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much to their effect. Dante speaks of the environs of Pola, as in his time remarkable for the numerous sarcophagi and ancient tombs with which they were almost wholly occupied. These have now disappeared. (Dante, Inf. ix. 13.)

The antiquities of Pola have been repeatedly described, and illustrated with figures; among others, in the fourth volume of Stuart and Revett's Athens, fol. Lond. 1816, and in the Voyage Pittoresque de l'Istrie et de la Dalmatie, fol. Paris, 1802; also in Allason's Antiquities of Pola, fol., Lond. 1819.

The harbour of Pola is completely landlocked, so as to have the appearance of a small basin-shaped lake, communicating by a narrow channel with the sea. Off its entrance lies a group of small islands called the Isole Brioni, which are probably those called by Pliny Cissa and Pullaria. (Plin. iii. 26. s. 30.) The southernmost promontory of Istria, about 10 miles distant from Pola, derived from it the naine of Polaticum Promontorium. It is now called Capo Promontore.

[E. H. B.]

Camicus in Sicily in order to revenge the death of Minos (vii. 170; Steph. B. s. v.). Cramer (Ancient Greece, vol. iii. p. 380) supposes the ruins at Pólis S. of Armyro to be those of Polichna, which Pashley, however, regards as those of Lappa or Lampa. (Crete, vol. i. p. 83.)

POLICHNE (Пoλíxvn), a small town in the upper valley of the Aesepus in Troas (Strab. xiii. p. 603; Plin. v. 32; Steph. B. s. v. ; Hierocl. p. 662.) Respecting a place bearing the same name near Clazomenae, see CLAZOMENAE. [L. S.]

POLIMA'RTIUM (Bomarzo), a town of Etruria, not far from the right bank of the Tiber, and about 12 miles E. of Viterbo. The name is not found in any writer earlier than Paulus Diaconus (Hist. Lang. iv. 8), and there is therefore no evidence of its antiquity: but it is certain that there existed an ancient Etruscan city about 2 miles N. of the present village of Bomarzo. Some ruins and other slight vestiges of ancient buildings still remain, and numerous sepulchres have been discovered, some of which have yielded various objects of interest. One of them is adorned with paintings in the Etruscan style, but apparently not of early date. (Dennis's Etruria, vol. i. p. 214-226.) [E. H. B.]

POLISMA (6λioμa), a small place on the river Simoeis in Troas, was originally called Polion; but it was situated in an unsuitable locality, and soon decayed. (Strab. xiii. p. 601.) [L. S.]

POLEMO'NIUM (Пoλeμúviov), a town on the coast of Pontus, at the mouth of the small river Sidenus, 10 stadia from l'hadisane, and 130 from Cape Iasonium. (Arrian, Peripl. p. 16; Anonym. Peripl. | p. 11, &c.; Ptol. v. 6. § 4; Steph. B. s. v.) Pliny POLIS (Пóλis), a village of the Hyaea in Locris (vi. 4) places the town 120 Roman miles from Ami- Ozolis, which Leake supposes occupied the site of sus, which seems to be too great a distance. (Comp. Karútes, where he found an inscription. (Thuc. iii. Amm. Marc. xxii. 8; Hierocl. p. 702, where it is er- 101; Leake, Northern Greece, vol. ii. p. 620.) roneously called Toλeμóviov; Tab. Peuting.) Neither Strabo nor any writer before him mentions this town, and it is therefore generally believed that it was built on the site of the town of Side, which is not noticed by any writer after Strabo. Its name intimates that it was founded, or at all events was named, after one Polemon, perhaps the one who was made king of that part of Pontus, about B. C. 36, by M. Antonius. It had a harbour, and seems to have in the course of time become a place of considerable importance, as the part of Pontus in which it was situated received from it the name of Pontus Polemoniacus. The town was situated on the western bank of the Sidenus, where its existence is still attested by the ruins of an octagon church, and the remains of a massive wall; but the ancient name of the place is preserved by the village of Pouleman, on the opposite side of the river. (Hamilton, Researches, vol. i. p. 270.) [L. S.]

POLICHNA (Пoλíxva). 1. A town of Laconia, mentioned only by Polybius (iv. 36), is placed by Leake in the interior of the country on the eastern slope of Mt. Parnon at Réonda (rà 'Péovтa), where, among the ruins of a fortified town of the lower empire, are some remains of Hellenic walls. (Leake, Peloponnesiaca, p. 364.)

2. A town in the NW. of Messenia on the road from Andania to Dorium and Cyparissia. (Paus. iv. 33. § 6.) [DORIUM.]

3. A town of Megaris, mentioned only in a line of Homer, quoted by Strabo, for which the Athenians substituted another to prove that Salamis at the time of the Trojan War was a dependency of Athens. (Strab. ix. p. 394.)

4. (Eth. Пoλixvirns), a town of Crete, whose territory bordered upon that of Cydonia. (Thuc. ii. 85.) In B. c. 429 the Athenians assisted the inhabitants of Polichna in making war upon the Cydonians. (Thuc. 1. c.) Herodotus also mentions the Polichnitae, and says that this people and the Praesii were the only people in Crete who did not join the other Cretans in the expedition against

POLITORIUM (Πολιτώριον : Eth. Πολιτωρινος, Steph. B.), an ancient city of Latium, destroyed at a very early period of the Roman history. The account of its capture and destruction by Ancus Marcius comprises indeed all we know concerning it; for the statement cited from Cato (Serv. ad Aen. v. 564), which ascribed its foundation to Polites, the son of Priam, is evidently a mere etymological fiction. According to Livy and Dionysius, it was a city of the Prisci Latini, and was the first which was attacked by the Roman king, who made himself master of it with little difficulty, and transported the inhabitants to Rome, where he settled them upon the Aventine. But the Latins having soon after recolonised the deserted city, Ancus attacked it again, and having taken it a second time, entirely destroyed it, that it might not for the future afford a shelter to his enemies. (Liv. i. 33; Dionys. iii. 37, 38, 43.) The destruction appears to have been complete, for the name of Politorium never again occurs, except in Pliny's list of the cities of Latium that were utterly extinct. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) Its site is consequently involved in the greatest cbscu rity; the only clue we have is the circumstance that it appears in the above narrative associated with Tellenae, which is equally uncertain, and with Ficana, the position of which at Dragoncello, on the Via Ostiensis, may be considered as well established. [FICANA.] Nibby would place Politorium at a spot called La Torretta near Decimo, on the Via Laurentina; while Gell considers the remains of an ancient city that have been discovered at a place called La Giostra, on the right of the Via Appia, about a mile and a half from Fiorano and 10 miles from Rome, as those of Politorium no doubt that the ruins at La Giostra-consisting of considerable fragments of walls, built in a very massive and ancient style, and enclosing a long and

There can be

nities to have been united into one. (Urbesalvia
Pollentini, Plin. iii. 14. s. 18.) The URBS Salvia,
now Urbisaglia, is well known; and the site of
Pollentia must be sought in its immediate neigh-
bourhood. Holstenius places it at Monte Melone,
on a hill on the left bank of the Chienti between
Macerata and Tolentino, about 3 miles fom Urbi-
saglia on the opposite side of the valley. (Holsten.
Not. ad Cluv. p. 138.)
[E. H. B.]

narrow space, bordered by precipitous banks- -are those of an ancient Latin city; but whether they mark the site of Politorium, as supposed by Gell, or of Tellenae, as suggested by Nibby and adopted by Abeken, we are wholly without the means of determining. (Gell, Top. of Rome, p. 280; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. ii. p. 571, vol. iii. p. 146-152; Abeken, Mittel Italien, p. 69.) The ruins at La Giostra are more fully noticed under the article TELLENAE. [E. H. B.] POLLE'NTIA. [BALEARES.] POLLE'NTIA. 1. (Пoλλerría: Eth. Pollen- POLLUSCA or POLUSCA (Пoλovσкa: Eth. tinus: Polenza), a city of Liguria, situated in the Поλvσкavós, Polluscinus: Casal della Mandria), interior of that province, at the northern foot of the a city of Latium, which appears in the early history Apennines, near the confluence of the Stura and of Rome inseparably connected with Longula and Tanaro. It was about 7 miles W. of Alba Pompeia. Corioli. Thus, in B. C. 493, we find the three places It was probably a Ligurian town before the Roman enumerated in succession as reduced by the arms of conquest, and included in the territory of the Postumus Cominius; and again in B. c. 488 all Statielli; but we do not meet with its name in his- three were recovered by the Volscians under the tory until near the close of the Roman republic, command of Coriolanus. (Liv. ii. 33, 39; Dionys. when it appears as a town of importance. In B. C. vi. 91, viii. 36.) No subsequent mention of Pollusca 43, M. Antonius, after his defeat at Mutina, with- occurs, except that its name is found in Pliny, drew to Vada Sabata, intending to proceed into among the cities of Latium of which all trace had Transalpine Gaul; but this being opposed by his disappeared. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 9.) As its name is troops, he was compelled to recross the Apennines, there given among the places which had once shared with the view of seizing on Pollentia; in which he in the sacrifices on the Alban Mount, it is probable was, however, anticipated by Decimus Brutus, who that it was originally a Latin city, and had fallen had occupied the city with five cohorts. (Cic. ad into the hands of the Volscians; whence it is Fam. xi. 13.) Under the Roman Empire, Pollentia called, when first noticed in history, a Volscian city. is mentioned by Pliny among the "nobilia oppida Livy, indeed, appears to regard Longula and Pollusca which adorned the tract of Liguria between the as belonging to the Volsci Antiates, and therefore Apennines and the Padus. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 7.) It at that time mere dependencies of Antium. The had considerable manufactures of pottery, and the position of Pollusca, as well as that of Longula, must wool produced in its territory enjoyed great reputa- be in great measure matter of conjecture, but the tion, having a natural dark colour. (Plin. viii. 48. site suggested by Nibby, on a hill adjoining the s. 73, xxxv. 12. s. 46; Sil. Ital. viii. 597; Martial, Osteria di Cività, about 22 miles from Rome, on the xiv. 157.) It is incidentally mentioned as a muni- road to Porto d Anzo, has at least a plausible cipal town under the reign of Tiberius, having been claim to that distinction. The hill in question which severely punished by that emperor for a tumult that is included in the farm of the Casal della Mandria, occurred in its forum. (Suet. Tib. 37.) But its stands just at the bifurcation of the two roads that name is chiefly noted in history as the scene of a lead to Porto d' Anzo and to Conca: it was noticed great battle fought between Stilicho and the Goths by Sir W. Gell as the probable site of an ancient under Alaric, in A. D. 403. The circumstances of town, and suggested as one of those which might be this battle are very imperfectly known to us, and selected for Corioli: if we place the latter city at even its event is variously related; for while Clau-Monte Giove, the site more generally adopted, dian celebrates it as a glorious triumph, Orosius describes it as a dubious success, and Cassiodorus and Jornandes boldly claim the victory for the Goths. (Claudian, B. Get. 580-647; Prudent. in Symmach. ii. 696-749; Oros. vii. 37; Prosper. Chron. p. 190; Cassiod. Chron. p. 450; Jornand. Get. 30.) But it seems certain that it was attended with great slanghter on both sides, and that it led to a temporary retreat of the Gothic king. No subsequent mention is found of it, and we have no account of the circumstances of its decay or destruction; but the name does not reappear in the middle ages, and the modern Pollenza is a poor village. Considerable remains of the ancient city may still be traced, though in a very decayed condition; they include the traces of a theatre, an amphitheatre, a temple, and other buildings; and various inscriptions have also been discovered on the spot, thus confirming the evidence of its ancient prosperity and importance. (Millin, Voyage en Piémont, fc. vol. ii. p. 55.) The ruins are situated two miles from the modern town of Cherasco, but on the left bank of the Tanaro.

2. A town of Picenum mentioned only by Pliny, who among the "populi" of that region, enumerates the Pollentini, whom he unites with the Urbs Salvia in a manner that seems to prove the two commu

Pollusca may very well have been at the Osteria di
Cività; but the point is one which can never be
determined with certainty. (Gell, Top of Rome,
p. 183; Nibby, Dintorni, vol. i. p. 402; Abeken,
Mittel Italien p. 72.)
[E. H. B.]

POLTYOBRIA. [AENUS.]

POLYAEGUS (Пoλúarуos), a desert island in the Aegaean sea, near Melos. (Ptol. iii. 15. § 28; Plin. iv. 12. s. 23; Mela, ii. 7.) It is either Polybos, or perhaps Antimelos with its wild goats. (Ross, Reisen auf den Griech. Inseln, vol. iii. p. 26.) POLYANTHES. [AMANTIA.]

POLYANUS (Пoλúavos) a mountain in Epeirus mentioned by Strabo (vii. p. 327) along with To

marus.

POLY'BOTUS (Пoλúboтos), a place in the west of Phrygia Major, a little to the south-east of Synnada, is mentioned only by Hierocles (p. 677) and a few Byzantine writers (Procop. Hist. Arc. 18; Anna Comnen. p. 324; Concil. Nicaen. ii. p. 358), who, however, do not give the name correctly, but call it Polybatus or Polygotus. Col. Leake (Asia Min. p. 53) identifies the site of Polybotus with the modern Bulwudun, which he regards as only a Turkish corruption of the ancient name. [L. S.]

POLY'GIUM, a place on the south coast of Gallia, mentioned in the Ora Maritima of Avienus (v.611);

"Tenuisque censu civitas Polygium est,

Tum Mansa vicus oppidumque Naustalo." There is nothing to say about a place for whose site there is no sufficient evidence. Menard supposed it to be Bourigues on the Etang de Tau. The name seems to be Greek, and the place may be one of the Massaliot settlements on this coast. [NAUSTALO]. [G. L.] POLYME'DIUM (Пoλvμýdiov, Strab. xiii. pp. 606, 616; Polymedia, Plin. v. 30. s. 32), a small place in Mysia, between the promontory Lectum and Assus, and at the distance of 40 stadia from the former.

POLYRRHE'NIA (Пoλußßnvía, Ptol. iii. 17. § 10; Поλúðin, Поλúpηy, Steph. B. s. v., corrected by Meineke into Пoλußßnvía; Пoλλúppnya, Scylax, p. 18, corrected by Gail; Пoλupphov, Zenob. Prov. v. 50; Polyrrhenium, Plin. iv. 12. s. 20: Eth. Пoλuppvios, Polyb. iv. 53, 55; Strab. x. p. 479), a town in the NW. of Crete, whose territory occupied the whole western extremity of the island, extending from N. to S. (Scylax, p. 18.) Strabo describes it as lying W. of Cydonia, at the distance of 30 stadia from the sea, and 60 from Phalasarna, and as containing a temple of Dictynna. He adds that the Polyrrhenians formerly dwelt in villages, and that they were collected into one place by the Achaeans and Lacedaemonians, who built a strong city looking towards the south. (Strab. x. p. 479.) In the civil wars in Crete in the time of the Achaean League, B. C. 219, the Polyrrhenians, who had been subject allies of Cnossus, deserted the latter, and assisted the Lyctians against that city. They also sent auxiliary troops to the assistance of the Achaeans, because the Gnossians had supported the Aetolians. (Polyb. iv. 53, 55.) The ruins of Polyrrhenia, called Palaeokastro, near Kisamo-Kastéli, exhibit the remains of the ancient walls, from 10 to 18 feet high. (Pashley, Crete, vol. ii. p. 46, seq.)

POLYTIMETUS. [OXIA PALUS.]
POMETIA. [SUESSA POMETIA.]

POMPE'II (Поunnta, Strab.; Пoμo, Dion Cass.: Eth. Пourniavos, Pompeianus: Pompeii), an ancient city of Campania, situated on the coast of the beautiful gulf called the Crater or Bay of Naples, at the mouth of the river Sarnus (Sarno), and immediately at the foot of Mount Vesuvius. It was intermediate between Herculaneum and Stabiae. (Strab. v. p. 247; Pliny, iii. 5. s. 9; Mela, ii. 4. § 9.) All accounts agree in representing it as a very ancient city: a tradition recorded by Solinus (2. § 5) ascribed its foundation to Hercules; but Dionysius, who expressly notices him as the founder of Herculaneum, says nothing of Pompeii (Dionys. i. 44). Strabo says it was first occupied by the Oscans, subsequently by the Tyrrhenians (Etruscans) and Pelasgians, and afterwards by the Samnites (Strab. I. c.). It continued in the hands of these last, that is, of the branch of the nation who had assumed the name of Campanians [CAMPANIA], till it passed under the government of Rome. It is probable that it became from an early period a flourishing town, owing to its advantageous situation at the mouth of the Sarnus, which rendered it the port of Nola, Nuceria, and all the rich plain watered by that river. (Strab. I. c.) But we meet with no mention of its name in history previous to the Roman conquest of Campania. In B. c. 310 it is mentioned for the first time, when a Roman fleet under P. Cornelius touched there, and the troops on board proceeded from thence to ravage the territory of Nuceria. (Liv. ix. 38.) No sub

sequent notice of it occurs till the outbreak of the Social War (B. c. 91), in which it appears to have taken a prominent part, as the Pompeiani are mentioned by Appian apart from the other Campanians, in enumerating the nations that joined in the insurrection. (Appian, B. C. i. 39.) In the second year of the war (B. c. 89) Pompeii was still in the hands of the insurgents, and it was not till after repeated engagements that L. Sulla, having defeated the Samnite forces under L. Cluentius, and forced them to take refuge within the walls of Nola, was able to form the siege of Pompeii. (Appian, ib. 50; Oros. v. 18; Vell. Pat. ii. 16.) The result of this is nowhere mentioned. It is certain that the town ultimately fell into the hands of Sulla; but whether by force or a capitulation we are not informed; the latter is, however, the most probable, as it escaped the fate of Stabiae, and its inhabitants were admitted to the Roman franchise, though they lost a part of their territory, in which a military colony was established by the dictator, under the guidance and patronage of his relation, P. Sulla. (Cic. pro Sull. 21; Zumpt, de Colon. pp. 254, 468.) Before the close of the Republic, Pompeii became, in common with so many other maritime towns of Campania, a favourite resort of the Roman nobles, many of whom had villas in its immediate neighbourhood. Among others, Cicero had a villa there, which he frequently mentions under the name of "Pompeianum," and which appears to have been a considerable establishment, and one of his favourite residences. (Cic. Acad. ii. 3, ad Att. i. 20, ad Fam. vii. 3, xii. 20.) Under the Empire it continued to be resorted to for the same purposes. Seneca praises the pleasantness of its situation, and we learn both from him and Tacitus that it was a populous and flourishing town ("celebre oppidum," Tac. Ann. xv. 22; Sen. Nat. Qu. vi. 1). In addition to the colony which it received (as already mentioned) under Sulla, and which is alluded to in an inscription as "Colonia Veneria Cornelia" (Mommsen, Inscr. R. N. 2201), it seems to have received a colony at some later period, probably under Augustus (though it is not termed a colony by Pliny), as it bears that title in several inscriptions (Mommsen, l. c. 2230—2234).

In the reign of Nero (A. D. 59) a tumult took place in the amphitheatre of Pompeii, arising out of a dispute between the citizens and the newly-settled colonists of Nuceria, which ended in a conflict in which many persons were killed and wounded. The Pompeians were punished for this outbreak by the prohibition of all gladiatorial and theatrical exhibitions for ten years. (Tac. Ann. xiv. 17.) Only four years after, the city suffered severely from an earthquake, which took place on the 5th of February, A. D. 63. The expressions both of Seneca and Tacitus would lead us to suppose that it was in great part utterly destroyed; and we learn from existing evidence that the damage done was unquestionably very great, the public buildings especially having suffered most severely. (Sen. Nat. Qu. vi. 1; Tac. Ann. xv. 22.) The city had hardly recovered from this calamity, when it met with one far greater; being totally overwhelmed by the famous eruption of Vesuvius in A. D. 79, which buried Pompeii, as well as Herculaneum, under a dense bed of ashes and cinders. The loss of life in the former city was the greater, because the inhabitants were assembled in the theatre at the time when the catastrophe took place. (Dion Cass. lxvi. 23.) The younger Pliny, in his celebrated letters describing the eruption (Ep. vi. 16, 20), does not even notice the destruction of Pompeii or Her

culaneum; but his attention is directed principally to the circumstances of his uncle's death and the phenomena which he had himself witnessed.

From this time the name of Pompeii disappears from history. It is not noticed by Ptolemy; and it is certain that the city was never rebuilt. But the name is again found in the Tabula; and it thus appears that a small place must have again arisen on the site, or, more probably, in the neighbourhood, of the buried city. But all trace of Pompeii was subsequently lost; and in the middle ages its very site was entirely forgotten, so that even the learned and diligent Cluverius was unable to fix it with certainty, and was led to place it at Scafuti on the Sarno, about 2 miles E. of its true position. This difficulty arose, in great measure, from the great physical changes produced by the catastrophe of A. D. 79, which diverted the course of the Sarno, so that it now flows at some distance from Pompeii,-and at the same time pushed forward the line of the coast, so that the city is now above a mile distant from the sea, which in ancient times undoubtedly bathed its walls.

There is no reason to suppose that Pompeii in ancient times ever rose above the rank of a secondrate provincial town; but the re-discovery of its buried remains in the last century has given a celebrity to its name exceeding that of the greatest cities. The circumstances of its destruction were peculiarly favourable to the preservation of its remains. It was not overthrown by a torrent of lava, but simply buried by a vast accumulation of volcanic sand, ashes, and cinders (called by the Italians lapilli), which forms a mass of a very light, dry, and porous character. At the same time, it is almost certain that the present accumulation of this volcanic deposit (which is in most places 15 feet in depth) did not take place at once, but was formed by successive eruptions; and there is little doubt that the ruins were searched and the most valuable objects removed

soon after the catastrophe took place. This seems to be proved by the small number of objects of intrinsic value (such as gold and silver plate) that have been discovered, as well as by the fact that comparatively few skeletons have been found, though it appears certain, from the expressions of Dion Cassius, that great numbers of the inhabitants perished; nor have any of these been found in the theatre, where it is probable that the greatest loss of life occurred.

It was not till 1748 that an accidental discovery drew attention to the remains of Pompeii; and in 1755 regular excavations on the site were first commenced by the Neapolitan government, which have been carried on ever since, though with frequent intervals and interruptions. It is impossible for us here even to attempt to give any account of the results of these excavations and the endless variety of interesting remains that have been brought to light. We shall confine ourselves to those points which bear more immediately on the topography and character of the town of Pompeii, rather than on the general habits, life, and manners of ancient times. More detailed accounts of the remains, and the numerous objects which have been discovered in the course of the excavations, especially the works of art, will be found in the great work of Mazois (Les Ruines de Pompeii, continued by Gau, 4 vols. fol., Paris, 1812-1838), and in the two works of Sir W. Gell (Pompeiana, 1st series, 2 vols. 8vo. Lond. 1824; 2nd series, 2 vols. 8vo. 1830); also in the little work published by the Society of Useful Knowledge (Pompeii, 2 vols. 12mo. 1831). A recent French publication by Breton (Pompeia, 8vo. Paris, 1855), also gives a good account of the whole progress and results of the discoveries (including the most recent excavations) in a moderate compass and inexpensive form. The still more recent work of Overbeck (8vo. Leipzic, 1856), of which the first part only has yet appeared, contains an excellent compendium of the whole sub

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ject, with especial attention to the works of art discovered.

The area occupied by the ancient city was an irregular oval, about 2 miles in circumference. It was surrounded by a wall, which is still preserved round the whole of the city, except on the side towards the sea, where no traces of it have been found, and it seems certain that it had been pulled down in ancient times to allow for the extension of houses and other buildings down to the water's edge. The wall itself is in many places much ruined, as well as the towers that flank it, and though this may be in part owing to the earthquake of 63, as well as the eruption of 79, it is probable that the defences of the town had before that time

been allowed to fall into decay, and perhaps even intentionally dismantled after the Social War. There were seven gates, the most considerable and ornamental of which was that which formed the entrance to the city by the high road from Herculaneum: the others have been called respectively the gate of Vesuvius, the gate of Capua, the gate of Nola, the gate of the Sarnus, the gate of Stabiae, and the gate of the Theatres. The entrances to the town from the side of the sea had ceased to be gates, there being no longer any walls on that side. All these names are of course modern, but are convenient in assisting us to describe the city. The walls were strengthened with an Agger or rampart, faced with masonry, and having a parapet or outer

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