chus, and the temple of Hera Aegophagus. He afterwards returns to the theatre, and mentions the different monuments in its neighbourhood; among which were a temple of Poseidon Genethlius, heroa of Cleodacus and Oebalus, a temple of Asclepius, near the Booneta, the most celebrated of all the temples of this god in Sparta, with the heroum of Teleclus on its left; on a height not far distant, an ancient temple of Aphrodite armed, upon an upper story of which was a second temple of Aphrodite Morpho; in its neighbourhood was a temple of Hilaeira and Phoebe, containing their statues, and an egg suspended from the roof, said to have been that of Leda. Pausanias next mentions a house, named Chiton, in which was woven the robe for the Amyclaean Apollo; and on the way towards the city gates the heroa of Cheilon and Athenaeus. Near the Chiton was the house of Phormion, who hospitably entertained the Dioscuri when they entered the city as strangers (Paus. iii. 15. § 6-16. §4.) From these indications we may suppose that the Amyclaean road issued from this gate, and it may therefore be placed in the southern part of the city. In that case the double temple of Aphrodite probably stood upon one of the heights of New Sparta. vi. 5. § 27.) The account of Xenophon illustrates a passage of Pausanias. The latter writer, in describing (iii. 19. § 7) the road to Therapne, mentions a statue of Athena Alea as standing between the city and a temple of Zeus Plusius, above the right bank of the Eurotas, at the point where the river was crossed; and as only one bridge across the Eurotas is mentioned by ancient writers, there can be no doubt that the road to Therapne crossed the bridge which Xenophon speaks of, and the remains of which are still extant. Therapne stood upon the Menelaium or Mount Menelaius, which rose abruptly from the left hand of the river opposite the south-eastern extremity of Sparta. (Μενελάϊον, Polyb. v. 22; Meveλdelov, Steph. B. s. v.; Menelaius Mons, Liv. xxxiv. 28.) The Menelaium has been compared to the Janiculum of Rome, and rises about 760 feet above the Eurotas. It derived its name from a temple of Menelaus, containing the tombs of Menelaus and Helen, whither solemn processions of men and women were accustomed to repair, the men imploring Menelaus to grant them bravery and success in war, the women invoking Helen to bestow beauty upon them and their children. (Paus. iii. 19. § 9; Herod. vi. 61; Isocr. Encom. Hel. 17; Hesych. s. v. 'Eλévia, Oepaπva-Tídia.) The foundations of this temple were discovered in 1834 by Ross, who found amongst the ruins several small figures in clay, representing men in military costume and women in long robes, probably dedicatory offerings made by the poorer classes to Menelaus and Helen. (Ross, Wanderungen in Griechenland, vol. ii. p. 13, seq.) The temple of Menelaus is expressly said to have been situated in THERAPNE (@epánvn, Depánvas; Theramne, Plin. iv. 5. s. 8), which was one of the most ancient and venerable places in the middle valley of the Eurotas. It was said to have derived its name from a daughter of Lelex (Paus. iii. 19. § 9), and was the Achaean citadel of the district. It is described by the poets as the lofty well-towered Therapne, surrounded by thick woods (Pind. Isthm. i. 31; Coluth. 225), The most ancient topographical information re- where slept the Dioscuri, the guardians of Sparta. specting Sparta is contained in the answer of the (Pind. Nem. x. 55.) Here was the fountain of Delphic oracle to Lycurgus. The oracle is reported Messeis, the water of which the captive women had to have directed the lawgiver to erect temples to to carry (Paus. iii. 20. § 1; Hom. l. vi. 457); and Zeus and Athena, and to fix the seat of the senate it was probably upon this height that the temple of and kings between the Babyca and Cnacion. (Plut. Menelaus stood, which excited the astonishment of Lyc. 6.) These names were obsolete in the time of Telemachus in the Odyssey. Hence Therapne is said Plutarch. He says that the Cnacion was the Oenus, to have been in Sparta, or is mentioned as sy now the Kelefina; and he also appears to have con-nonymous with Sparta. (epάavAI, WÓλIS AAKO VIKŃ, sidered the Babyca a river, though the text is not clear; in that case the Babyca must be the Trypiótiko, which forms the southern boundary of the city. It appears, however, from the same passage of Plutarch, that Aristotle regarded the Babyca as a bridge, and only the Cnacion as a river; whence he would seem to have given the name of Cnacion to the Trypiótiko, and that of Babyca to the bridge over the Eurotas. Pausanias next mentions a temple of Lycurgus; behind it the tomb of his son Eucosmus, and an altar of Lathria and Alexandra: opposite the temple were monuments of Theopompus and Eurybiades, and the heroum of Astrabacus. In the place called Limnaeum stood the temples of Artemis Orthia and Leto. This temple of Artemis Orthia was, as we have already remarked, the common place of meeting for the four villages of Pitane, Mesoa, Cynosura, and Limnae. (Paus. iii. 16. § 6, seq.) Limnae was partly in the city and partly in the suburbs. Its position to the N. of the Dromus has been mentioned above; and, if an emendation in a passage of Strabo be correct, it also included a district on the left bank of the Eurotas, in the direction of Mt. Thornax (Tò Auvaîov Kaтà TÒν [CóрYа]кa, Meineke's emendation instead of [Opaka, Strab. viii. p. 364). The left, or eastern bank of the Eurotas, was not occupied by any part of Sparta. When Epaminondas invaded Laconia in B. c. 370 he marched down the Jeft bank of the Eurotas till he reached the foot of the bridge which led through the hollow way into the city. But he did not attempt to force the passage across the bridge; and he saw on the other side a body of armed men drawn up in the temple of Athena Alea. He therefore continued his march along the left bank of the river till he arrived opposite to Amyclae, where he crossed the river. (Xen. Hell. ἥν τινες Σπάρτην φασίν, Steph. Β. 8. v. ; ἐν Σπάρτῃ, Schol. ad Apoll. Rhod. ii. 162, Pind. Isthm. i. 31.) It is probable that further excavations upon this spot would bring to light some tombs of the heroic ages. The Phoebaeum, which has been already described as the open space on the right bank of the Eurotas [see p. 1028, b.], contained a temple of the Dioscuri. Not far from this place was the temple of Poseidon, surnamed Gaeaochus. (Paus. iii. 20. § 2.) After the power of Sparta was destroyed by the battle of Leuctra, its territory was exposed to inva sion and the city to attack The first time that an enemy appeared before Sparta was when Epaminondas invaded Laconia in B. c. 390, as already related. After crossing the river opposite Amyclae, he marched against the city. His cavalry advanced as far as the temple of Poseidon Gaeaochus, which we have seen from Pausanias was in the Phoebaeum. We also learn from Xenophon that the Hippodrome was in the neighbourhood of the temple of Poseidon, and consequently must not be confounded with the Dronus. The Thebans did not advance further, for they were driven back by a body of picked hoplites, whom Agesilaus had placed in ambush in the Banctuary of the Tyndaridae (Dioscuri), which we likewise know from Pausanias was in the Phoebaeum. (Xen. Hell. vi. 5. §§ 31, 32.) In B. c. 362 Epaminondas made a daring attempt to surprise Sparta, and actually penetrated into the market-place; but the Spartans having received intelligence of his approach, the city had been put into a state of defence, and Epaminondas again withdrew without venturing upon an assault. (Xen. Hell. vii. 5. §§ 11-14; Polyb. ix. 8; Diod. xv. 83.) In B. C. 218 Philip unexpectedly entered Laconia, descended the vale of the Eurotas by the left bank of the river, passing by Sparta, and then laid waste the whole country as far as Taenarus and Malea. Lycurgus, the Spartan king, resolved to intercept him on his return: he occupied the heights of the Menelaium with a body of 2000 men, ordered the remaining forces of Sparta to be ready to take up their position between the city and the western bank of the river, and at the same time, by means of a dam, laid the low ground in that part under water. He Philip, however, contrary to the expectation of Lycurgus, stormed the Menelaium, and brought his whole army safely through the pass, and encamped two stadia above the city. (Polyb. v. 17-24.) In B. c. 195 Quinctius Flamininus attacked Sparta, because Nabis, the tyrant of the city, refused obedience to the terms which the Roman general imposed. With an army of 50,000 men Flamininus assaulted the city on its three undefended sides of Phoebaeum, Dictynnaeum, and Heptagoniae. forced his way into the city, and after overcoming the resistance which he met with in the narrow ways at the entrance of the city, marched along the broad road (probably the Aphetais) leading to the citadel and the surrounding heights. Thereupon Nabis set fire to the buildings nearest to the city walls, which compelled the Romans to retreat. But the main object of Flamininus had been answered, for three days afterwards Nabis sent his son-in-law to implore peace. (Liv. xxxiv. 38, 39.) The position of the Phoebaeum has been already explained. The Dictynnaeum was so called from the temple of Artemis Dictynna, which Pausanias describes as situated at the end of the Aphetais, close to the walls of the city (iii. 12. § 8). Leake thinks that the name of the village of Kalagoniá may be a corruption of Heptagoniae; but it is more probable that the Heptagoniae lay further west in the direction of Mistrá, as it was evidently the object of Flamininus to attack the city in different quarters. The small stream which encloses Sparta on the south, now called the Trypiótiko or river of Magúla, is probably the ancient Tiasa (Tíaoa), upon which stood the sanctuary of Phaëna and Cleta, and across which was the road to Amyclae. (Paus. iii. 18. § 6.) Leake, however, gives the name of Tiasa to the Pandeleimona, the next torrent southwards falling into the Eurotas. With respect to the gates of Sparta, the most important was the one opposite the bridge of the Eurotas: it was probably called the gate to Therapne. Livy mentions two others, one leading to the Messenian town of Pharae, and the other to Mount Barbosthenes (xxxv. 30). The former must have been upon the western side of the city, near the village of Magúla. Of the southern gates the most important was the one leading to Amyclae. In this article it has not been attempted to give any account of the political history of Sparta, which forms a prominent part of Grecian history, and cannot be narrated in this work at sufficient length to be of any value to the student. A few remarks upon the subject are given under LACONIA. seq. The modern authority chiefly followed in draw-| ing up the preceding account of the topography of Sparta is Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 219, Valuable information has also been derived from Leake, Morea, vol. i. p. 150, seq., Peloponnesiaca, p. 129, seq. See also Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. ii. p. 220, seq.; Ross, Wanderungen in Griechenland, vol. ii. p. 11, seq.; Expédition scientifique de Morée, vol. ii. p. 61, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, fc., p. 78, seq.; Beulé, E'tudes sur le Peloponèse, p. 49, seq. SPARTA'RIUS CAMPUS (Σrapтápiov medíov, Strab. iii. p. 160), a district near Carthago Nova in Hispania Tarraconensis, 100 miles long and 30 broad, which produced the peculiar kind of grass called spartum, used for making ropes, mats, &c. (Plin. xix. 2. s. 8.) It is the stipa tenacissima of Linnaeus; and the Spaniards, by whom it is called esparto, still manufacture it for the same purposes as those described by Pliny. It is a thin wiry rush, which is cut and dried like hay, and then soaked in water and plaited. It is very strong and lasting, and the manufacture still employs a large number of women and children. It was no doubt the material of which the Iberian whips mentioned by Horace (Epod. iv. 3) were composed. (See Ford, Handb. of Spain, p. 168.) From this district Carthago Nova itself obtained the surname of "Spartaria." [T. H. D.] SPARTO'LUS (Znáрτwλos, Thuc. ii. 79, v. 18; Steph. B.), a town of the Chalcidic peninsula, at no great distance from Olynthus (Isaeus, de Dicaeogen. Haered. p. 55), under the walls of which the Athenian forces were routed, B. C. 249. It belonged to the Bottiaeans, and was perhaps their capital, and was of sufficient importance to be mentioned in the treaty between Sparta and Athens in the tenth year of the Peloponnesian War. [E.B.J.] SPAUTA (Σnaura), a lake in Media Atropatene, which is intensely salt, so as to cause the itch on the bodies of persons who have unwittingly bathed in it, with injury also to their clothes (Strab. xi. p. 523). Its present name is the Sea of Urumiah. Its earliest Armenian name is said to have been Kaputan, or Kaputan Chow, whence the Greck form would seem to have been modified. (L. Ingigi, Archaeol. Armen. i. p. 160; St. Martin, Mémoires, i. p. 59.) It is probably the same as the MapTiarǹ Xiurn of Ptolemy (vi. 2. § 17). Many travellers have visited it in modern times. (Tavernier, i. ch. 4; Morier, Sec. Voy. ii. p. 179.) [V.] SPELAEUM, a place in Macedonia which Livy says was near Pella (xlv. 33). SPELUNCA (Sperlonga), a place on the coast of Latium (in the more extended sense of that name), situated between Tarracina and Caieta. The enperor Tiberius had a villa there, which derived its name from a natural cave or grotto, in which the emperor used to dine, and where he on one occasion very nearly lost his life, by the falling in of the roof of the cavern (Tac. Ann. iv. 59; Suet. Tib. 39). The villa is not again mentioned, but it would appear that a village had grown up around it, as Pliny mentions it in describing the coast ("locus, Speluncae," Plin. iii. 5. s. 9), and its memory is still preserved by a village named Sperlonga, on a rocky point about 8 miles W. of Gaëta. Some Roman remains are still visible there, and the cave belonging to the Imperial villa may be identified by some remains of architectural decoration still attached to it (Craven's Abruzzi, vol. i. p. 73). [E. H. B.] SPEOS ARTE'MIDOS, the present grottoes of Beni-hassan, was situated N. of Antinoe, in Middle Aegypt, on the eastern bank of the Nile, in lat. 27° 40' N. The name is variously written: Peos in the Itinerary of Antoninus (p. 167, Wesseling); Pois in the Notitia Imperii; but Speos is probably the true form, implying an excavation (σéos) in the rocks. Speos Artemidos was rediscovered by the French and Tuscan expedition into Aegypt early in the present century. It was constructed by some of the Pharaohs of the 18th dynasty in a desert-valley running into the chain of Arabian hills. The structure as a whole consists of a temple, and of between thirty and forty catacoinbs. The temple is dedicated to Pasht, Bubastis, the Artemis of the Greeks. (Herod, ii. 58.) The catacombs appear to have served as the general necropolis of the Hermopolite nome. For although Hermopolis and its district lay on the western bank of the Nile, yet as the eastern hills at this spot approach very closely to the stream, while the western hills recede from it, it was more convenient to ferry the dead over the river than to transport them across the sands. Some of these catacombs were appropriated to the mummies of animals, cats especially, which were worshipped by the Hermopolitans. In the general cemetery two of these catacombs merit particular attention: (1) the tomb of Neoopth, a military chief in the reign of Sesortasen I. and of his wife Rotei; (2) that of Amenheme, of nearly the same age, and of very similar construction. The tomb of Neoopth, or, as it is more usually denominated, of Rotei, has in front an architrave excavated from the rock, and supported by two columns, each 23 feet high, with sixteen fluted facelets. The columns have neither base nor capital; but between the architrave and the head of the column a square abacus is inserted. A denteled cornice runs over the architrave. effect of the structure, although it is hardly detached from the rock, is light and graceful. The chamber or crypt is 30 feet square, and its roof is divided into three vaults by two architraves, each of which was originally supported by a single column, now vanished. The walls are painted in compartments of the most brilliant colours, and the The drawing is generally in the best style of Aegyptian | greatness of Spina, as well as of its treasury at Delphi; art. They represent various events in the life of Neoopth. From the tomb of Rotei, indeed, might be compiled a very copious record of the domestic life of the Aegyptians. On its walls are depicted, among many others, the following subjects: the return of warriors with their captives; wrestlers; hunting wild beasts and deer; the Nile boats, including the Bari or high-prowed barge, and fisheries; granaries and flax-dressing; spinning and weaving: games with the lance, the ball, and the discus; and the rites of sepulture. The tomb of Amenheme is covered also with representations of men in various postures of wrestling; and the other grottoes are not less interesting for their portraitures of civil and domestic life. (Wilkinson, Modern Egypt and Thebes; Rosellini, Mon. Civ. vol. i.; Kenrick, Anc. Egypt, vol. i. p. 47, foll.) [W.B.D.] SPERCHEIUS (Σrepxeids: Elládha), a river in the S. of Thessaly, rising in Mount Tymphrestus (Strab. ix. p. 433), and flowing into the Maliac gulf. The Dryopes and Aenianes dwelt in the upper part of its course till it entered the plain of Malis, through which it flowed to the sea. In ancient times it joined the sea at Anticyra; and the rivers Dyras, Melas, and Asopus fell separately into the sea to the S. of the Spercheius. (Herod. vii. 198.) But the Spercheius has changed its course, and now falls into the sea much further south, about a mile from Thermopylae. The Dyras and Melas now unite their streams, and fall into the Spercheius, as does also the Asopus. [THERMOPYLAE.] Spercheius is celebrated in mythology as a river-god [Dict. of Biogr. s. v.], and is mentioned in connection with Achilles. (Hom. Пl. xvii. 142.) Its name also frequently occurs in the other poets. (Aesch. Pers. 486; Sophocl. Phil. 722; Virg. Georg. ii. 485; Lucan, vi. 366.) (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. pp. 8, 11, 15.) SPERCHIAE, a place in Thessaly, which, according to the description of Livy (xxxii. 13), would seem to have been situated at no great distance from the sources of the Spercheius. Ptolemy (iii. 13. § 17) mentions a place Spercheia between Echinus and Thebes in Phthiotis; and Pliny (iv. 7. s. 13) places Sperchios in Doris. It is probable that these three names indicate the same place, but that its real position was unknown. SPHACTE'RIA. [PYLUS.] SPHENDALE. [ATTICA, p. 330, a.] SPHENTZANIUM, a place in Dalmatia, SE. of the road from Scodra to Naissus. (Ann. Comn. 9. p. 252). Probably the modern Pecciana. [T. H. D.] SPHETTUS. [ATTICA, p. 332, b.] SPHINGIUM. [BOEOTIA, p. 412, a.] SPINA (riva, Strab.; Ziva, Steph. B.: Eth. Σnivárns and Σtivírns), an ancient city of Italy, situated near the southernmost mouth of the Padus, within the limits of Gallia Cisalpina. It was, according to Dionysius, a Pelasgic settlement, and one of the most flourishing cities founded by that people in Italy, enjoying for a considerable time the dominion of the Adriatic, and deriving great wealth from its commercial relations, so that the citizens had a treasury at Delphi, which they adorned with costly offerings. They were subsequently expelled from their city by an overwhelming force of barbarians, and compelled to abandon Italy. (Dionys. i. 18, 28.) Strabo gives a similar account of the naval but he calls it a Greek (Hellenic) city; and Seylax, who notices only Greek, or reputed Greek, cities, mentions Spina apparently as such. Its Greek origin is confirmed also by Justin, whose authority, however, is not worth much. (Strab. v. p. 214, ix. p. 421; Scyl. p. 6. § 19; Justin, xx. 1; Plin. iii. 16. s. 20.) But these authorities, as well as the fact that it had a treasury at Delphi, which is undoubtedly historical, seem to exclude the supposition that it was an Etruscan city, like the neighbouring Adria; aud whatever be the foundation of the story of the old Pelasgic settlement, there seems no reason to doubt that it was really a Greek colony, though we have no account of the period of its establishment. Scylax alludes to it as still existing in his time: hence it is clear that the barbarians who are said by Dionysius to have driven out the inhabitants, can be no other than the neighbouring Gauls; and that the period of its destruction was not very long before the conquest of Cisalpine Gaul by the Romans. It does not appear to have ever been rebuilt or become a Roman town. Strabo speaks of it as in his time a mere village; and Pliny repeatedly alludes to it as a place no longer in existence. (Plin. iii. 16. s. 20, 17. s. 21; Strab. v. p. 214.) No subsequent trace of it is found, and its site has never been ascertained. We know, however, that it must have been situated on or near the southernmost arm of the Padus, which derived from it the name of SPINETICUM OSTIUM, and which probably corresponded with the modern Po di Primaro. [PADUS.] But the site of Spina must now be sought far from the sea: Strabo tells us that even in his time it was 90 stadia (11 miles) from the coast; though it was said to have been originally situated on the sea. It is probably now 4 or 5 miles further inland; but the changes which have taken place in the channels of the rivers, as well as the vast accumulations of alluvial soil, render it almost hopeless to look for its site. Pliny tells us that the Spinetic branch of the Padus was the one which was otherwise called Eridanus; but it is probable that this was merely one of the attempts to connect the mythical Eridanus with the actual Padus, by applying its name to one particular branch of the existing river. It is, however, probable that the Spinetic channel was, in very early times, one of the principal mouths of the river, and much more considerable than it afterwards became. [PADUS.] [E. H. B.] SPINAE, a place in Britannia Romana, E. of Aqua Solis (Bath). (Itin. Ant. pp. 485, 486.) Now the village of Spene near Newbury in Berkshire, which has its name of new in regard to Spinae, the ancient borough. (Camden, p. 166.) (T. H. 9.] SPIRAEUM (Plin. iv. 5. s. 9) or SPEIRAEUM (Ptol. iii. 16. § 12), a promontory on the eastern coast of Peloponnesus upon the confines of the territories of Corinth and Epidaurus. For details, see Vol. I. p. 685, a. SPOLETIUM (Σnwλýтiov: Eth. Spoletinus: Spoleto), a city of Umbria, situated between Interamna (Terni) and Trebia (Trevi), about 9 miles S. of the sources of the Clitumnus. Its name is not mentioned in history as an Umbrian town, nor have we any account of its existence previous to the establishment of the Roman colony, which was settled there in B. C. 240, just after the close of the First Punic War (Liv. Epit. xx.; Vell. Pat. i. 14). It was a Colonia Latina, and its name is repeatedly mentioned during the Second Punic War. 66 Flaminian Way as late as the time of Vespasian (Tac. Hist. iii. 60); but at a later period the road through Interamna and Spoletium came into general use, and is the one given in the Itineraries. (Itin. Ant. p. 125; Itin. Hier. p. 613.) This must have followed very nearly the same line with the modern road from Rome to Perugia, which crosses a steep mountain pass, called Monte Somma, between Spoleto and Terni; and this was probably the reason that this line was avoided in the first instance by the Via Flaminia. But there must always have been a branch road to Spoletium. and from thence, as we learn from Suetonius (Vesp. 1), another branch led to Nursia in the upper valley of the Nar. still supplied with water, though often ascribed to In B. C. 217, just after the battle at the Lake Trasi nenus, Hannibal advanced to the gates of Spoletium, and made an assault upon the city, but was repulsed with so much vigour by the colonists, that he drew off his forces and crossed the Apeunines into Picenum. (Liv. xxii. 9.) A few years later (B. C. 209) Spoletium was one of the colonies which distinguished themselves by their fidelity and zeal in the service of Rome, at the most trying moment of the war. (Id. xxvii. 10.) For some time after this we hear but little of Spoletium, though it seems to have been a flourishing municipal town. In B. C. 167 it was selected by the senate as the place of confinement of Gentius, king of Illyria, and his sons; but the citizens declined to Spoleto is still a tolerably flourishing place, with take charge of them, and they were transferred to the rank of a city. It has several Roman remains, Iguvium (Liv. xlv. 43). But in the civil war between among which the most interesting is an arch comMarius and Sulla it suffered severely. A battle monly called the Porta d'Annibale, as being supwas fought beneath its walls in B. C. 82, between posed to be the gate of the city from whence that Pompeius and Crassus, the generals of Sulla, and general was repulsed. There is, however, no founCarrinas, the lieutenant of Carbo, in which the latter dation for this: and it is doubtful whether the arch was defeated, and compelled to take refuge in the was a gateway at all. Some remains of an ancient city. (Appian, B. C. i. 89.) After the victory of theatre are still visible, and portions of two or three Sulla, Spoletium was one of the places severely ancient temples are built into the walls of modern punished, all its territory being confiscated, appa-churches. A noble aqueduct, by which the city is rently for the settlement of a military colony. (Flor. iii. 21; Zumpt, de Colon. p. 254.) Florus calls Spoletium at this time one of the "municipia Italiae splendidissima;" but this is probably a rhetorical exaggeration. Cicero, however, terms it, in reference to a somewhat earlier period, colonia Latina in primis firma et illustris." (Cic. pro Balb. 21.) It became a municipium (in common with the other Latin colonies) by virtue of the Lex Julia; and does not appear to have subsequently obtained the title of a colony, though it received a fresh accession of settlers. (Lib. Col. p. 225; Zumpt, l. c.) It is again mentioned during the Perusian War (B. C. 41), as affording a retreat to Munatius Plancus when he was defeated by Octavian (Appian, B. C. v. 33); and seems to have continued under the Empire to be a flourishing municipal town, though rarely mentioned in history. (Strab. v. p. 227; Plin. iii. 14. s. 19; Ptol. iii. 1. § 54; Orell. Inscr. 1100, 1103, 3966.) It was at or near Spoletium that the emperor Aemilianus was encamped, when the death of his rivals Gallus and Volusianus gave him temporary possession of the empire; and it was there also that he was himself put to death by his soldiers, after a reign of only three months. (Vict. Epit. 31.) Spoletium is again mentioned during the Gothic Wars, after the fall of the Western Empire, when it was taken by the Gothic king Totila (Procop. B. G. iii. 12), who partially destroyed its fortifications; but these were restored by Narses (Ib. iv. 33). It was at this time regarded as a strong fortress, and was a place of importance on that account. Under the Lombards it became the capital of a duchy (about A. D. 570), the dukes of which soon rendered themselves altogether independent of the Lombard kings, and established their authority over a considerable part of Central Italy. The duchy of Spoleto did not cease to exist till the 12th century. Spoletium was not situated on the Via Flaminia, properly so called. That line of highroad proceeded from Narnia to Mevania (Bevagna) by a more direct course through Carsulae, thus leaving on the right hand the two important towns of Interamna and Spoletium (Strab. v. p. 227.) We learn from SPO'RADES (πopádes), or the "Scattered," a group of islands in the Aegaean, Cretan, and Carpathian seas, so called because they were scattered throughout these seas, in opposition to the Cyclades, which lay round Delos in a circle. But the distinction between these groups was not accurately observed, and we find several islands sometimes ascribed to the Cyclades, and sometimes to the Sporades. The islands usually included among the Cyclades are given under that article. [Vol. I. p. 723.] Scylax makes two groups of Cyclades; but his southern group, which he places off the coast of Laconia and near Crete, are the Sporades of other writers: in this southern group Scylax specifies. Melos, Cimolos, Oliaros, Sicinos, Thera, Anaphe, Astypalaea (p. 18, ed. Hudson). Strabo first mentions among the Sporades the islands lying off Crete, Thera, Anaphe, Therasia, Ios, Sicinos, Lagusa, Pholegandros (x. pp. 484, 485). Then, after describing the Cyclades, he resumes his enumeration of the Sporades,-Amorgos, Lebinthos, Leria, Patmos, the Corassiae, Icaria, Astypalaea, Telos, Chalcia, Nisyros, Casos, the Calydnae (x. pp. 487489). Pliny (iv. 12. s. 23) gives a still longer list. An account of each island is given under its own name. STABA TIO, in Gallia, a name which occurs in the Table on a road from Vienna (Vienne) past Cularo (Grenoble) to the Alpis Cottia (Mont Genèvre). Stabatio is placed between Durotincum and Alpis Cottia. D'Anville fixed Stabatio at Monestier or Monetier near Briançon. [G. L.] STA'BIAE (Σrábiai: Eth. Stabianus; Ru. near Castell'a Mare), a city of Campania, situated at the foot of the Mons Lactarius, about 4 miles S. of Pompeii, and a mile from the sea. The first mention of it in history occurs during the Social War (B. C. 90), when it was taken by the Samnite general C. Papius (Appian, B. C. i. 42). But it was retaken by Sulla |
