or Vindelicia, on the southern bank of the Danube is mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 12. § 4). [L. S.] PHAENO (Paw, Euseb. Onomast. s. v. Pwvwv; Pavá, Hierocl. p. 723), formerly a city of Idumaea, and afterwards a village of Arabia Petraea, between Petra and Zoar, containing copper mines, where condemned criminals worked. It was identified with Punon, one of the stations of the Israelites in their wanderings. (Numb. xxxiii. 42; see Reland, Palaestina, p. 951; Wesseling, ad Hierocl. l. c.)

PHAESTUS. 1. (Pauorós: Eth. Paiorios), a town in the S. of Crete, distant 60 stadia from Gortyna, and 20 from the sea. (Strab. x. p. 479; Plin. iv. 12. s. 20.) It was said to have derived its name from an eponymous hero Phaestus, a son of Hercules, who migrated from Sicyon to Crete. (Paus. ii. 6. §7; Steph. B. s. v.; Eustath. ad Hom. 1. c.) According to others it was founded by Minos. (Diod. v. 78; Strab. I. c.) It is mentioned by Homer (I. ii. 648), and was evidently one of the most ancient places in the island. It was destroyed by the Gortynians, who took possession of its territory. (Strab. Lc.) Its port was Matalum, from which it was distant 40 stadia, though it was only 20 from the coast. (Strab. I. c.) We also learn from Strabo that Epimenides was a native of Phaestus. The inhabitants were celebrated for their sharp and witty sayings. (Athen. vi. p. 261, e.) Phaestus is mentioned also by Seylax, p. 18; Polyb. iv. 55.

Stephanus B. (s. v. Palorós) mentions in the territory of Phaestus a place called Lisses, which he identifies with a rock in the Odyssey (iii. 293), where in our editions it is not used as a proper name, but as an adjective,-Aooh, "smooth." Strabo (. c.) mentions a place Olysses or Olysse in the territory of Phaestus ('OXvoony Ts Palorías); but this name is evidently corrupt; and instead of it we ought probably to read Lisses. This place must not be confounded with Lissus, which was situated much more to the W. (Kramer, ad Strab. I. c.)

COIN OF PHAESTUS.

2. A town of Thessaly in the district Pelasgiotis, a little to the right of the Peneius. It was taken by the Roman praetor Baebius in B. C. 191. (Liv. xxxvi. 13.)

3. A town of the Locri Ozolae in the interior, with a port called the port of Apollo Phaestius. (Plin. iv. 3. s. 4.) Leake places Phaestus at Vithari, where are the ruins of a fortress of no great extent, and the port of Apollo near C. Andhromákhi. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 621.)

4. The later name of Phrixa in Triphylia in Elis. [PHRIXA.]

PHAGRES (Paypns, Hecat. ap. Steph. B. s. v.; Herod. vii. 112; Thuc. ii. 99; Scyl. p. 27; Strab. vii. p. 331, Fr. 33), a fortress in the Pieric hollow, and the first place after the passage of the Strymon. It is identified with the post station of Orfaná, on the great road from Greece to Constantinople, where Greek coins have been often found, and, among

other small productions of Hellenic art, oval sling bullets of lead, or the "glandes" of which Lucan (vii. 512) speaks in his description of the battle of Pharsalia. These are generally inscribed with Greek names in characters of the best times, or with some emblem, such as a thunderbolt. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 176; Clarke, Travels, vol. viii. p. 58.) [E. B. J.]

PHAIA (Pala, Stadiasm. § 43; 0ía, Ptol. iv. 5. § 2), a harbour of Marmarica, the name of which Olshausen (Phoenizische Ortsnamen, in Rhein. Mus. 1852, p. 324) connects with a Phoenician original. Barth (Reise, p. 505) has identified it with a small bay upon the coast, a little to the N. of Wady Temmineh. [E. B. J.]

PHALA'CHTHIA (Paλaxía), a town of Thessaly in the district Thessaliotis. (Ptol. iii. 13. § 45.)

PHALACRA (Paλárpa), a promontory of Mount Ida, in Mysia, of which the exact position is unknown. (Eustath. ad Hom. Il. viii. 47; Schol. ad Nicand. Alexiph. 40; Tzetz. ad Lycoph. 40, 1170.) Stephanus Byz., who mentions it under the name Phalacrae, states that all barren and sterile mountains were called Phalacra. [L. S.] PHALACRINE. [FALACRINUM.]

PHALACRUM. [CORCYRA, p. 669, b.] PHALAE'SEAE (Φαλαισίαι: Eth. Φαλαισιεύς), town of Arcadia, in the district Maleatis on the road from Megalopolis to Sparta, 20 stadia from the Hermaeum towards Belbina. Leake originally placed it near Gardhiki, but subsequently a little to the eastward of Bura, where Gell remarked some Hellenic remains among the ruins of the Buréika Kalivia. (Paus. viii. 35. § 3; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 298; Peloponnesiaca, p. 237.)

Strabo

PHALANNA (Φάλαννα : Eth. Φαλανναῖος), town of the Perrhaebi in Thessaly, situated on the left bank of the Peneius, SW. of Gonnus. says (ix. p. 440) that the Homeric Orthe became the acropolis of Phalanna; but in the lists of Pliny (iv. 9. s. 16) Orthe and Phalanna occur as two distinct towns. Phalanna was said to have derived its name from a daughter of Tyro. (Steph. B. s. v.) It was written Phalannus in Ephorus, and was called Hippia by Hecataeus. (Steph. B.) Phalanna is mentioned in the war between the Romans and Perseus, B. C. 171. (Liv. xlii. 54, 65.) Phalanna probably stood at Karadjóli, where are the remains of an ancient city upon a hill above the village. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iii. p. 379, vol. iv. p. 298.)

PHALANTHUM (Φάλανθον : Eth. Φαλάνθιος), town and mountain of Arcadia, in the district Orchomenia, near Methydrium. (Paus. viii. 35. § 9; Steph. B. s. v.; Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 240.) PHALARA. [LAMIA.]

PHALARUS. [BOEOTIA, p. 412, b.]

PHALASARNA (τὰ Φαλάσαρνα : Eth. Φαλασápvios), a town of Crete, situated on the NW. side of the island, a little S. of the promontory Cimarus or Corycus, described by Dicaearchus as having a closed-up port and a temple of Artemis called Dictynna. Strabo says that Phalasarna was 60 stadia from Polyrrhenia, of which it was the port-town; and Scylax observes that it is a day's sail across from Lacedaemon to the promontory of Crete, on which is Phalasarna, being the first city to the west of the island. (Strab. x. pp. 474, 479; Scylax, pp. 17, 18; Dicaearch. Descrip. Graec. 119; Steph. B. s. v.; Plin. iv 12. s. 20.) The Cydonians had at

one time taken possession of Phalasarna, but were compelled by the Romans to give it up. (Polyb. xxiii. 15.)

There are considerable remains of the walls of Phalasarna. They exist in a greater or less degree of preservation, from its northern side, where it seems to have reached the sea, to its south-western point, cutting off the acropolis and the city along with it as a small promontory. There are other remains, the most curious of which is an enormous chair on the SW. side of the city, cut out of the solid rock; the height of the arms above the seat is 2 feet 11 inches, and its other dimensions are in proportion. It was no doubt dedicated to some deity, probably to Artemis. Near this chair there are a number of tombs, hewn in the solid rock, nearly 30 in number. (Pashley, Travels in Crete, vol. ii. p. 62, seq.)

PHALE'RUM. [ATTICA, pp. 304, 305.] PHALO'RIA (Liv.; Þaλúpn, Þaλúpeia, Steph. B. 8. v.: Eth. Þaλwpeús, Þaλwpelτns), a town of Histiaeotis in Thessaly, apparently between Tricca and the Macedonian frontier. Leake places it in one of the valleys which intersect the mountains to the northward of Trikkala, either at Sklátina or at Ardhám. (Liv. xxxii. 15, xxxvi. 13, xxxix. 25; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. pp. 528, 529.)

PHALYCUM (Þáλvкov), a town of Megaris mentioned by Theophrastus (Hist. Pl. ii. 8), is clearly the same place as the Alycum (AXvкov) of Plutarch, who relates that it derived its name from a son of Sciron, who was buried there. (Thes. 32.) It perhaps stood at the entrance of the Scironian pass, where Dodwell (vol. ii. p. 179) noticed some ancient vestiges, which he erroneously supposed to be those of Tripodiscus. [TRIPODISCUS.]

PHANA, a town in Aetolia. [PAEANIA.]
PHANAE. [CHIOS, p. 609.]

PHANAGO'RIA (Pavayopía, Strab. xi. p. 494; Ptol. v. 9. § 6; Þavayópela, tà Þavayópeia, Hecat. ap. Steph. B. s. v.; Strab. xi. p. 495; Scymn. Ch. 891; Arrian, ap. Eustath. ad Dionys. Per. 306, 549; awayón, Dionys. Per. 552; comp. Priscian, 565; Avien. 753; davayópa, Steph. B. 8. v. Taupikh; Þavayópov móλis, Scylax, p. 31; Anonym. Peripl. P. Eux. p. 2; Phanagorus, Amm. Marc. xxii. 8; davayovpís, Procop. B. Goth. iv. 5: Eth. Pavayopeus, less correctly Davayopelτns, Steph. B. 8. v.), a Greek city on the Asiatic side of the Cimmerian Bosporus, founded by the Teians under Phanagorus or Phanagoras, who fled thither from the Persians. (Eustath. ad Dionys. Per.; Scymn. Ch., Steph. B., Peripl. P. Eux. ll. cc.) It was situated upon an island, now called Taman, formed by the main branch of the Anticites (Kuban), which flows into the Black Sea, and a smaller branch, which falls into the sea of Azof. The main branch of the Kuban forins a lake before it enters the sea, called in ancient times Corocondamitis (Strab. xi. p. 494), now the Kubanskoi Liman, on the left of which, entering from the sea, stood Phanagoria. (Strab. xi. p. 495; respecting Phanagoria being upon an island, see Steph. B., Eustath., Amm. Marc., . c.) The city became the great emporium for all the traffic between the coast of the Palus Maeotis and the countries on the southern side of the Caucasus, and was chosen by the kings of Bosporus as their capital in Asia, Panticapaeum being their capital in Europe. (Strab., Steph. B., L. c.) It was at Phanagoria that the insurrection broke out against Mithridates the Great, shortly before his death; and his sons, who

insurgents. (Appian, Mithr. 108; Dict. of Biogr. Vol. II. p. 1102, b.) In the sixth century of our era, Phanagoria was taken by the neighbouring barbarians and destroyed. (Procop. B. Goth. iv. 5.) The most remarkable building in Phanagoria seems to have been a temple of Aphrodite, surnamed Apaturus ('Anáтoupos), because the goddess, when attacked by the giants in this place, is said to have summoned Hercules to her aid, and then to have concealed him and to have handed over the giants separately to him to be slain (doλopoveîv ¿¿ àπáτns, Strab. xi. p. 495; Steph. B. s. v. 'Añáтovρov; | Böckh, Inscr. No. 2120.) We learn from an inscription that this temple was repaired by Sauromates, one of the kings of Bosporus. The site of Phanagoria is now only a mass of bricks and pottery; and there is no building above ground. One cause of the disappearance of all the ancient monuments at Phanagoria was the foundation in its neighbourhood at an early period of the Russian colony of Tmutarakan. Dutour noticed traces of towers towards the eastern extremity of the town, where the citadel probably stood. The town of Taman contains several ancient remains, inscriptions, fragments of columns, &c., which have been brought from Phanagoria. There are numerous tombs above the site of Phanagoria, but they have not been explored like those at Panticapaeum. In one of them, however, which was opened towards the end of last century there was found a bracelet of the purest massive gold, representing the body of a serpent, having two heads, which were studded with rubies so as to imitate eyes and also ornamented with rows of gems. It weighed three-quarters of a pound. (Clarke, Travels, vol. i. p. 394, seq.; Pallas, Reisen, vol. ii. p. 286, &c.; Dubois, Voyage autour du Caucase, vol. v. p. 64, seq.; Ukert, vol. iii. pt. ii. p. 491.)

PHANAROEA (Þavάpoia), a broad and extensive valley in Pontus, watered by the rivers Iris, Lycus, and Scylax, and enclosed between the chain of Paryadres to the east, and Mounts Lithrus and Ophlimus to the west. The soil there was the best in Pontus, and yielded excellent wine and oil and other produce in abundance. (Strab. ii. p. 73, xii. pp. 547, 556, 559; Plin. vi. 4; Ptol. v. 6. § 3, where it is erroneously called Phanagoria.) Phanaroea contained the towns of Eupatoria, Cabira, Polemonium, and others. [PONTUS.] [L. S.]

PHA'NOTE (Eth. Þavoтeús, Pol.), a strongly fortified town of Chaonia in Epirus, and a place of military importance. It stood on the site of the modern Gardhiki, which is situated in the midst of a valley surrounded by an amphitheatre of mountains, through which there are only two narrow passes. It lies about halfway between the sea and the Antigonean passes, and was therefore of importance to the Romans when they were advancing from Illyria in B. c. 169. (Liv. xliii. 23; Pol. xxvii. 14; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 72, seq.) PHANOTEUS. [PANOPEUS.]

PHARAE (Papai). 1. Sometimes PHARA (Þâpa, Strab. viii. p. 388; Pherae, Plin. iv. 6; Papées, Herod. i. 145, properly the name of the people: Eth. Papieús, Strab. l. c.; Papaleús, Polyb. iv. 6; Steph. B. s. v.: the territory ǹ Þapaikh, Strab. I. c.; Polyb. iv. 59), a town of Achaia, and one of the twelve Achaean cities, was situated on the river Pierus or Peirus, 70 stadia from the sea, and 150 stadia from Patrae. It was one of the four cities which took the lead in restoring the Achaean League in B. C.

this remarkable monument. The only account we possess of it, is by Mure, who observes that "it is, like that of Mycenae, a tumulus, with an interior vault, entered by a door on one side, the access to which was pierced horizontally through the slope of the hill. Its situation, on the summit of a knoll, itself of rather conical form, while it increases the apparent size of the tumulus, adds much to its general loftiness and grandeur of effect. The roof of the vault, with the greater part of its material, is now gone, its shape being represented by a round cavity or crater on the summit of the tumulus. The doorway is still entire. It is 6 feet wide at its upper and narrower part. The stone lintel is 15 feet in length. The vault itself was probably between 30 and 40 feet in diameter." Mure adds: "Menelaus is said to have been buried at Amyclae. This may, therefore, have been the royal vault of the Spartan branch, as the Mycenaean monument was of the Argive branch of the Atridan family." But even if we suppose the monument to have been a sepulchre, and not a treasury, it stood at the distance of 4 or 5 miles from Amyclae, if this town is placed at Aghiá Kyriaki, and more than 2 miles, even if placed, according to the French Commission, at Sklavokhóri. [AMYCLAE.] In addition to this, Menelaus, according to other accounts, was buried at Therapne. (Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. ii. p. 246; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 3, Peloponnesiaca, p. 354; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 248.)

PHARMACU'SA (Papuakovσσa), a small island before the entrance of the bay of Iassus, not far from Cape Poseidion; its distance from Miletus is stated at 120 stadia. In this island Attalus was killed, and near it Julius Caesar was once captured by pirates. (Stadiasm. Mar. Mag. p. 282; Steph. B. s. v.; Suet. Caes. 4; Plut. Caes. 1.) It still bears its ancient name Farmaco. [L. S.]

PHARMATE'NUS (Þapμatŋvós), a small coast river of Pontus, 120 stadia to the west of Pharnacia. (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 17; Anonym. Peripl. P. E. p. 12.) Hamilton (Researches, i. p. 266) identifies it with the Bozaar Su.

[L. S.]

PHARNA'CIA (Papvakía: Eth. Þaρvaκeús), an important city on the coast of Pontus Polemoniacus, was by sea 150 stadia distant from cape Zephyrium (Arrian, Peripl. Pont. Eux. p. 17; Anonym. Peripl. P. E. p. 12), but by land 24 miles. According to Pliny (vi. 4) it was 80 (180 ?) miles east of Amisus, and 95 or 100 miles west of Trapezus. (Comp. Tab. Peut., where it is called Carnassus for Cerasus, this latter city being confounded with Pharnacia.) It was evidently founded by one Pharnaces, probably the grandfather of Mithridates the Great; and the latter during his wars with the Romans kept his harem at Pharnacia. Its inhabitants were taken from the neighbouring Cotyura, and the town was strongly fortified. (Strab. xi. p. 548; Plut. Lucull. 18.) The place acquired great prosperity through its commerce and navigation, and through the iron-works of the Chalybes in its vicinity. (Strab. xi. pp. 549, 551.) According to Scylax (p. 33) the site of this town had previously been occupied by a Greek colony called Choerades, of which, however, nothing is known. But that he actually conceived Choerades to have occupied the site of Pharnacia, is clear from the mention of the island of Ares ("Apews voos) in connection with it, for that island is known to have been situated off Pharnacia. (Arrian and Anonym. Peripl. l. c.) Arrian is the

site of Cerasus; and although he is copied in this instance by the anonymous geographer, yet that writer afterwards correctly places Cerasus 150 stadia further east (p. 13). The error probably arose from a confusion of the names Choerades and Cerasus; but in consequence of this error, the name of Cerasus was in the middle ages transferred to Pharnacia, which hence still bears the name of Kerasunt or Kerasonde. (Comp. Hamilton, Researches, i. pp. 250, 261, foll.; Cramer, Asia Minor, i. p. 281.) Pharmacia is also mentioned by Stephanus Byz. (s. v.), several times by Strabo (ii. p. 126, xi. p. 499, xii. pp. 547, 549, 560, xiv. p. 677), and by Ptolemy (v. 6. § 5). Respecting its coins, see Eckhel (Doctr. Num. vol. iii. p. 357). Another town of the same name in Phrygia is mentioned by Stephanus Byz. (s. v.). [L. S.]

PHARODINI. [VARINI.]

PHAROS (ápos, Ephorus, ap. Steph. B., Fr. 151; Scyl. p. 8; Scymn. p. 427; Diodor. xv. 13; Strab. vii. p. 315), an island off the coast of Illyricum, which was colonised by Greek settlers from Paros, who, in the first instance, gave it the name of their own island, which was afterwards changed to Pharos. In this settlement, which took place B. C. 385, they were assisted by the elder Dionysius. When the Romans declared war against the Illyrians в c. 229, Demetrius, a Greek of Pharos, betrayed his mistress, Queen Teuta, for which he was rewarded with the greater part of her dominions. (Polyb. ii. 11.) The traitor, relying on his connection with the court of Macedon, set the Romans at defiance; he soon brought the vengeance of the republic upon himself and his native island, which was taken by L. Aemilius in B. c. 219. (Polyb. iii. 16; Zonar. viii. 20.) Pliny (iii. 30) and Ptolemy (ii. 17. § 14) speak of the island and city under the same name, PHARIA (Papía), and Polybius (l. c.) says the latter was strongly fortified. The city, the ancient capital, stood at Stari Grad or Citta Vecchia, to the N. of the island, where remains of walls have been found, and coins with the legend ΦΑΒΙΩΝ. After the fall of the Roman Empire the island continued for a long time in the hands of the Narentine pirates. Its Slavonic name is Hvar, a corruption of Pharos; and in Italian it is called Lesina or Liesina. For coins of Pharos see Eckhel, vol. ii. p. 160; Sestini, Monet. Vet. p. 42; Mionnet, vol. ii. p. 46. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia, vol. i. pp. 243-251; Neigebaur, Die Sud-Slaven, pp. 107 -111.) [E. B. J.]

PHAROS (ápos, Strab. xvii. p. 791, seq.; Steph. B. s. v.: Eth. Þápios), a long narrow strip of rock lying off the northern coast of Aegypt, having the New Port of Alexandreia E. and the Old Harbour SW. [ALEXANDREIA, Vol. I. p. 97.] Its name is said to have been derived from a certain pilot of Menelaus, who, on his return from the Trojan War, died there from a serpent's bite. Pharos is mentioned in the Odyssey (iv. 355), and is described as one day's sail from Aegypt. This account has caused considerable perplexity, since Pharos actually rather less than a mile from the seaboard of the Delta; and it is not probable that the land, in the course of centuries, has advanced or the sea receded materially. It is perfectly intelligible, however, if we suppose the author of the Odyssey to mean by Aegyptus, not the country itself but its river, since the Pharos is even now nearly day's sail from the Canopic arm of the Nile. Any other theory is untenable; for this por

the Persian wars; but it is probable that it existed much earlier, since there is no other locality in this part of Thessaly to be compared to it for a combination of strength, resources, and convenience Hence it has been supposed that the city was probably named Phthia at a remote period, and was the capital of Phthiotis. (See Leake, Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 484.) Among its ruins there are some remains which belong apparently to the most ancient times. On one side of the northern gateway of the

Yet, long after its junction with the Delta, Pharos was spoken of as an island (waλaí vĥoos, Aelian, H. An. ix. 21; тожρóτεроv vñσos, Zonar. iv. 10). The southern portion of this rocky ledge (xopás) was the more densely populated; but the celebrated lighthouse, or the Tower of the Pharos, stood at the NE. point, directly in a line with point Pharillon, on the eastern horn of the New Port. The lighthouse was erected, at a cost of 800 talents, in the reign of Ptolemy I., but was not completed until that of his successor Philadelphus. Its architect was Sostratus of Cnidus, who, according to Pliny (xxxvi. 12. s. 18), was permitted by his royal patron to inscribe his own name upon its base. There is indeed another story, in which it is related that Sostratus, being forbidden to engrave his name on his work, secretly cut it in deep letters on a stone of the building, which he then adroitly covered with some softer and perishable material, on which were inscribed the style and titles of Ptolemy. Thus a few generations would read the name of the king, but posterity would behold the authentic impress of the architect. (Strab. xvii. p. 791; Suidas, s. v. Þápos; Steph. B. s. v.; Lucian, de Conscrib. Hist. c. 62.) Pharos was the seat of several temples, the most conspicuous of which was one dedicated to Hephaestos, standing near the northern extremity of the Heptastadium.

That Pharos, in common with many of the Deltaic cities, contained a considerable population of Jews, is rendered probable by the fact that here the translators of the Hebrew Scriptures resided during the progress of their work. (Joseph. Antiq. xii. 2. § 13.) Julius Caesar established a colony at Pharos, less perhaps to recruit a declining population than with a view to garrison a post so important as regarded the turbulent Alexandrians. (Caesar, B. Civ.iii. 112.) Subsequently the island seems to have been comparatively deserted, and inhabited by fishermen alone. (Montfaucon, Sur le Phare d'Alexandrie, Mém. de l'Acad. des Inscript. ix. p. 285.) [W. B. D.]

PHARPAR. DAMASCUS.] PHARRA'SII. [PRASII.] PHARSA'LUS (ápoaλos: Eth. tapoáλios: the territory is apoaλla, Strab. ix. p. 430), one of the most important cities of Thessaly, situated in the district Thessaliotis near the confines of Phthiotis, upon the left bank of the Enipeus, and at the foot of Mt. Narthacium. The town is first mentioned after

in the middle of the acropolis is a subterraneous construction, built in the same manner as the treasury of Atreus at Mycenae. Leake observes that Pharsalus "is one of the most important military positions in Greece, as standing at the entrance of the most direct and central of the passes which lead from the plains of Thessaly to the vale of the Spercheius and Thermopylae. With a view to ancient warfare, the place had all the best attributes of a Hellenic polis or fortified town: a hill rising gradually to the height of 600 or 700 feet above the adjacent plain, defended on three sides by precipices, crowned with a small level for an acropolis, watered in every part of the declivity by subterraneous springs, and still more abundantly at the foot by sources so copious as to form a perennial stream. With these local advantages, and one of the most fertile plains in Greece for its territory, Pharsalus inevitably attained to the highest rank among the states of Thessaly, and became one of the largest cities of Greece, as its ruined walls still attest." The city was nearly 4 miles in circuit, and of the form of an irregular triangle. The acropolis consisted of two rocky tabular summits, united by a lower ridge. It was about 500 yards long, and from 100 to 50 broad, but still narrower in the connecting ridge. Livy speaks of Palaepharsalus (xliv. 1), and Strabo distinguishes between Old and New Pharsalus. (Strab. ix. p. 431.) It is probable that at the time of these writers the acropolis and the upper part of the town were known by the name of Palaepharsalus, and that it was only the lower part of the town which was then inhabited.

Pharsalus is mentioned by Scylax (p. 25) among the towns of Thessaly. In B. c. 455 it was besieged by the Athenian commander Myronides, after his victory in Boeotia, but without success. (Thuc. i. 111.) At the commencement of the Peloponnesian War, Pharsalus was one of the Thessalian towns that sent succour to the Athenians. (Thuc. ii. 22.) Medius, tyrant of Larissa, took Pharsalus by force, about B. C. 395. (Diod. xiv. 82.) Pharsalus, under the conduct of Polydamas, resisted Jason for a time, but subsequently formed an alliance with him. (Xen. Hell. vi. 1. § 2, seq.) In the war between Antiochus and the Romans, Pharsalus was for a time in the possession of the Syrian monarch; but on the retreat of the latter, it surrendered to the consul Acilius Glabrio, B. C. 191. (Liv. xxxvi. 14.)

Pharsalus, however, is chiefly celebrated for the memorable battle fought in its neighbourhood between Caesar and Pompey, B. C. 48. It is a curious fact that Caesar has not mentioned the place where he gained his great victory; and we are indebted for the name to other authorities. The exact site of the battle has been pointed out by Leake with his usual clearness. (Northern Greece, vol. iv. p. 475, seq.) Merivale, in his narrative of the battle (History of the Romans under the Empire, vol. ii. p. 286, seq.), has raised some difficulties in the in