It is still mentioned by Paulus Diaconus (Hist. Lang. ii. 16) as one of the chief cities of Tuscia under the Lombards, and in the middle ages became an independent republic. Perugia still continues a considerable city, with 15,000 inhabitants, and is the capital of one of the provinces of the Roman states. The modern city of Perugia retains considerable vestiges of its ancient grandeur. The most important of these are the remains of the walls, which agree in character with those of Chiusi and Todi, being composed of long rectangular blocks of travertine, of very regular masonry, wholly different from the ruder and more massive walls of Cortona and Volterra It is a subject of much doubt whether these walls belong to the Etruscan city, or are of later and Roman times. The ancient gates, two of which still exist, must in all probability be referred to the latter period. The most striking of these is that now known as the Arco d'Augusto, from the inscription "Augusta Perusia" over the arch: this probably dates from the restoration of the city under Augustus, though some writers would assign it to a much more remote period. Another gate, known as the Porta Marzia, also retains its ancient arch; while several others, though more or less modernised, are certainly of ancient construction as high as the imposts. It is thus certain that the ancient city was not more extensive than the modern one; but, like that, it occupied only the summit of the hill, which is of very considerable elevation, and sends down its roots and underfalls on the one side towards the Tiber, on the other towards the lake of Thrasymene. Hence the lines of circumvallation drawn round the foot of the hill by Octavian enclosed a space of 56 stadia, or 7 Roman miles (Appian, B. C. v. 33), though the circuit of the city itself did not exceed 2 miles. The chief remains of the ancient Etruscan city are the sepulchres without the walls, many of which have been explored, and one-the family tomb of the Volumnii-has been preserved in precisely the same state as when first discovered. From the inscriptions, some of which are bilingual, we learn that the family name was written in Etruscan "Velimnas," which is rendered in Latin by Volumnius. Other sepulchres appear to have belonged to the families whose names assumed the Latin forms, Axia, Caesia, Petronia, Vettia, and Vibia. Another of these tombs is remarkable for the careful construction and regular masonry of its arched vault, on which is engraved an Etruscan inscription of considerable length. But a far more important monument of that people is an inscription now preserved in the museum at Perugia, which extends to forty-six lines in length, and is the only considerable fragment of the language which has been preserved to us. LETRURIA, p. 858.] Numerous sarcophagi, urns, vases, and other relics from the various tombs, are preserved in the same museum, as well as many inscriptions of the Roman period. (Vermiglioli, Iscrizioni Perugine, 2 vols. 4to., Perugia, 1834; Id. Il Sepolcro dei Volunni, 4to., Perugia, 1841; Dennis's Etruria, vol. ii. pp. 458489.) We learn from ancient authors that Juno was regarded as the tutelary deity of Perusia till after the burning of the city in B. c. 40, when the temple of Vulcan being the only edifice that escaped the conflagration, that deity was adopted by the surviving citizens as their peculiar patron. (Dion Cass. xlviii. 14; Appian. B. C. v. 49.) [F. H. B.] PESLA or PESCLA (Not. Imp. c. 28, vol. i. p. 75, ed. Böcking), is probably the border-fortress in the N. of the Thebaid, which Ptolemy (iv. 5. § 71) calls Пaooáλwv or Máσoaλos. Pesla stood on the right bank of the Nile, and was the quarters of a German company (turma) of cavalry (D'Anville, Mém. sur l'Egypte, p. 190). [W. B. D.] PESSINUS, PESINUS (Πεσσινοῦς, Πεσινοῦς: Eth. ПeσowoúvTios), the principal town of the Tolistoboii, in the west of Galatia, situated on the southern slope of Mount Dindymus or Agdistis, near the left bank of the river Sangarius, from whose sources it was about 15 miles distant. (Paus. i. 4. § 5; Strab. xii. p. 567.) It was 16 miles south of Germa, on the road from Ancyra to Amorium. (It. Ant. pp. 201, 202.) It was the greatest commercial town in those parts, and was believed to have derived its name from the image of its great patron divinity, which was said to have fallen (Teσev) from heaven. (Herodian, i. 11; Amm. Marc. xxii. 9.) Pessinus owes its greatest celebrity to the goddess Rhea or Cybele, whom the natives called Agdistis, and to whom an immensely rich temple was dedicated. Her priests were anciently the rulers of the place; but in later times their honours and powers were greatly reduced. (Strab. I. c., x. p. 469; Diod. Sic. iii. 58, &c.) Her temple contained her image, which, according to some, was of stone (Liv. xxix. 10, 11), or, according to others, of wood, and was believed to have fallen from heaven. (Apollod. iii. 11; Amm. Marc. l. c.) The fame of the goddess appears to have extended all over the ancient world; and in B. C. 204, in accordance with a command of the Sibylline books, the Romans sent a special embassy to Pessinus to fetch her statue, it being believed that the safety of Rome depended on its removal to Italy. (Liv. I. c.; Strab. xii. p. 567.) The statue was set up in the temple of Victory, on the Palatine. The goddess, however, continued nevertheless to be worshipped at Pessinus; and the Galli, her priests, sent a deputation to Manlius when he was encamped on the banks of the Sangarius. (Liv, xxxviii. 18; Polyb. xx. 4.) At a still later period, the emperor Julian worshipped the goddess in her ancient temple. (Amm. Marc. I. c.) The kings of Pergamum adorned the sanctuary with a magnificent temple, and porticoes of white marble, and surrounded it with a beautiful grove. Under the Roman dominion the town of Pessinus began to decay, although in the new division of the empire under Constantine it was made the capital of the province Galatia Salutaris. (Hieroel. p. 697.) After the sixth century the town is no longer mentioned in history. Considerable ruins of Pessinus, especially a well-preserved theatre, exist at a distance of 9 or 10 miles to the south-east of Sevri Hissar, where they were first discovered by Texier. (Descript. de l'Asie Mineure). They extend over three hills, separated by valleys or ravines. The marble seats of the theatre are nearly entire, but the scena is entirely destroyed; the whole district is covered with blocks of marble, shafts of columns, and other fragments, showing that the place must have been one of unusual magnificence. (Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 438, foll.; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 82, folk, who seems to be mistaken in looking for Pessinus on the right bank of the Sangarius. [L. S.] PETA'LIAE, incorrectly called Petalia (Пeтaλía) by Strabo (x. p. 444), small islands off the coast of Euboea, at the entrance of the Euripus, now Petalius. (Plin. iv. 12. s. 23; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 423.) PETAVO'NIUM (Пeтavóviov, Ptol. ii. 6. § 35), a town of the Superatii in Hispania Tarraconensis, SE. of Asturica. (Itin. Ant. p. 423.) [T.H.D.] PETE'LIA or PETI'LIA (Пernλía : Eth. ПernAivos, Petelinus: Strongoli), an ancient city of Bruttium, situated about 12 miles N. of Crotona, and 3 miles from the E. coast of the peninsula. According to the Greek traditions it was a very ancient city, founded by Philoctetes after the Trojan War. (Strab. vi. p. 254; Virg. Aen. iii. 401; Serv. ad loc.) This legend probably indicates that it was really a town of the Chones, an Oenotrian tribe; as the foundation of Chone, in the same neighbourhood, was also ascribed to Philoctetes. It was only a small place (Virg. l. c.), but in a strong situation. We have no account of its receiving a Greek colony, nor is its name ever mentioned among the Greek cities of this part of Italy; but, like so many of the Oenotrian towns, became to a great extent Hellenised or imbued with Greck culture and manners. It was undoubtedly for a long time subject to Crotona, and comprised within the territory of that city; and probably for this reason, its name is never mentioned during the early history of Magna Graecia. But after the irruption of the Lucanians, it fell into the hands of that people, by whom it was strongly fortified, and became one of their most important strongholds. (Strab. 1. c.) It is apparently on this account, that Strabo calls it "the metropolis of the Lucanians," though it certainly was not included in Lucania as the term was understood in his day. Petelia first became conspicuous in history during the Second Punic War, when its citizens remained faithful to the Roman alliance, notwithstanding the general defection of the Bruttians around them, B. C. 216. They were in consequence besieged by the Bruttians as well as by a Carthaginian force under Himilco: but though abandoned to their fate by the Roman senate, to whom they had in vain sued for assistance, they made a desperate resistance; and it was not till after a siege of several months, in which they had suffered the utmost extremities of famine, that they were at length compelled to surrender. (Liv. xxiii. 20, 30; Polyb. vii. 1; Appian, Annib. 29; Frontin. Strat. iv. 5. § 18; Val. Max. vi. 6, ext. § 2; Sil. Ital. xii. 431.) The few inhabitants who escaped, were after the close of the war restored by the Romans to their native town (Appian, I. c.), and were doubtless treated with especial favour; so that Petelia rose again to a prosperous condition, and in the days of Strabo was one of the few cities of Bruttium that was still tolerably flourishing and populous. (Strab. vi. p. 254.) We learn from inscriptions that it still continued to be a flourishing municipal town under the Roman Empire (Orell. Inscr. 137, 3678, 3939; Mommsen, Inscr. R. N. pp. 5, 6) it is mentioned by all the geographers and its name is still found in the Tabula, which places it on the road from Thurii to Crotona. (Mel. ii. 4. § 8; Plin. iii. 10. s. 15; Ptol. iii. 1. $75; Tab. Peut.) But we are unable to trace its history further: its identification with Strongoli is, however, satisfactorily made out by the inscriptions which have been found in the latter city. Strongoli is an episcopal see, with about 7000 inhabitants: its situation on a lofty and rugged hill, commanding the plain of the Nieto (Neaethus), corresponds with the accounts of Petelia, which is represented as occupying a position of great natural strength. There are no ruins of the ancient city, but numerous | minor objects of antiquity have been found on the spot, besides the inscriptions above referred to. The existence of a second town of the name of Petelia in Lucania, which has been admitted by several writers, rests mainly on the passage of Strabo where he calls Petelia the metropolis of Lucania; but he is certainly there speaking of the well-known city of the name, which was undoubtedly in Bruttium. The inscriptions published by Antonini, to prove that there was a town of this name in the mountains near Velia, are in all probability spurious (Mommsen, I. R. N. App. p. 2), though they have been adopted, and his authority followed by Romanelli and Cramer. (Romanelli, vol. i. p. 348; Cramer's Italy, vol. ii. p. 367.) The PETELINI MONTES (тà Пeтηλîva õpn), mentioned by Plutarch (Crass. 11), to which Spartacus retired after his defeat by Crassus, are evidently the rugged group of the Apennines S. of the Crathis, between Petelia and Consentia. [E. H. B.] ΡΕΤΕΟΝ (Πέτεων: Εth. Πετεώνιος), a town of Boeotia, mentioned by Homer (Il. ii. 500), was situated near the road from Thebes to Anthedon. (Strab. ix. p. 410.) Strabo contradicts himself in the course of the same page (l. c.), in one passage placing Peteon in the Thebais, and in another in the Haliartia. (Comp. Plut. Narr. Am. 4; Plin. iv. 7. s. 12; Steph. B. s. v.) The position of Peteon is uncertain. Leake supposes it may be represented by some ancient remains at the southern extremity of the lake Paralimni. (Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 320.) PETINESCA, in the country of the Helvetii, is placed in the Itins. between Aventicum (Avenches) and Salodurum (Solothurn); at the distance of xiii. in the Anton. Itin. from Aventicum ana xiiii. in the Table; and at the distance of x. from Salodurum in both the Itineraries. Some geographers have placed Petinesca at a place named Büren; but the distance does not agree with that given by the Itins. between Petinesca and Salodurum, as D'Anville observes, who also says that the position of Bienne (Biel) corresponds to the ancient numbers, if we take them to indicate Gallic leagues. Cluver also placed Petinesca at Biel. [G. L.] PETITARUS. [ACHELOUS.] ΡΕΤΟΠΙΟ (Ποτόβιον, οι Παταύτον, Ptol. ii. 15. § 4: Pettau), also called Poetovio (Itin. Ant. p. 262; and in inscriptions ap. Orelli, n. 3592), Patavio, and Petaviona, was an important town in Upper Pannonia, on the river Dravus and the frontiers of Noricum. In inscriptions it is called a Roman colony, and bears the surname of Ulpia; whence it may be inferred that it received Roman colonists from either Trajan or Hadrian, who probably also extended the place. Its importance is sufficiently attested by the fact that it was the station of the Legio XIII. Gemina, and that an imperial palace existed outside its walls. (Tac. Hist. iii. 1; Amm. Marc. xiv. 37; It. Hieros. p. 561; Geogr. Rav. iv. 19.) The modern town of Pettau is situated on the left bank of the Drave; and as coins, inscriptions, and other ancient remains are found only on the opposite side, it is probable that the ancient Petovio was situated on the right bank opposite to the modern Pettau. (Comp. K. Mayer, Versuch über Steyermärkische Alterthümer, Gräz, 1782, 4to.; Muchar, Noricum, i. p. 364.) [L. S.] PETRA (Пéтpa), "rock," the name of several towns. I. In Europe. 1. PETRA PERTUSA, in Umbria. [INTERCISA.] 2. (Пé-pa: Eth. Пerpîvos, Petrinus: Petralia), a city of Sicily, mentioned both by Pliny and Ptolemy among the inland towns of the island. Cicero also notices the Petrini among the communities that suffered from the exactions of Verres (Cic. Verr. iii. 39; Plin. iii. 8. s. 14; Ptol. iii. 4. § 14); and their name is mentioned at an earlier period by Diodorus as submitting to the Romans during the First Punic War. (Diod. xxiii. 18; Exc. H. p. 505.) The name is written Petraea by Silius Italicus (xiv. 248), and the Petrinae of the Antonine Itinerary is in all probability the same place. (Itin. Ant. p. 96.) Though so often mentioned by ancient authors, they afford very little clue to its position; but it is probable that the name is retained by the modern Petralia, a small town about 8 miles W. of Gangi, supposed to represent the ancient Engyum. [ENGYUM.] Ptolemy indeed places these two towns near one another, though he erroneously transfers them both to the neighbourhood of Syracuse, which is wholly at variance with the mention of Petra in Diodorus among the towns subject to the Carthaginians as late as B. C. 254. (Cluver. Sicil. p. 367.) [E. H. B.] It was seated between the Dead Sea and the Elanitic gulf; being, according to Diodorus Siculus (xix. 98), 300 stadia S. of the former, whilst the Tab. Peut. places it 98 Roman miles N. of the latter. Its site is a wilderness overtopped by Mount Hor, and diversified by cliffs, ravines, plains, and Wadys, or watered valleys, for the most part but ill cultivated. Strabo (xvi. p. 779) describes it as seated in a plain surrounded with rocks, hemmed in with barren and streamless deserts, though the plain itself is well watered. Pliny's description (vi. 32), which states the extent of the plain at rather less than 2 miles, agrees very nearly with that of Strabo, and both are confirmed by the reports of modern travellers. "It an area in the bosom of a mountain, swelling into mounds, and intersected with gullies." (Irby and Mangles, ch. viii.) It must not, however, be understood to be completely hemmed in with rocks. Towards the N. and S. the view is open; and from the eastern part of the valley the summit of Mount Hor is seen over the western cliffs. (Robinson, ii. p. 528.) According to Pliny (l. c.) Petra was a place of great resort for travellers. Petra was subdued by A. Cornelius Palma, a remained under the Roman dominion a considerable time, as we hear of the province of Arabia being enlarged by Septimius Severus A. D. 195 (id. lxxv. 1,2; Eutrop. viii. 18). It must have been during this period that those temples and mausoleums were made, the remains of which still arrest the attention of the traveller; for though the predominant style of the architecture is Egyptian, it is mixed with florid and over-loaded Roman-Greek specimens, which clearly indicate their origin. (Robinson, ii. p. 532.) 3. A fortress of Macedonia, among the mount-lieutenant of Trajan's (Dion Cass. lxviii. 14), and ains beyond Libethra, the possession of which was disputed by the Thessalian Perrhaebi and the Macedonian kings. (Liv. xxxix. 26, xliv. 32.) It commanded a pass which led to Pythium in Thessaly, by the back of Olympus. By this road L. Aemilius Paullus was enabled to throw a detachment on the rear of the Macedonian army which was encamped on the Enipeus, after the forces of Perseus had been overthrown at the pass of Petra by P. Scipio Nasica, who had been sent against it with the consul's eldest son Q. Fabius Maximus. (Liv. xlv. 41.) Petra was situated on a great insulated rock naturally separated from the adjoining mountain at the pass which leads from Elasóna or Sérvia into the maritime plains of Macedonia. Here, which is at once the least difficult and most direct of the routes across the Olympene barrier, or the frontier between Macedonia and Thessaly, exactly on the Zygós, are the ruins of Petra. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. pp. 337, 430.) [E. B. J.] 4. A fortress of the Maedi, in Thrace. (Liv. xl. 22.) 5. A town in Illyricum, situated upon a hill upon the coast, which had only a moderately good harbour. (Caes. B. C. iii. 42.) 6. A place in the Corinthia. [Vol. I. p. 685, a.] 7. A place in the immediate neighbourhood of Elis. [Vol. I. p. 821, a.] PETRA. II. In Asia. 1. (Пérpa, Ptol. v. 17. § 5, viii. 20. § 19 ; Πέτρα οι Πέτραι, Suid. s. v. Tevéλios; the SELA of the Old Testament, 2 Kings,rxiv. 7; Isaiah, xvi. 1: respecting its various names see Robinson, Biblical Researches, vol. ii. Notes and Ill. p. 653), the chief town of Arabia Petraea, once the capital of the Idumaeans and subsequently of the Nabataei, now Wady Musa. [NABATAEL.] Petra was situated in the eastern part of Arabia Petraea, in the district called under the Christian emperors of Rome Palaestina Tertia (Vet. Rom. Itiu. p. 721, Wessel.; Malala, Chronogr. xvi. p. 400, ed. Bonn). According to the division of the ancient geographers, it lay in the northern district, Gebalene; whilst the modern ones place it in the southern portion, Esh-Sherah, the Seir, or mountain-land, of the Old Testament (Genesis, xxxvi. 8). The valley of Wady Musa, which leads to the town, is about 150 feet broad at its entrance, and is encircled with cliffs of red sandstone, which gradually increase from a height of 40 or 50 feet to 200 or 250 feet. Their height has been greatly exaggerated, having been estimated by some travellers at 700 and even 1000 feet (Irby and Mangles, ch. viii.; Stephens, ii. p. 70; see Robinson, ii. p. 517 and note). The valley gradually contracts, till at one spot it becomes only about 12 feet broad, and is so overlapped by the cliffs that the light of day is almost excluded. The ravine or Sik of Wady Musa extends, with many windings, for a good English mile. It forms the principal, and was anciently the only avenue to Petra, the entrance being broken through the wall. (Diod. Sic. ii. 48, xix. 97; Robinson, ii. p. 516; Laborde, p. 55.) This valley contains a wonderful necropolis hewn in the rocks. The tombs, which adjoin or surmount one another, exhibit now a front with six Ionic columns, now with four slender pyramids, and by their mixture of Greek, Roman, and Oriental architecture remind the spectator of the remains which are found in the valley of Jehoshaphat and in other parts of Palestine. The further side of the ravine is spanned by a bold arch, perhaps a triumphal one, with finely-sculptured niches evidently intended for statues. This, like the other remains of this extraordinary spot, is ascribed by the natives either to the Pharaohs or to the Jins or evil genii. Along the bottom of the valley, in which it almost vanishes, winds the stream mentioned by Strabo and Pliny, the small but charming Wady Musa. In ancient times its bed seems to have been paved, as many traces still show. Its stream was spanned by frequent bridges, its sides strengthened with stone walls or quays, and numerous small canals derived from it supplied the inhabitants with water. But now its banks are overspread with hyacinths, oleanders, and other flowers and shrubs, and overshadowed by lofty trees. Opposite to where the Sik terminates, in a second ravine-like but broader valley, another monument, the finest one at Petra, and perhaps in all Syria, strikes the eye of the traveller. This is the Khuzneh,-well preserved, considering its age and site, and still exhibiting its delicate chiselled work and all the freshness and beauty of its colouring. It has two rows of six columns over one another, with statues between, with capitals and sculptured pediments, the upper one of which is divided by a little round temple crowned with an urn. The Arabs imagine that the urn contains a treasure,- El Khuzneh, whence the name,-which they ascribe to Pharaoh (Robinson, ii. p. 519). The interior does not correspond with the magnificence of the façade, being a plain lofty hall, with a chamber adjoining each of its three sides. It was either a mausoleum, or, more probably, a temple. From this spot the cliffs on both sides the Wady are pierced with numerous excavations, the chambers of which are usually small, though the façades are occasionally of some size and magnificence; all, however, so various that scarce two are exactly alike. After a gentle curve the Wady expands, and here on its left side lies the theatre, entirely hewn out of the rock. Its diameter at the bottom is 120 feet (Irby and Mangles, p. 428), and it has thirty-three, or, according to another account, thirty-eight, rows of seats, capable of accommodating at least 3000 spectators. Strangely enough, it is entirely surrounded with tombs. One of these is inscribed with the name of Q. Praefectus Florentinus (Laborde, p. 59), probably the governor of Arabia Petraea under Hadrian or Antoninus Pius. Another has a Greek inscription, not yet deciphered. A striking effect is produced by the bright and lively tints of the variegated stone, out of which springs the wild fig and tamarisk, while creeping plants overspread the walls, and thorns and brambles cover the pedestals and cornices (Isaiah, xxxiv. 13). Travellers are agreed that these excavations were mostly tombs, though some think they may originally have served as dwellings. A few were, doubtless, temples for the worship of Baal, but subsequently converted into Christian churches. Proceeding down the stream, at about 150 paces from the theatre, the cliffs begin to expand, and soon vanish altogether, to give place to a small plain, about a mile square, surrounded with gentle eminences. The brook, which now turns to the W., traverses the middle of this plain till it reaches a ledge of sandstone cliffs, at a distance of rather more than a mile. This was the site of Petra, and is still covered with heaps of hewn stones, traces of paved streets, and foundations of houses. There are remains of several larger and smaller temples, of a bridge, of a triumphal arch of degenerate architecture, and of the walls of a great public building- Kusr Faron, or the palace of Pharaoh. On an eminence south of this is a single column (Zub Faron, i. e. hasta virilis Pharaonis), connected with the foundation-walls of a temple whose pillars lie scattered around in broken fragments. Laborde (p. 59) thinks that the Acropolis occupied an isolated hill on the W. At the NW. extremity of the cliffs is the Deir, or cloister, hewn in the rock. A ravine, like the Sik, with many windings, leads to it, and the approach is partly by a path 5 or 6 feet broad, with steps cut in the rock with inexpressible labour. Its façade is larger than that of the Khuzneh; but, as in that building, the interior does not answer to it, consisting of a large square chamber, with a recess resembling the niche for the altar in Greek ecclesiastical architecture, and bearing evident signs of having been converted from a heathen into a Christian temple. The destruction of Petra, so frequently prophesied in Scripture, was at length wrought by the Mahometans. From that time it remained unvisited, except by some crusading kings of Jerusalem; and perhaps by the single European traveller, Thetmar, at the beginning of the 13th century. It was discovered by Burckhardt, whose account of it still continues to be the best. (Robinson, ii. p. 527.) Laborde's work is chiefly valuable for the engravings. See also Irby and Mangles, Travels, ch. viii; Robinson, Bibl. Researches, vol. ii. p. 512, seq. [T. H. D.] 2. A town in the land of the Lazi in Colchis, founded by Joannes Tzibus, a general of Justinian, in order to keep the Lazi in subjection. It was situated upon a rock near the coast, and was very strongly fortified. (Procop. B. Pers. ii. 15, 17.) It was taken by Chosroes in A. D. 541, and its subsequent siege by the Romans is described by Gibbon as one of the most remarkable actions of the age. The first siege was relieved; but it was again attacked by the Romans, and was at length taken by assault after a long protracted resistance, A. D. 551. It was then destroyed by the Romans, and from that time disappears from history. Its ruins, which are now called Oudjenar, are described by Dubois. (Procop. B. Pers. ii. 17, 20, 30, B. Goth iv. 11, 12; Gibbon, c. xlii. vol. v. p. 201, ed. Smith; Dubois, Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. iii. p. 86, seq.) 3. A very strong fortress in Sogdiana, held by Arimazes when Alexander attacked it. (Curt. vii. 11; comp. Arrian, iv. 19; Strab. xi. p. 517.) It is probably the modern Kohiten, near the pass of Kolugha or Derbend. [See Dict. of Biogr. Vol. I. p. 286.] PETRAS MAJOR (Néтрas d μéyas, Scyl. p. 45; Ptol. iv. 5. § 3; Stadiasm. § 33), a harbour of Marmarica, a day's sail from Plyni Portus, and the same as the large harbour which Strabo (xvii. p. 838) places near Ardanis Prom., and describes as lying opposite to Chersonesus of Crete, at a distance of 3000 stadia. It agrees in position with Port Bardiah, where there are springs to the W. of Marsa Soloum. [E. B. J.] PETRAS MINOR (Πέτρας ὁ μικρός, Scyl. L. c. ; Ptol. iv. 5. § 2; Stadiasm. § 39), a harbour of Marmarica, half a day's sail from Antipyrgus. It has been identified with Magharab-el-Heabes, where there are a great number of catacombs remarkable for their Graeco-Aegyptian style. These curious excavations, of which plans are given in Pacho (Voyage dans la Marmarique, Planches, pl. v.), are to be identified according to that traveller (p. 49), with the sinuous caverns of BOMBAEA (Bóusaia), resembling the Aegyptian "hypogaea," which the Greeks called "Syringes," mentioned by Synesius (Ep. 104); but Barth (Wanderungen, p. 512) has shown that the description of the bishop of Ptolemais cannot be applied to these catacombs and their locality. A coin with the epigraph ПE-PA, which Pellerin referred to this port in Marmarica is by Eckhel (iv 116) assigned to a Cretan mint [E. B. J.] PETRIA NA, a fortress in the N. of Britannia | iv. 22, Indic. 4; ПEUKOλaîтis, Strab. xv. p. 698; Romana, between the Wall and the river Irthing, Plin. vi. 17. s. 21: Eth. Peucolaitae, Plin.; Пevwhere the Ala Petriana was quartered. Camden (p. 1020) identifies it with Old Penrith; but Horsley (Brit. Rom. p. 107) and others fix it, with more probability, at Cambeck Fort or Castle-steeds. (Not. Imp.) It is called Banna by the Geogr. Rav. (Horsley, p. 498.) [T. H. D.] PETRINA. [PETRA, No. 2.] kaλes, Dionys. Per. 1142), a district of India on the NW. frontier, along the Cophen or Cábul river, in the direction of the Panjab. The actual name of the town, which was probably Peucela, is nowhere found, but the form of the word leaves no doubt that it is, like the majority of the names which have been preserved by Arrian, of genuine Sanscrit or Indian origin. Strabo and Pliny both call the city itself Peucolaitis. Arrian in one place gives the of the capital or chief town; in another he calls the PETROCO'RII (Пeтрокóρio, Ptol. ii. 7. § 12), a Gallic people, whom Ptolemy places in Aquitania. He names the chief city Vesunna, which is Perigord.name to a district (iv. 22), without mentioning that Caesar mentions them (vii. 75) as sending a contingent of 5000 men to aid in raising the siege of Alesia; this is all that he says about them. The passage in Pliny (iv. 19. s. 33) in which he describes the position of the Petrocorii is doubtful: "Cadurci, Nitiobriges (a correction, see NITIOBRIGES), Tarneque amne discreti a Tolosanis Petrocorii." This passage makes the Tarnis (Tarn) the boundary between the territory of Tolosa (Toulouse) and the Petrocorii, which is not true, for the Cadurci were between the Petrocorii and the territory of Toulouse. Scaliger proposed to write the passage thus: "Cadurci, Nitiobriges, Tarne amni discreti a Tolosanis; Petrocorii." But this is not true, for the Nitiobriges did not extend to the Tarn. Strabo (iv. pp. 190,191) mentions the Petrocorii among the people between the Garonne and the Loire, and as near the Nitiobriges, Cadurci, Lemovices, and Arverni. He says that there are iron mines in the country. The Petrocorii occupied the diocese of Perigueux and Sarlat (D'Anville). Besides Vesunna their territory contained Corterate, Trajectus, Diolindum, and some other small places. [G. L.] PETROMANTALUM, in Gallia, is placed by the Antonine Itinerary on a road which runs from Carocotinum through Rotomagus (Rouen) to Lutetia (Paris). It also appears on a road from Caesaromagus (Beauvais) to Briva Isarae or Pontoise, on the Oise, a branch of the Seine. In the Table the name is written Petrumviaco. The site is uncertain. The name bears some resemblance to that of Magni; but the site of Magni does not accurately correspond to the distances in the Itineraries. [G. L.] PETRONII VICUS, in Gallia Narbonensis. Honoré Bouche gives an inscription found at Pertuis, on the right bank of the Druentia (Durance), about 4 leagues north of Aquae Sextiae (Aix), in which inscription the place is called "vicus C. Petronii ad ripam Druentiae." (D'Anville, Notice, &c.) [G. L.] PETROSACA. [MANTINEIA, p. 262, b.] PETUARIA. [PARISI.] РЕUCE (пeúкη, Ptol. iii. 10. § 2; Strab. vii. p. 305), an island of Moesia Inferior, formed by the two southernmost mouths of the Danube. It derived its name from the abundance of pine-trees which grew upon it. (Eratosth. in Schol. Apollon. iv. 310.) It was of a triangular shape (Apollon. 1. c.), and as large as Rhodes. By Martial (vii. 84. 3) it is called a Getic island; by Valerius Flaccus (viii. 217) a Sarmatian one. It has been identified with the modern island of Piczina or St. George, between Badabag and Ismail; but we must recollect that these parts were but little known to the ancients, and that in the lapse of time the mouths of the Danube have undergone great alterations. (Plin. iv. 12. s. 24; Mela, ii. 7; Avien. Descr. Orb. 440; Dion. Perieg. 401; Claud. IV Cons. Honor. 630, &c.) [T. H. D.] PÉUCE'ТII (ПEUKéтio), a people of Southern Italy, inhabiting the southern part of Apulia. This name was that by which they were known to the Greeks, but the Romans called them POEDICULI, which, according to Strabo, was the national appellation employed also by themselves. (Strab. vi. pp. 277,282.) Their national affinities and origin, as well as the geographical details of the country occupied by them, will be found in the article APULIA. [E. H. B.] PEUCI'NI (ПeυKivo, Ptol. iii. 5. § 19, 10. § 9; Strab. vii. p. 305, seq.; Plin. iv. 14. s. 28), a branch of the Bastarnae, inhabiting the island of Peuce. Tacitus (Germ. 46) and Jornandes (Goth. 16) write the name Peuceni, which also appears in several MSS. of Strabo; whilst Ammianus Marcellinus (xxii. 8. § 43) calls them Peuci, and Zosimus (i. 42) Πεῦκαι. [T. H. D.] PHABIRANUM (Pasipavov), a place in the country of the Chauci Minores, that is, the district between the Albis and Visurgis (Ptol. ii. 11. § 27), is generally identified with the modern city of Bremen; though some, with more probability, look for its site at Bremervörde. (Wilhelm, Germanien, p. 162.) [L. S.] PHA'CIUM (Þáкiov: Eth. Þakieús), a town of Thessaly, in the district Pelasgiotis, placed by Leake a little below the right bank of the Peneius at Alifaka, but by Kiepert upon the left bank. Brasidas marched through Phacium in B. C. 424. (Thuc. iv. 78.) The town was laid waste by Philip, B. c. 198 (Liv. xxxii. 13), and was occupied by the Roman praetor Baebius in the war with Antiochus, B. C. 191. (Liv. xxxvi. 13.) Phacium is probably the same place as Phacus, which Polybius (xxxi. 25) calls a town of Macedonia. (Comp. Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 493.) PHACUSSA (Plin. iv. 12. s. 23; Paкоvσσai, pl., Steph. B. s. v.), an island in the Aegaean sea, one of the Sporades, now Fecussa. PHAEA'CES. [CORCYRA.] |