hands of the barbarians. The site of Paestum appears to have continued wholly uninhabited from the time when the episcopal see was removed till within a very recent period. It was not till the middle of the last century that attention was drawn to the ruins which are now so celebrated. Though they can hardly be said to have been then first discovered, as they must always have been a conspicuous object from the Bay of Salerno, and could not but have been known in their immediate neighbourhood, they were certainly unknown to the rest of Europe. Even the diligent Cluverius, writing in 1624, notices the fact that there were ruins which bore the name of Pesto, without any allusion to their character and importance. (Cluver. Ital. p. 1255.) They seem to have been first visited by a certain Count Gazola, in the service of Charles VII., King of Naples, before the middle of the last century, and were described by Antonini, in his work on the topography of Lucania (Naples, 1745), and noticed by Mazzocchi, who has inserted a dissertation on the history of Paestum in his work on the Heraclean Tables (pp. 499-515) published in 1754. Before the end of the century they became the subject of the special works of Magnoni and Paoli, and were visited by travellers from all parts of Europe. Among these, Swinburne in 1779, has left a very accurate description of the ruins; and their architectural details are given by Wilkins in his Magna Graecia (fol. Cambr. 1807). Posidonia passed with the rest of Lucania into the hands of the Romans. We find no mention of it on this occasion; but in B. c. 273, immediately after the departure of Pyrrhus from Italy, the Romans established a colony there for the security of their newly acquired territory on this side. (Liv. Epit. xiv.; Vell. Pat. i. 14; Strab. v. p. 251.) It was probably at this period that the name was changed, or corrupted, into PAESTUM, though the change may have already taken place at the time when the city fell into the hands of the Lucanians. But, from the time that it became a Roman colony, the name of Paestum seems to have exclusively prevailed; and even its coins, which are inscribed with Greek characters, have the legend ПAI and ПAIETANO. (Eckhel, vol. i. p. 158.) We hear but little of Paestum as a Roman colony: it was one of the Coloniae Latinae, and distinguished itself by its unshaken fidelity throughout the Second Punic War. Thus the Paestani are mentioned as sending golden paterae as a present to the Roman senate just before the battle of Cannae (Liv. xxii. 36). Again in B. C. 210 they furnished ships to the squadron with which D. Quintius repaired to the siege of Tarentum; and the following year they The principal ruins consist of the walls, and three were among the eighteen colonies which still pro- temples standing within the space enclosed by them. fessed their readiness to furnish supplies and recruits The whole circuit of the walls can be clearly made to the Roman armies, notwithstanding the long-con- out, and they are in many places standing to a continued pressure of the war (Liv. xxvi. 39, xxvii. 10.)siderable height; several of the towers also remain Paestum was therefore at this period still a flourish ing and considerable town, but we hear little more of it during the Roman Republic. It is incidentally mentioned by Cicero in one of his letters (Ep. ad Att. xi. 17); and is noticed by all the geographers as a still subsisting municipal town. Strabo, how-cumference. The two principal temples stand not far ever, observes that it was rendered unhealthy by the stagnation of a small river which flowed beneath its walls (v. p. 251); and it was probably, therefore, already a declining place. But it was still one of the eight Praefecturae of Lucania at a considerably later period; and inscriptions attest its continued existence throughout the Roman Empire. (Strab. I. c.; Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Ptol. iii. 1. § 8; Lib. Colon. p. 209; Orell. Inscr. 135, 2492, 3078; Bull. d. Inst. Arch. 1836, p. 152.) In some of these it bears the title of a Colonia; but it is uncertain at what period it attained that rank: it certainly cannot refer to the original Latin colony, as that must have become merged in the municipal condition by the effect of the Lex Julia. We learn from ecclesiastical authorities that it became a bishopric at least as early as the fifth century; and it is probable that its final decay and desolation was owing to the ravages of the Saracens in the tenth century. At that time the episcopal see was removed to the neighbouring town of Capaccio, in an elevated situation a few miles inland. Paestum was chiefly celebrated in ancient times for its roses, which possessed the peculiarity of flowering twice a year, and were considered as surpassing all others in fragrance. (Virg. Georg. iv. 118; Ovid, Met. xv. 708; Propert. iv. 5. 59; Martial, iv. 41. 10, vi. 80. 6; Auson. Idyll. 14. 11.) The roses that still grow wild among the ruins are said to retain their ancient property, and flower regularly both in May and November. at the angles, and vestiges of the ancient gates, which were four in number; one of these, on the E. side of the town, is nearly perfect, and surmounted by a regularly constructed arch. The whole circuit of the walls forms an irregular polygon, about 3 miles in cir from the southern gate of the city. The finest and most ancient of these is commonly known as the temple of Neptune; but there is no authority for the name, beyond the fact that Neptune, or Poseidon, was unquestionably the tutelary deity of the city which derived from him its ancient name of Posidonia. The temple was hypaethral, or had its cella open to the sky, and is 195 feet long by 79 wide: it is remarkably perfect; not a single column is wanting, and the entablature and pediments are almost entire. The style of architecture is Doric, but its proportions are heavier, and the style altogether more massive and solid than any other extant edifice of the kind. On this account some of the earlier antiquarians disputed the fact of its Greek origin, and ascribed it to the Phoenicians or Etruscans: but there is not a shadow of foundation for this; we have no trace of any settlement on the spot before the Greek colony; and the architecture is of pure Greek style, though probably one of the most ancient specimens of the Doric order now remaining. About 100 yards from the temple of Neptune, and nearer to the south gate, is the second edifice, which on account of some peculiarities in its plan has been called a Basilica, but is unquestionably also a temple. It is of the kind called pseudo-dipteral; but differs from every other ancient building known in having nine columns at each end, while the interior is divided into two parts by a single range of columns running along the centre of the building. It was probably a temple consecrated to two different divinities, or rather, in fact, two temples united in one. It has 18 columns in each side, and is 180 feet long by 80 in width. The third temple, which is at some distance from the other two, nearer to the N. gate of the town, and is commonly known as the Temple of Ceres or Vesta (though there is no reason for either name), is much smaller than the other two, being only 108 feet in length by 48 in breadth: it presents no remarkable architectural peculiarities, but is, as well as the so-called Basilica, of much later date than the great temple. Mr. Wilkins, indeed, would assign them both to the Roman period: but it is difficult to reconcile this with the history of the city, which never appears to have been a place of much importance under the Roman rule. (Swinburne's Travels, vol. ii. pp. 131-138; Wilkins's Magna Graecia, pp. 55—67.) The other remains are of little importance. The vestiges of an amphitheatre exist near the centre of the city; and not far from them are the fallen ruins of a fourth temple, of small size and clearly of Roman date. Excavations have also laid bare the foundations of many houses and other buildings, and the traces of a portico, which appear to indicate the site of the ancient forum. The remains of an aqueduct are also visible outside the walls; and numerous tombs (some of which are said to be of much interest) have been recently brought to light. Plin. iii. 5. s. 10). It is probable that the worship of the Argive Hera, or Juno, was brought hither by the Troezenian colonists of Posidonia. Pliny places the temple on the N. bank of the Silarus; Strabo, probably more correctly, on the S. The extensive gulf which extends from the promontory of Minerva (the Punta della Campanella) to the headland called Posidium (the Punta di Licosa), and is now known as the Gulf of Salerno, derived its ancient name from the city of Paestum, being called by the Romans PAESTANUS SINUS, and by the Greeks the gulf of Posidonia (ПoσeidwviáTns Kóλwos. (Strab. v. p. 251; Sinus Paestanus, Plin. iii. 5. s. 10; Mel. ii. 4. § 9; Cic. ad Att. xvi. 6.) [E.H.B.] The small river which (as already noticed by Strabo), by stagnating under the walls of Paestum, rendered its situation so unhealthy, is now called the Salso its ancient name is not mentioned. It forms extensive deposits of a calcareous stone, resembling the Roman travertin, which forms an excellent building material, with which both the walls and edifices of the city have been constructed. The malaria, which caused the site to be wholly abandoned during the middle ages, has already sensibly diminished, since the resort of travellers has again attracted a small population to the spot, and given rise to some cultivation. About five miles from Paestum, at the mouth of the Silarus or Sele, stood, in ancient times, a celebrated temple of Juno, which, according to the tradition adopted both by Strabo and Pliny, was founded by the Argonauts under Jason (Strab. vi. p. 252; COINS OF PAESTUM. PAESU'LA (Пaiσoûλa), a town of the Turdetani in Hispania Baetica. (Ptol. ii. 4. § 13.) It is identified by Ukert with Salteras but its site is uncertain. PAESUS (Пalós), an ancient town on the coast of Troas, at the entrance of the Propontis, between Lampsacus and Parium. (Hom. Il. ii. 828, v. 612; Herod. v. 117.) At one period it received colonists from Miletus; but in Strabo's time (xiii. p. 589) the town was destroyed, and its inhabitants had transferred themselves to Lampsacus, which was likewise a Milesian colony. The town derived its name from the small river Paesus, on which it was situated, and now bears the name Beiram-Dere. [L. S.] PAGAE. [PEGAE.] PAGALA (Tà Пaуáλα, Arrian, Indic. c. 23,) a place on the coast of Gedrosia, to which the fleet of Nearchus came after leaving the river Arabis. It seems probable that it is the same as a place called Segada or Pegala by Philostratus, and which was also in the country of the Oritae (Vit. Apoll. iii. 54). It cannot be identified with any existing spot. [V.] PAGASAE (Пayaral: also Pagasa, gen. -ae, Plin. iv. 8. s. 15; Mela, ii. 3. § 6; Prop. i. 20. 17: Eth. Пayaraños, Pagasaeus), a town of Magnesia in Thessaly, situated at the northern extremity of the bay named after it. (ПayaonriKds Kóλños, Scylax, p. 24; Strab. ix. p. 438; Пayaoirns, Dem. Phil. Epist. 159; Pagasaeus Sinus, Mela, l. c.; Pagasicus, Plin. l. c.) Pagasae is celebrated in mythology as the port where Jason built the ship Argo, and from which he sailed upon his adventurous voyage: hence some of the ancients derived its name from the con-struction of that vessel (from whуrvμ), but others from the numerous and abundant springs which were found at this spot. (Strab. ix. p. 436.) Pagasae was conquered by Philip after the defeat of Onomarchus. (Dem. Ol. i. pp. 11, 13; Diod. xvi. 31, where for Пayai we ought probably to read Пayaoai.) On the foundation of Demetrias in B. C. 290, Pagasae was one of the towns, whose inhabitants were transferred to the new city; but after the Roman conquest Pagasae was restored, and again became an important place. In the time of Strabo it was the port of Pherae, which was the principal city in this part of Thessaly. Pagasae was 90 stadia from Pherae, and 20 from Iolcos. (Strab. I. c.) The ruins of the ancient city are to be seen near Volo, which has given the modern name to the bay. The acropolis occupied the summit of some rocky heights above Cape Angkistri, and at the foot of the rocks are many copious sources of water, of which Strabo speaks. But as these springs are rather saline to the taste, the city was provided in the Roman times with water from a distance by means of an aqueduct, the ruined piers of which are still a conspicuous object. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 368, seq.) PAGASAEUS SINUS. [PAGASAE.] PAGRAE (Пάурai), a town of Syria, placed by Ptolemy in the district of Pieria, near the Syrian gates (v. 15. § 12), but more particularly described by Strabo, as adjoining Gindarus, the acropolis of Cyrrhestice. Pagrae he places in the district of Antiochis, and describes as a strong place near the ascent of the Amanus, on the Syrian side of the pass called AMANIDES PYLAE [Vol. I. p. 113], the Syrian gates of Ptolemy (l. c.). The plain of Antioch, adds Strabo, lies under Pagrae, through which flows the Arceuthus, the Orontes, and the Labotas. In this plain is also the dyke of Meleager and the river Oenoparas. Above it is the ridge of Trapezae, so called from its resemblance to a table, on which Ventidius engaged Phranicates, general of the Parthians. (xvi. p. 751.) The place is easily identified in medieval and modern geography by the aid of Abulfeda and Pococke. Baghras, writes the former, has a lofty citadel, with fountains, and valley, and gardens; it is said to be distant 12 miles from Antioch, and as many from Iskanderún. It is situated on a mountain overhanging the valley of Charem, which Charem is distant two stages to the east. Baghras is distant less than a stage from Darbasak, to the south. (Tabula Syriae, p. 120.) Pococke is still more particular in his description. He passed within sight of it between Antioch and Baias. After passing Caramaut, he turned to the west between the hills. "We saw also, about 2 miles to the north, the strong castle of Pagras on the hills; this was the ancient name of it in the Itinerary [Antonini], in which it is placed 16 miles from Alexandria and 25 from Antioch; which latter is a mistake, for the Jerusalem Journey (calling it Pangrios) puts it more justly 16 miles from Antioch. As I have been informed, a river called Sowda rises in the mountain to the west, runs under this place,... and falls into the lake of Antioch,"—also called from it Bahr-el-Souda, otherwise Bahr-Agoule, "the White Lake," from the colour of its waters. This Souda seems to be the river Arceuthus mentioned by Strabo, immediately after Pagrae, as running through the plain of Antioch." (Observations on Syria, vol. ii. p. 173.) It is numbered 17 on the map of the gulf of Issus. [Vol. I. p. 114.] [G. W.] PAGUS (Пáyos), a hill of Ionia, a little to the north of Smyrna, with a chapel of Nemesis and a spring of excellent water. (Paus. v. 12. § 1.) Modern travellers describe the hill as between 500 and 600 feet high and as presenting the form of a cone from which the point is cut off. (Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 53, foll.) [L. S.] PAGYRITAE (Пayupîrai, Ptol. iii. 5. § 22), a people of Europear. Sarmatia, whose position cannot be made out. Schafarik (Slav. Alt. vol. i. p. 211) connects the termination of their name with the word "gura," which the Poles and other Russo-Slavonian stocks use for "gora," "mountain." [E. B. J.] PALA'CIUM (Пaλákov), a fortress in the Tauric Chersonese, built by Scilurus, king of, the TauroScythians, to resist the attacks of Mithridates and his generals. (Strab. vii. p. 312.) The name, which it seems to have taken from his son Palacus (Strab. pp. 306, 309), still survives in the modern Balaklava, which Dr. Clark (Travels, vol. ii. p. 219) inaccurately supposes to be derived from the Genoese "Bella Clava," "The Fair Harbour." Its harbour was the SYMBOLON PORTUS (Evμbóλwv Xiuhy, Strab. vii. pp. 308, 309; Arrian, Peripl. p. 20; Ptol. iii. 6. § 2; Plin. iv. 26), or the Cembaro or Cembalo of the middle ages, the narrow entrance to which has been described by Strabo (l. c.) with such fidelity to nature. According to him, the harbour, together with that of Ctenus (Sebastopol), constituted by their approach an isthmus of 40 stadia; this with a wall fenced the Lesser Peninsula, having within it the city of Chersonesus The SINUS PORTUOSUS of Pomponius Mela (ii. 1. § 3), from the position he assigns to it between Criumetopon and the next point to the W., can only agree with Balakláva, which is truly "kaλds λun et promontoriis duobus includitur." Dubois de Montpereux (Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. vi. pp. 115, 220), in accordance with his theory of transferring the wanderings of Odysseus to the waters of the Euxine, discovers in Balakláva the harbour of the giant Laestrygones (Odyss. x. 80—99); and this opinion has been taken up by more than one writer. It is almost needless to say that the poet's graphic picture of details freshly drawn from the visible world, is as true of other land-locked basins, edged in by cliffs, as when applied to the greyish-blue, or light red Jura rocks, which hem in the entrance to the straits of Balakláva. [E. B. J.] 66 PALAE, a town of Thrace, according to Lapie near Moussaldja. (Itin. Ant. p. 568.) [T. H. D.] PALAEA. 1. (Пaλaía), a place in the Troad on the coast, 130 stadia from Andeira. (Strab. xiii. p. 614.) 2. (Пaλaià kúμn), in Laconia. [PLEIAE.] PALAEBYBLOS (Пaλaíbυ6λos, Strab. xv. p. 755; Пaλaιóbυ6λos, Ptol. v. 15. § 21), a town of Phoenicia, which Strabo places after the CLIMAX or promontory called Ras-Watta-Salan, forming the N. extremity of the Bay of Kesruan. The site, which is unknown, was therefore probably between the Climax, in the steep cliffs of which it was necessary to cut steps-whence the name-and the river Lycus, among the hills which closely border the shore, and rise to the height of 1000 feet. Ptolemy (. c.) calls it a city of the interior, and the Peutinger Table places it 7 M. P. from Berytus, but does not give its distance from Byblos. (Kenrick, Phoenicia, p. 12, London, 1855.) [E. B. J.] PALAEMYNDUS. [MYNDUS.] PALAEOBYBLUS. [PALAEBYBLUS.] PALAEPHARUS, or PALAEPHARSALUS, that is either old Pharae or Pherae or old Pharsalus, according to the difference of the readings in the text of Livy (xxxii. 13). PALAEPOLIS. [NEAPOLIS.] PALAERUS (Пaλaipós: Eth. Пaλaipeús), a town on the W. coast of Acarnania, on the Ionian sea, which is placed by Strabo between Leucas and Alyzia. Its exact site is unknown. Leake places it in the valley of Livádhi. In the first year of the Peloponnesian War (B. C. 431) Palaerus was in alliance with the Athenians; and when the latter people took the neighbouring town of Sollium, which was a Corinthian colony, they gave both it and its territory to the inhabitants of Palaerus. (Thuc. ii. 30; Strab. x. pp. 450, 459.) PALAESCEPSIS. [SCEPSIS.] PALAESIMUNDUM (Plin. vi. 22. s. 24), a great town in the ancient Taprobane (Ceylon), an account of which was given to the Romans by Annius Plocamus, who spent six months there during the reign of the emperor Claudius. According to him, it was situated on a river of the same name, which, flowing from a great internal lake, entered the sea by three mouths. It is probable that it is represented by the present Trincomalee, in the neighbourhood of which are the remains of enormous ancient works for the regulation of the course of the river-now called the Mahavella-Ganga. (Brooke, Geogr. Journ. vol. iii. p 223.) The name occurs under the form Palaesimundu in the Periplus Mar. Erythr., and in Marcian's Peripl. Maris Exteri as the name of the island itself. Thus the first speaks of voos deyouén Пaλaioμovodov, but anciently Taprobane (c. 61, ed. Müller); and the second states that the island of Taprobane was formerly called Palaesimundu, but is now called Salice (c. 35, ed. Müller). Ptolemy, and Stephanus, who follows him, state that the island Πάλαι μὲν ἐκαλεῖτο Σιμόυνδου, νῦν δὲ Zaλikh (vii. 4. § 1). It is very probable, however, that this is in both cases to be considered as an erroneous reading, and that the true name was Palaesimundum. Lassen considers that it is derived from the Sanscrit words Páli-Simanta, the Head of the Holy Law. (Dissert. de Insula Taprobane, p. 14.) [V.] PALAESTE, a town upon the coast of Chaonia in Epeirus, at the southern foot of the Acroceraunian | peak, where Caesar landed from Brundusium, in order to carry on the war against Pompey in Illyria. (Lucan, Phars. v. 460.) In this vicinity there is a modern village, called Palása; and there can therefore be little doubt that Lucan has preserved the real name of the place where Caesar landed, and that there is a mistake in the MSS. of Caesar, where the name is written Pharsalus. (Caes. B. C. iii. 6; comp. Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 5.) PALAESTI'NA (Пaλaiorívn: Eth. ПaλaiσTIVós), the most commonly received and classical name for the country, otherwise called the Land of Canaan, Judaea, the Holy Land, &c. This name has the authority of the prophet Isaiah, among the sacred writers; and was received by the earliest secular historians. Herodotus calls the Hebrews Syrians of Palestine; and states that the sea-border of Syria, inhabited, according to him, by Phoenicians from the Red Sea, was called Palaestina, as far as Egypt (vii. 89). He elsewhere places Syria Palaestina between Phoenice and Egypt; Tyre and Sidon in Phoenice; Ascalon, Cadytis, lenysus in Palaesting Syriae; elsewhere he places Cadytis and Azotus simply in Syria (iv. 39, iii. 5, ii. 116, 157, i. 105, iii. 5). The name, as derived from the old inhabitants of the land, originally described only the sea-border south of Mount Carmel, occupied by the Philistines from the very earliest period, and during the time of the Israelite kingdom (Exod. xiii. 17); although it would appear that this district was partially occupied by the cognate branches of the Canaanites. (Gen. x. 14, 19.) It afterwards came to be used of the inland parts likewise, and that not only on the west of the Jordan, but also to the east, as far as the limits of the children of Israel; and in this wider acceptation it will be convenient here to adopt it; although it deserves to be noted that even so late as Josephus the name Palaestina was occasionally used in its more restricted and proper sense, viz. of that part of the coast inhabited of old by the Philistines. (See the passages referred to in Reland, p. 41, who devotes the nine first chapters of his work to the names of Palestine, pp. 1-51.) I. GENERAL BOUNDARIES, SOIL, CLIMATE. The general boundaries of Palestine, in this wider acceptation of the name, are clearly defined by the Mediterranean on the west, and the great desert, now called the Hauran, on the east. [HAURAN.] The country, however, on the east of Jordan was not originally designed to form part of the land of Israel; which was to have been bounded by the Jordan and its inland lakes. (Numb. xxxiv. 6, 10-12; comp. xxxii.) The northern and southern boundaries are not so clearly defined; but it is probable that a more careful investigation and a more accurate survey of the country than has hitherto been attempted might lead to the recovery of many of the sites mentioned in the sacred books, and of natural divisions which might help to the elucidation of the geography of Palestine. On the south, indeed, recent investigations have led to the discovery of a well-defined mountain barrier, forming a natural wall along the south of Palestine, from the southern bay of the Dead Sea to the Mediterranean, along the line of which, at intervals, may be found traces of the names mentioned in the borders in the books of Moses and Joshua, terminating on the west with the river of Egypt (Wady-el-Arish) at Rhinocorura. (Numb. xxxiv. 3-5; comp. Josh. xv. 1-4 ; Williams, Holy City, vol. i., appendix i., note 1, p. 463 -468.) On the northern border the mention of Mount Hor is perplexing; the point on the coast of "the great sea" is not fixed; nor are the sites of Hamath or Zedad determined. (Numb. xxxiv. 7, 8; comp. Ezek. xlvii. 15, 16.) But whatever account may be given of the name Hor in the northern borders of Palestine, the mention of Hermon as the northern extremity of the Israelites' conquests in Deuteronomy (iii. 9, v. 48) would point to that rather than to Lebanon, which Reland conjectures, as the mountain in question: while the fact that Sidon is assigned to the tribe of Asher (Judges, i. 21) would prove that the point on the coast must be fixed north of that border town of the Canaanites. (Gen. x. 19; Josh. xix. 28.) The present Hamah, near to Homs (Einesa), is much too far north to fall in with the boundary of Palestine, and it must be conceded that we have not at present sufficient data to enable us to determine its northern limits. (Reland, lib. i. cap. 25, pp. 113-123.) To this it must be added that the limits of Palestine varied at different periods of its history, and according to the views of different writers (ib. cap. 26, pp. 124 -127), and that the common error of confounding the limits of the possessions of the Israelites withi those assigned to their conquests has still further embarrassed the question. Assuming, however, |
