the sea. (Robinson, Biblical Researches, vol. iii. p. 433.)

PLATEA INS. (Πλατέα, Πλάτεα, Πλάταια, var. lect.; Herod. iv. 151, 153, 156, 169; λaтeía, Scyl. p. 46; Пaтaía, Пλαтeîα, Steph. B.; Stadiasm. § 41), an island off the shores of Libya, and on the side not far removed from the W. limits of Aegypt, where for two years in the seventh century B. C. the Theraean colonists settled before they founded Cyrene. It has been identified with the island of Bomba or Bhourda in the Gulf of Bomba. The island AEDONIA ('Aŋdovía, 'Andovís, Ptol. iv. 5. § 75), which Scylax (1. c.) and the Coast-describer (c.) couple with Platea, may then be referred to the small island Seal off the harbour of Batrachus; unless it be assumed that there is some mistake in our present charts, and that Aedonia or Aedonis and Platea be two different names for the same island. (Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 52; Barth, Wanderungen, pp. 506, 548.) [E. B. J.] PLAVIS (Piave), one of the most considerable rivers of Venetia, which has its sources in the Julian Alps, flows by the walls of Belluno (Belunum), and falls into the Adriatic sea between Venice and Caorle. Though one of the largest rivers in this part of Italy, it is unaccountably omitted by Pliny (iii. 18. s. 22), who mentions the much smaller streams of the Silis and Liquentia on each side of it; and its name is not found in any author earlier than Paulus Diaconus and the Geographer of Ravenna. (P. Diac. ii. 12; Geogr. Rav. iv. 36.)

[E. H. B.]

PLEGE'RIUM (Пλnyhρiov, Strab. xvi. p. 698), a place mentioned by Strabo, in the NW. part of India, in the state which he calls Bandobane, on the river Choaspes (now Attok). PLEGRA (Пλéypa), a town in the interior of Paphlagonia. (Ptol. v. 4. § 5.) [L. S.]

[V.]

PLEIAE (Пλéîai), a town of Laconia, mentioned by Livy (xxxv. 27) as the place where Nabis pitched his camp in B. c. 192, must have been situated in the plain of Leuce, which lay between Acriae and Asopus. [LEUCAE] The name of the place occurs in an inscription (Böckh, Inscr. no. 1444). From its position it would appear to be the same as the #aλaià Kwun of Pausanias (iii. 22. § 6), in which passage Curtius suggests that we might perhaps read ПAeîα Kúμn. (Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 328.) PLEISTUS. [DELPHI.]

PLEMMY'RIUM. [SYRACUSAE.]

PLERA, a town of Apulia, situated on the branch of the Via Appia which led from Venusia direct to Tarentum. It is supposed to be represented by the modern Gravina. (Itin. Ant. p. 121; Holsten. Not. ad Cluv. p. 281.) The name is written in many MSS. Blera. [E. H. B.]

PLERAEI (Пλnpaîo), a people of Illyricum, who lived upon the banks of the Naro, according to Strabo (vii. p. 315, seq.). Stephanus B. places them in Epeirus (s. v. Πλαραίοι).

PLESTINIA. [MARSI.]

PLEUMO XII, a Gallic people who were under the dominion of the Nervii (Caes. B. G. v. 39). Nothing more is known of them. The name is not quite certain, for there are variations in the MSS. It is clear that they were somewhere in Gallia and near the Nervii, as we may infer.

[G. L.]

PLEURON (Плeυpάv: Eth. Пλeupávios, also ПAuрaveús, Steph. B. s. v., Pleuronius), the name of two cities in Aetolia, the territory of which was called Pleuronia. (Strab. x. p. 465; Auson. Epitaph. 10.)

1. OLD PLEURON († walaià ñлevρúv, Strab. x. p. 451), was situated in the plain between the Achelous and the Evenus, W. of Calydon, at the foot of Mount Curium, from which the Curetes are said to have derived their name. Pleuron and Calydon were the two chief towns of Aetolia in the heroic age, and are said by Strabo (x. p. 450) to have been the ancient ornament (apóσxnua) of Greece. Pleuron was originally a town of the Curetes, and its inhabitants were engaged in frequent wars with the Aetolians of the neighbouring town of Calydon. The Curetes, whose attack upon Calydon is mentioned in an episode of the Iliad (ix. 529), appear to have been the inhabitants of Pleuron. At the time of the Trojan War, however, Pleuron was an Aetolian city, and its inhabitants sailed against Troy under the command of the Aetolian chief Thoas, the son (not the grandson) of Oeneus. (Hom. Il. ii. 639, comp. xiii. 217, xiv. 116.) Ephorus related that the Curetes were expelled from Pleuronia, which was formerly called Curetis, by Aeolians (ap. Strab. x. p. 465); and this tradition may also be traced in the statement of Thucydides (iii. 102) that the district, called Calydon and Pleuron in the time of the Peloponnesian War, formerly bore the name of Aeolis. Since Pleuron appears as an Aetolian city in the later period of the heroic age, it is represented in some traditions as such from the beginning. Hence it is said to have derived its name from Pleuron, a son of Aetolus; and at the very time that some legends represent it as the capital of the Curetes, and engaged in war with Oeneus, king of Calydon, others suppose it to have been governed by the Aetolian Thestius, the brother of Oeneus. Thestius was also represented as a descendant of Pleuron; and hence Pleuron had an heroum or a chapel at Sparta, as being the ancestor of Leda, the daughter of Thestius. But there are all kinds of variations in these traditions. Thus we find in Sophocles Oeneus, and not Thestius, represented as king of Pleuron. (Apollod. i. 7. § 7; Paus. iii. 14. § 8; Soph. Trach. 7.) One of the tragedies of Phrynichus, the subject of which appears to have been the death of Meleager, the son of Oeneus, was entitled

λeupával, or the "Pleuronian Women;" and hence it is not improbable that Phrynichus, as well as Sophocles, represented Oeneus as king of Pleuron. (Paus. x. 31. § 4.) Pleuron is rarely mentioned in the historical period. It was abandoned by its inhabitants, says Strabo, in consequence of the ravages of Demetrius, the Aetolian, a surname probably given to Demetrius II., king of Macedonia (who reigned B. C. 239-229), to distinguish him from Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Strab. x. p. 451.) The inhabitants now built the town of

2. NEW PLEURON (ʼn veшrépa Пλevρúv), which was situated at the foot of Mt. Aracynthus. Shortly before the destruction of Corinth (B. C. 146), we find Pleuron, which was then a member of the Achaean League, petitioning the Romans to be dissevered from it. (Paus. vii. 11. § 3.) Leake supposes, on satisfactory grounds, the site of New Pleuron to be represented by the ruins called To Kάστpov rs Kuplas Eiphvns, or the Castle of Lady Irene about one hour's ride from Mesolonghi. These ruins occupy the broad summit of one of the steep and rugged heights of Mt. Zygos (the ancient Aracynthus), which bound the plain of Mesolonghi to the north. Leake says that the walls were about a mile in circumference, but Mure and Dodwell describe the circuit as nearly two miles. The most remarkable

vantage of it to restore the Plataeans to their native city. (Paus. ix. 1. § 4; Isocrat. Plataic. § 13, seq.) But the Plataeans did not long retain possession of their city, for in B. c. 372 it was surprised by the Thebans and again destroyed. The Plataeans were compelled once more to seek refuge at Athens. (Paus. ix. 1. §§ 5-8; Diodor. xv. 46.) The wrongs done to the Plataeans by Thebes are set forth in a speech of Isocrates, entitled Plataicus, which was perhaps actually delivered at this time by a Plataean speaker before the public assembly at Athens. (Grote's Greece, vol. x. p. 220.) After the battle of Chaeroneia (B. C. 338) the Plataeans were once more restored to their city by Philip. (Paus. ix. 1. § 8, iv. 27. § 11.) It was shortly after this time that Plataea was visited by Dicaearchus, who calls the Plataeans 'Anvaîoi Bolwrol, and remarks that they have nothing to say for themselves, except that they are colonists of the Athenians, and that the battle between the Greeks and the Persians took place near their town. (Descript. Graec. p. 14, Hudson.)

The

After its restoration by Philip, the city continued to be inhabited till the latest times. It was visited by Pausanias, who mentions three temples, one of Hera, another of Athena Areia, and a third of Demeter Eleusinia. Pausanias speaks of only one temple of Hera, which he describes as situated within the city, and worthy of admiration on account of its magnitude and of the offerings with which it was adorned (ix. 2. § 7). This was apparently the temple built by the Thebans after the destruction of Plataea. (Thuc. iii. 68.) It is probable that the old temple of Hera mentioned by Herodotus, and which he describes as outside the city (ix. 52), was no longer repaired after the erection of the new one, and had disappeared before the visit of Pausanias. temple of Athena Areia was built according to Pausanias (ix. 4. § 1) out of a share of the spoils of Marathon, but according to Plutarch (Arist. 20) with the 80 talents out of the spoils of Plataea, as mentioned above. The temple was adorned with pictures by Polygnotus and Onatas, and with a statue of the goddess by Pheidias. Of the temple of Demeter Eleusinia we have no details, but it was probably erected in consequence of the battle having been fought near a temple of Demeter Eleusinia at Argiopius. (Herod. ix. 57.) The temple of Zeus Eleutherius (Strab. ix. p. 412) seems to have been reduced in the time of Pausanias to an altar and a statne. It was situated outside the city. (Paus. ix. 2. §§ 5-7.)

Plataea is mentioned in the sixth century by Hierocles (p. 645, Wesseling) among the cities of Boeotia; and its walls were restored by Justinian. (Procop. de Aedif. iv. 2.)

The ruins of Plataea are situated near the small village of Kókhla. The circuit of the walls may still be traced in great part. They are about two miles and a half in circumference; but this was the size of the city restored by Philip, for not only is the earlier city, before its destruction by the Thebans, described by Thucydides (ii. 77) as small, but we find at the southern extremity of the existing remains more ancient masonry than in any other part of the ruins. Hence Leake supposes that the ancient city was confined to this part. He observes that the masonry in general, both of the Acropolis and of the town, has the appearance of not being so old as the time of the battle. The greater part is of the fourth order, but mixed with portions of a

less regular kind, and with some pieces of polygona! masonry. The Acropolis, if an interior inclosure can be so called, which is not on the highest part of the site, is constructed in part of stones which have evidently been taken from earlier buildings. The towers of this citadel are so formed as to present flanks to the inner as well as to the outer face of the intermediate walls, whereas the town walls have towers, like those of the Turks, open to the interior. Above the southern wall of the city are foundations of a third inclosure; which is evidently more ancient than the rest, and is probably the only part as old as the Persian War, when it may have been the Acropolis of the Plataea of that age. It surrounds a rocky height, and terminates to the S. in an acute angle, which is only separated by a level of a few yards from the foot of the great rocky slope of Cithaeron. This inclosure is in a situation higher than any other part of the ancient site, and higher than the village of Kokhla, from which it is 500 yards distant to the E. Its walls are traceable on the eastern side along a torrent, a branch of the Oeroe, nearly as far as the south-eastern angle of the main inclosure of the city. In a church within this upper inclosure are some fragments of an inscribed marble." (Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 325) (Compare Friederich, Specimen Rerum Plataic. Berol. 1841; Münscher, Diss. de Rebus Plataeens. 1841.)

E

MAA

COIN OF PLATAEA.

PLATAMO'DES. [MESSENIA, p. 341, b.] PLATANISTAS. SPARTA.] PLATANISTON (Патaσтáv). 1. A foun tain in Messenia, near Corone. (Paus. iv. 34. § 4.) [CORONE.]

2. A river of Arcadia, aud a tributary of the Neda, flowing westward of Lycosura, which it was necessary to cross in going to Phigalia. (Paus. viii. 39. § 1; Leake, Morea, vol. ii. p. 10.)

PLATANISTUS (Пλатaviσтoûs). 1. The northern promontory of Cythera. (Paus. iii. 23. § 1.) 2. Another name of Macistus or Macistum, a town of Triphylia in Elis. [MACISTUS.]

PLATA'NIUS (Пaтávos), a river of Boeotia, flowing by Corseia into the sea. [CORSELA.]

This

PLA'TANUS (Пλaтavoûs), according to the Stadiasmus (§§ 178, 179), a coast-town of Cilicia Aspera, 350 stadia west of Anemurium. distance is incorrect. Beaufort remarks that "between the plain of Selinti and the promontory of Anamur, a distance of 30 miles, the ridge of bare rocky hills forming the coast is interrupted but twice by narrow valleys, which conduct the mountain torrents to the sea. The first of these is Kharadra; the other is halfway between that place and Andmur." The latter, therefore, seems the site of Pla tanus, that is, about 150 stadia from Anemuriuni. The whole of that rocky district, which was very dangerous to navigators, seems to have derived the name of Platanistus (Strab. xiv. p. 669) from Platanus. (Leake, Asia Minor, p. 200). [L. S.]

PLATANUS (Пdτavos, Polyb. v. 68; Steph. B. 8. v. Пλaтávn; Joseph. Ant. xvi. 11. § 1: Eth. Пλaтaveús), a town of Phoenicia, described by Josephus (l. c.) as a village of the Sidonians, and situated upon a pass between Mount Lebanon and

the sea. (Robinson, Biblical Researches, vol. iii. p. 433.)

PLATEA INS. (Πλατέα, Πλάτεα, Πλάταια, var. lect.; Herod. iv. 151, 153, 156, 169; Þλareía, Scyl. p. 46; Пaraías, Пλareîα, Steph. B.; Stadiasm. § 41), an island off the shores of Libya, and on the side not far removed from the W. limits of Aegypt, where for two years in the seventh century B. C. the Theraean colonists settled before they founded Cyrene. It has been identified with the island of Bomba or Bhourda in the Gulf of Bomba. The island AEDONIA ('Andovía, 'Andovís, Ptol. iv. 5. § 75), which Scylax (l. c.) and the Coast-describer (c.) couple with Platea, may then be referred to the small island Seal off the harbour of Batrachus; unless it be assumed that there is some mistake in our present charts, and that Aedonia or Aedonis and Platea be two different names for the same island. (Pacho, Voyage dans la Marmarique, p. 52; Barth, Wanderungen, pp. 506, 548.) [E. B. J.] PLAVIS (Piave), one of the most considerable rivers of Venetia, which has its sources in the Julian Alps, flows by the walls of Belluno (Belunum), and falls into the Adriatic sea between Venice and Caorle. Though one of the largest rivers in this part of Italy, it is unaccountably omitted by Pliny (iii. 18. s. 22), who mentions the much smaller streams of the Silis and Liquentia on each side of it; and its name is not found in any author earlier than Paulus Diaconus and the Geographer of Ravenna. (P. Diac. ii. 12; Geogr. Rav. iv. 36.) [E. H. B.]

PLÉGE'RIUM (ПIλŋyńptov, Strab. xvi. p. 698), a place mentioned by Strabo, in the NW. part of India, in the state which he calls Bandobane, on the river Choaspes (now Attok). [V.]

PLEGRA (Îλéypa), a town in the interior of Paphlagonia. (Ptol. v. 4. § 5.) [L. S.]

PLEIAE (Пcial), a town of Laconia, mentioned by Livy (xxxv. 27) as the place where Nabis pitched his camp in B. C. 192, must have been situated in the plain of Leuce, which lay between Acriae and Asopus. [LEUCAE.] The name of the place occurs in an inscription (Böckh, Inscr. no. 1444). From its position it would appear to be the same as the #aλaià кwμn of Pausanias (iii. 22. § 6), in which passage Curtius suggests that we might perhaps read İλeîαi kwμn. (Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 328.) PLEISTUS. [DELPHI.]

PLEMMY'RIUM. [SYRACUSAE.]

PLERA, a town of Apulia, situated on the branch of the Via Appia which led from Venusia direct to Tarentum. It is supposed to be represented by the modern Gravina. (Itin. Ant. p. 121; Holsten. Not. ad Cluv. p. 281.) The name is written in many MSS. Blera. [E. H. B.]

PLERAEI (Пλпpaĵo), a people of Illyricum, who lived upon the banks of the Naro, according to Strabo (vii. p. 315, seq.). Stephanus B. places them in Epeirus (s. v. Πλαραίοι).

PLESTINIA. [MARSI.]

PLEUMO'XII, a Gallic people who were under the dominion of the Nervii (Caes. B. G. v. 39). Nothing more is known of them. The name is not quite certain, for there are variations in the MSS. It is clear that they were somewhere in Gallia and near the Nervii, as we may infer.

[G. L.]

PLEURON (HIλevpúv: Eth. ПIλevрúvios, also Пeuршveús, Steph. B. s.v., Pleuronius), the name of two cities in Aetolia, the territory of which was called Pleuronia. (Strab. x. p. 465; Auson. Epitaph. 10.)

1. OLD PLEURON († walaià Tлeupúv, Strab. x. p. 451), was situated in the plain between the Achelous and the Evenus, W. of Calydon, at the foot of Mount Curium, from which the Curetes are said to have derived their name. Pleuron and Calydon were the two chief towns of Aetolia in the heroic age, and are said by Strabo (x. p. 450) to have been the ancient ornament (póσxnμa) of Greece. Pleuron was originally a town of the Curetes, and its inhabitants were engaged in frequent wars with the Aetolians of the neighbouring town of Calydon. The Curetes, whose attack upon Calydon is mentioned in an episode of the Iliad (ix. 529), appear to have been the inhabitants of Pleuron. At the time of the Trojan War, however, Pleuron was an Aetolian city, and its inhabitants sailed against Troy under the command of the Aetolian chief Thoas, the son (not the grandson) of Oeneus. (Hom. I. ii. 639, comp. xiii. 217, xiv. 116.) Ephorus related that the Curetes were expelled from Pleuronia, which was formerly called Curetis, by Aeolians (ap. Strab. x. p. 465); and this tradition may also be traced in the statement of Thucydides (iii. 102) that the district, called Calydon and Pleuron in the time of the Peloponnesian War, formerly bore the name of Aeolis. Since Pleuron appears as an Aetolian city in the later period of the heroic age, it is represented in some traditions as such from the beginning. Hence it is said to have derived its name from Pleuron, a son of Aetolus; and at the very time that some legends represent it as the capital of the Curetes, and engaged in war with Oeneus, king of Calydon, others suppose it to have been governed by the Aetolian Thestius, the brother of Oeneus. Thestius was also represented as a descendant of Pleuron; and hence Pleuron had an heroum or a chapel at Sparta, as being the ancestor of Leda, the daughter of Thestius. But there are all kinds of variations in these traditions. Thus we find in Sophocles Oeneus, and not Thestius, represented as king of Pleuron. (Apollod. i. 7. § 7; Paus. iii. 14. § 8; Soph. Trach. 7.) One of the tragedies of Phrynichus, the subject of which appears to have been the death of Meleager, the son of Oeneus, was entitled ПAeupévial, or the "Pleuronian Women;" and hence it is not improbable that Phrynichus, as well as Sophocles, represented Oeneus as king of Pleuron. (Paus. x. 31. § 4.) Pleuron is rarely mentioned in the historical period. It was abandoned by its inhabitants, says Strabo, in consequence of the ravages of Demetrius, the Aetolian, a surname probably given to Demetrius II., king of Macedonia (who reigned B. C. 239-229), to distinguish him from Demetrius Poliorcetes. (Strab. x. p. 451.) The inhabitants now built the town of

2. NEW PLEURON (ʼn veшτépa Пλeupév), which was situated at the foot of Mt. Aracynthus. Shortly before the destruction of Corinth (B. C. 146), we find Pleuron, which was then a member of the Achaean League, petitioning the Romans to be dissevered from it. (Paus. vii. 11. § 3.) Leake supposes, on satisfactory grounds, the site of New Pleuron to be represented by the ruins called τò KáστpOV Tĥs Kupías Elphons, or the Castle of Lady Irene about one hour's ride from Mesolonghi. These ruins occupy the broad summit of one of the steep and rugged heights of Mt. Zygos (the ancient Aracynthus), which bound the plain of Mesolonghi to the north. Leake says that the walls were about a mile in circumference, but Mure and Dodwell describe the circuit as nearly two miles. The most remarkable

remains within the ruined walls are a theatre about 100 feet in diameter, and above it a cistern, 100 feet long, 70 broad, and 14 deep, excavated on three sides in the rock, and on the fourth constructed of masonry. In the acropolis Leake discovered some remains of Doric shafts of white marble, which he conjectures to have belonged to the temple of Athena, of which Dicaearchus speaks (1. 55); but the temple mentioned by Dicaearchus must have been at Old Pleuron, since Dicaearchus was a contemporary of Aristotle and Theophrastus, and could not have been alive at the time of the foundation of New Pleuron. Dodwell, who visited the ruins of this city, erroneously maintains that they are those of Oeniadae, which were, however, situated among the marshes on the other side of the Achelous. Leake places Old Pleuron further south, at a site called Ghyfto-kastro, on the edge of the plain of Mesolonghi, where there are a few Hellenic remains. (Leake, Northern Greece, vol. i. p. 115, seq., vol. iii. p. 539; Dodwell, Tour through Greece, vol. i. p. 96, scq.; Mure, Tour in Greece, vol. i. p. 140, seq.)

PLINTHINE (Пλēívn, Strab. xvii. p. 799; Ptol. iv. 5. § 8; Steph. B. s. v.), the frontier town of Aegypt towards Libya. It stood at the head of the Plinthinetic bay, in latitude 29° 40' N., just within the Mareotic nome, but beyond the limits of the Delta proper. There are no remains enabling us to determine the exact site of this town; but it cannot have been far from Taposiris (Abousir), of which the ruins are still visible about 25 miles W. of Alexandreia. An inferior kind of wine was produced in this region of Aegypt; and Hellanicus (Fr. 155) says that the people of Plinthine originally discovered the virtues of the grape. (Athen. i. p. 34.) [W. B. D.]

PLOTINO'POLIS (Πλωτινόπολις, Ptol. iii. 11. § 13), a town of Thrace, on the road from Trajanopolis to Hadrianopolis, and connected with Heraclea by a by-road. (Itin. Ant. pp. 175, 322.) According to the Itinerary, it was 21 miles distant from Hadrianopolis. It was probably founded by Trajan at the same time with Trajanopolis, and named after his consort Plotina. It was restored by Justinian. (Procop, Aed. iv. 11.) Variously identified with Dejisr-Erkene, Bludin, and Demotica; but Pococke (iii. c. 4) thinks that the ruins near Uzun Kiupri belong to it. [T. H. D.] PLUMBA'RIA (Пλovμsapía, Strab. iii. p. 159), a small island on the S. coast of Spain, probably that off C. St. Martin. [T. H. D.] PLUVIA'LIA. [FORTUNATAE INSULAE.] PLUVINA, a town of Pelagonia, to which the consul Sulpicius retired in his campaign against Philip, B. C. 200. (Liv. xxxi. 39.) Its position must be looked for in one of the valleys watered_by the Erigon and its branches. [E. B. J.]

PNIGEUS. [PHOENICUS.]

POCRI'NIUM, in Gallia, a name which appears in the Table on a route from Aquae Bormonis (Bourbon l'Archambault) to Augustodunum (Autun). D'Anville finds a place named Perrigni, on the right bank of the Loire, E. by S. of Bourbon l'Archambault, and he thinks that both the name and the distance agree well enough with the Table. A French writer, cited by Ukert (Gallien, p. 467), places Pocrinium 1 leagues from Perrigny, near the village La Brosse, where old ruins have been found; and the place is called in old documents Pont Bernachon on the Loire. [G. L.]

PODALAEA (Ποδαλαία, Ποδαλλία, Ποδαλία, or Ποδάλεια: Εth. Ποδαλεώτης), a town of Lycia, situated in the neighbourhood of Limyra (Steph. B. 8. v.); but according to Ptolemy (v. 3. § 7) not far from the sources of the Xanthus in the north of Lycia. (Comp. Plin. v. 28; Hierocl. p. 683.) Sir C. Fellows (Lycia, p. 232, &c.) looks for its site further east towards Mount Solyma, where remains of an ancient town (Cyclopian walls and rock-tombs) near Almalec, are still found, and are known by the name of Eski Hissar, i. e. old town. [L. S.]

[E. H. B.]

PODANDUS (Пodavdós, Basil. Ep. 74, 75; It. Anton. p. 145; Пodevdós, Const. Porphyr. de Them. i. p. 19, Bonn; Пodavde ús, Const. Porphyr. Vit. Basil. c. 36; Opodanda, It. Hieros. p. 578), a town of Cappadocia distant 16 Roman miles from Faustinopolis, according to the Antonine Itinerary

(l. c.). It was situated near the Pylae Ciliciae. It is frequently mentioned by the Byzantine writers, and is said to have taken its name from a small stream which flowed near it. (Constant. Porphyr. Vit. Basil. c. 36; Cedren. p. 575; Joann. Scylitz. pp. 829, 844.) It is described by Basil as a most miserable place. "Figure to yourself," he 44 says, a Laconian Ceada, a Charonium breathing forth pestilential vapours; you will then have an idea of the wretchedness of Podandus." (Ep. 74.) It is still called Podend. (Cramer, Asia Minor, vol. ii. p. 134.)

PODO'CA (Ποδώκη οι Πουδώκη, Ptol. vii. 1. § 14; Пodovкn, Peripl. Mar. Erythr. c. 60), a place near the coast of Malabar, not far from the Cávery river. According to Bohlen (Ind. vol. i. p. 26), the name is a corruption of Podukeri (the new town). (Comp. also Ritter, vol. v. p. 516.) It is not unlikely that the name has been preserved in the

present Pondicherry (written in the Tamil language Puduchchery). Ptolemy mentions another place of the same name in the northern part of the island of Taprobane (vii. 4. § 10).

[V.] POECILA'SIUM, POECILASSUS (Пokiάσov, Ptol. iii. 15. § 3; Пokíλaσσos, Stadiasm. Magni Mar. p. 299, ed. Hoffmann), a town on the S. coast of Crete, placed by Ptolemy E. of Tarrha, between this place and the promontory Hermaea; but in the Stadiasmus W. of Tarrha, between this place and Syia, 60 stadia from the former and 50 from the latter. It is probably represented by the ruins near Trypeté, situated between the places mentioned in the Stadiasmus. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 264.)

POECILE (Пoixíλn), a rock on the coast of Cilicia, near the mouth of the Calycadnus, and on the east of Cape Sarpedon, across which a flight of steps cut in the rock led from Cape Zephyrium to Seleuceia. (Strab. xiv. p. 670; Stadiasm. Mar. M. § 161.) Its distance of 40 stadia from the Calycadnus will place it about Pershendi. Instead of any steps in the rock, Beaufort here found extensive ruins of a walled town, with temples, arcades, aqueducts, aud tombs, built round a small level, which had some appearance of having once been a harbour with a narrow opening to the sea. An inscription copied by Beaufort from a tablet over the eastern gate of the ruins accounts for the omission of any notice of this town by Strabo and others; for the inscription states it to have been entirely built by Fluranius, archon of the eparchia of Isauria, in the reigns of Valentinian, Valens, and Gratian.

[L. S.] POECILUM (Пokiλov, Paus. i. 37. § 8), a mountain in Attica, on the Sacred Way. [See Vol. I. p. 328, a.]

POEDICULI. [PEUCETIL.] POE'DICUM (Пoidiкóv), a place mentioned only by Ptolemy (ii. 14. § 3) as situated in the southeast of Noricum; it is commonly identified with the modern Adelsberg, on the river Poigk. [L. S.]

POEEESSA. [CEOS.]

POEMANE'NUS (Пoiμavηvós), a town in the south of Cyzicus, and on the south-west of lake Aphnitis, which is mentioned only by very late authors. It belonged to the territory of Cyzicus, was well fortified, and possessed a celebrated temple of Asclepius. (Steph. B. s. v. Пoμávivov; Nicet. Chon. Chron. p. 296; Concil. Constant. III. p. 501; Concil. Nicaen. II. p. 572; Hierocl. p. 662, where it is called Poemanentus.) Its inhabitants are called Poemaneni (Пouavnvoi, Plin. v. 32). Hamilton (Researches, ii. p. 108, &c.) identifies it with the modern Maniyas, near the lake bearing the same [L. S.]

name.

|

| that the city was considered as an ancient one, and certainly existed before the Roman conquest of Istria in B. c. 177, though its name is not mentioned on that occasion. It was undoubtedly the advantages of its excellent port that attracted the attention of the Romans, and led Augustus to establish a colony there, to which he gave the name of Pietas Julia. (Mel. Z. c.; Plin. iii. 19. s. 23.) Several of the still existing remains prove that he at the same time adorned it with public edifices; and there is no doubt that under the Roman Empire it became a considerable and flourishing town, and, next to Tergeste (Trieste), the most important city of Istria. (Strab. 1. c.; Ptol. iii. 1. § 27; Gruter, Inscr. p. 263. 7, p. 360. 1, p. 432. 8.) It is mentioned in history as the place where Crispus, the eldest son of Constantine the Great, was put to death by order of his father; and again, in A. D. 354, the Caesar Gallus underwent the same fate there by order of Constantius. (Ammian. Marc. xiv. 11.) After the fall of the Roman Empire in the West it continued to be a place of importance, and in a. D. 544 it was there that Belisarius assembled the fleet and army with which he was preparing to cross over to Ravenna. (Procop. B. G. iii. 10.) It probably partook of the prosperity which was enjoyed by all Istri during the period that Ravenna became the seat of empire, and which was continued throughout the period of the Exarchate; we learn from the Itineraries that it was connected by a road along the coast with Tergeste, from which it was 77 miles distant, while the direct communication by sea with Iadera (Zara) seems to have been in frequent use, though the passage was 450 stadia, or 56 Roman miles. (Itin. Ant. pp. 271, 496.)

Pola is remarkable for the importance and preservation of its ancient remains. Of these by far the most important is the amphitheatre, one of the most interesting structures of the kind still extant, and remarkable especially for the circumstance that the external circumference, usually the part which has suffered the most. is in this case almost entirely perfect. It is built on the slope of a hill, so that on the E. side it has only one row of arcades, while on the opposite side, facing the bay, it has a double tier, with an additional story above. It is 436 English feet in length by 346 in breadth, so that it exceeds in size the amphitheatre of Nismes, though considerably smaller than that at Verona. But its position and the preservation of its more architectural portions render it far more striking in aspect than either of them. Considerable remains of a theatre were also preserved down to the 17th century, but were destroyed in 1636, in order to make use of the materials in the construction of the citadel. There still remain two temples; one of which was dedicated to Rome and Augustus, and though of small size, is of very elegant design and execution, corresponding to the Augustan age, at which period it was undoubtedly erected. It has thence become a favourite model for study with Italian architects from the time of Palladio downwards. The other, which was consecrated to Diana, is in less complete preservation, and has been converted into a modern habitation. Besides these, the Porta Aurea, a kind of triumphal arch, but erected by a private individual of the name of Sergius, now forms the S. gate of the city Another gate, and several portions of the ancient walls are also preserved. The whole of these monuments are built of the hard white limestone of the country, closely approaching to marble, which adds