Rhapsian chiefs. From Rhapta they exported ivory | (inferior to that of Adulis), tortoise-shell (the next best in quality to that of India), rhinoceros-horn, and nauplius (a shell probably used in dyeing). These commercial features are nearly repeated at the present day in this region. The African still builds and mans the ship; the Arab is the navigator and supercargo. The ivory is still of inferior quality, being for the most part found in the woods, damaged by rain, or collected from animals drowned by the overflow of the rivers at the equinoxes. The hawksbill turtle is still captured in the neighbourhood of the river Govind, and on the shore opposite the island of Pata. (See Vincent, Voyage of Nearchus, vol. ii. pp. 169-183; Cooley, Claudius Ptolemy and the Nile, pp. 68-72.) [W. B. D.] RHAPTUM PROMONTORIUM. [RHAPTA.] RHAPTUS FLUVIUS. [RHAPTA.] RHASTIA ('Paoría), a town in the country of the Trocmi in Galatia, in Asia Minor, which is noticed only by Ptolemy (v. 4. § 9).

[L. S.] RHATOSTATHYBIUS ('PaTooтalú6tos, Ptol. ii. 3. §3), a river on the W. coast of Britannia Romana, according to Camden (p. 733) the Taf. [T.H.D.] RHAUCUS (Paukos, Scyl. p. 19; Polyb. xxxi. 1. § 1, xxxiii. 15. § 1: Eth. 'Paukios, fem. 'Paukia, Steph. B. s. v.). From the story told about the Cretan bees by Antenor in his "Cretica" (ap. Aelian. N. A. xvii. 35; comp. Diodor. v. 70), it seems that there were two cities of this name in Crete. The existence of two places so called in the island might give rise to some such legend as that which he mentions. Pashley (Crete, vol. i. p. 235) fixes the site of one Rhaucus at Haghio Miro, between Cnossus and Gortyna, and from its proximity to Mt. Ida infers that it is the more ancient.

COIN OF RHAUCUS.

[E. B. J.]

RHEBAS ('Ph6as), a very small river on the coast of Bithynia, the length of which amounts only to a few miles; it flows into the Euxine, near the entrance of the Bosporus, north-east of Chalcedon, and still bears the name of Riva. (Scylax, p. 34; Dionys. Per. 794; Ptol. v. 1. § 5; Arrian, Peripl P. E. p. 13; Marcian, p. 69; Plin. vi. 1; Steph. B. 8. v.) This little river, which is otherwise of no importance, owes its celebrity to the story of the Argonauts. (Orph. Arg. 711; Apollon. Rhod. ii. 650, 789.) It also bore the names of Rhesaeus and Rhesus (Plin. l. c.; Solin. 43), the last of which seems to have arisen from a confusion with the Rhesus mentioned by Homer.

RHEDONES. [REDONES.]

[L. S.]

RHE'GIUM (Phylov: Eth. 'Pryivos, Rheginus: Reggio), an important city of Magna Graecia, situated near the southern end of the Bruttian peninsula, on the E. side of the Sicilian straits, and almost directly opposite to Messana in Sicily. The distance between the two cities, in a direct line, is only about

nearest point of the island is somewhat less. There is no doubt that it was a Greek colony, and we huve no account of any settlement previously existing on the site; but the spot is said to have been marked by the tomb of Jocastus, one of the sons of Aeolus. (Heraclid. Polit. 25.) The foundation of Rhegium is universally ascribed to the Chalcidians, who had, in a year of famine, consecrated a tenth part of their citizens to Apollo; and these, under the direction of the oracle at Delphi, proceeded to Rhegium, whither they were also invited by their Chalcidic brethren, who were already established at Zancle on the opposite side of the strait. (Strab. vi. p. 257; Heraclid. l. c.; Diod. xiv. 40; Thuc. vi. 4; Seymn. Ch. 311.) With these Chalcidians were also united a body of Messenian exiles, who had been driven from their country at the beginning of the First Messenian War, and had established themselves for a time at Macistus. They were apparently not numerous, as Rhegium always continued to be considered a Chalcidic city; but they comprised many of the chief families in the new colony; so that, according to Strabo, the presiding magistrates of the city were always taken from among these Messenian citizens, down to the time of Anaxilas, who himself belonged to this dominant caste. (Strab. vi. p. 257; Paus. iv. 23. § 6; Thuc. vi. 4; Heraclid. I. c. 1.) The date of the foundation of Rhegium is uncertain; the statements just mentioned, which connect it with the First Messenian War would carry it back as far as the 8th century B.C.; but they leave the precise period uncertain. Pausanias considers it as founded after the end of the war, while Antiochus, who is cited by Strabo, seems to refer it to the beginning; but his expressions are not decisive, as we do not know how long the exiles may have remained at Macistus; and it is probable, on the whole, that we may consider it as taking place shortly after the close of the war, and therefore before 720 B. C. (Paus. I. c.; Antioch. ap. Strab. l. c.). In this case it was probably the most ancient of all the Greek colonies in this part of Italy. Various etymologies of the name of Rhegium are given by ancient authors; the one generally received, and adopted by Aeschylus (ap. Strab. l. c.), was that which derived it from the bursting asunder of the coasts of Sicily and Italy, which was generally ascribed to an earthquake. (Diod. iv. 85; Justin. iv. 1, &c.) Others absurdly connected it with the Latin regium (Strab. I. c.), while Heraclides gives a totally different story, which derived the name from that of an indigenous hero. (Heraclid. Polit. 25.)

There seems no doubt that Rhegium rose rapidly to be a flourishing and prosperous city; but we know almost nothing of its history previous to the time of Anaxilas. The constitution, as we learn from Heraclides, was aristocratic, the management of affairs resting wholly with a council or body of 1000 of the principal and wealthiest citizens. After the legislation of Charondas at Catana, his laws were adopted by the Rhegians as well as by the other Chalcidic cities of Sicily. (Heraclid. l. c.; Arist. Pol. ii. 12, v. 12.) The Rhegians are mentioned as affording shelter to the fugitive Phocaeans, who had been driven from Corsica, previous to the foundation of Velia. (Herod. i. 166, 167.) According to Strabo they extended their dominion over many of the adjoining towns, but these could only have been small places, as we do not hear of any colonies of importance founded by the Rhegians; and their ter

Rhegium appears to have participated largely in the political changes introduced by the Pythagoreans, and even became, for a short time after the death of Pythagoras, the head-quarters of his sect (Iambl. Vit. Pyth. 33, 130, 251); but the changes then introduced do not seem to have been permanent.

It was under the reign of Anaxilas that Rhegium first rose to a degree of power far greater than it had previously attained. We have no account of the circumstances attending the elevation of that despot to power, an event which took place, according to Diodorus, in B. C. 494 (Diod. xi. 48); but we know that he belonged to one of the ancient Messenian families, and to the oligarchy which had previously ruled the state. (Strab. vi. p. 257; Paus. iv. 23. §6; Arist. Po. v. 12; Thuc. vi. 4.) Hence, when he made himself master of Zancle on the opposite side of the straits, he gave to that city the name of Messana, by which it was ever afterwards known. [MESSANA.] Anaxilas continued for some years ruler of both these cities, and thus was undisputed master of the Sicilian straits: still further to strengthen himself in this sovereignty, he fortified the rocky promontory of Scyllaeum, and established a naval station there to guard the straits against the Tyrrhenian pirates. (Strab. vi. p. 257.) He meditated also the destruction of the neighbouring city of Locri, the perpetual rival and enemy of Rhegium, but was prevented from carrying out his purpose by the intervention of Hieron of Syracuse, who espoused the cause of the Locrians, and whose eninity Anaxilas did not choose to provoke. (Schol. ad Pind. Pyth. ii. 34.) One of his daughters was, indeed, married to the Syracusan despot, whose friendship he seems to have sought assiduously to cultivate.

Anaxilas enjoyed the reputation of one of the mildest and most equitable of the Sicilian rulers (Justin. iv. 2), and it is probable that Rhegium enjoyed great prosperity under his government. At his death, in B. c. 476, it passed without cpposition under the rule of his two sons; but the government was adininistered during their minority by their guardian Micythus, who reigned over both Rhegium and Messana for nine years with exemplary justice and moderation, and at the end of that time gave up the sovereignty into the hands of the two sons of Anaxilas. (Diod. xi. 48, 66: Herod. vii. 170; Justin. iv. 2: Macrob. Sat. i. 11.) These, however, did not hold it long: they were expelled in B. C. 461, the revolutions which at that time agitated the cities of Sicily having apparently extended to Rhegium also. (Diod. xi. 76.)

The government of Micythus was marked by one great disaster in B. C. 473, the Rhegians, having sent an auxiliary force of 3000 men to assist the Tarentines against the Iapygians, shared in the great defeat which they sustained on that occasion [TARENTUM]; but the statement of Diodorus that

We have very little information as to the history of Rhegium during the period which followed the expulsion of the despots; but it seems to have retained its liberty, in common with the neighbouring cities of Sicily, till it fell under the yoke of Dionysius. In B. c. 427, when the Athenians sent a fleet under Laches and Charocades to support the Leontines against Syracuse, the Rhegians espoused the cause of the Chalcidic cities of Sicily, and not only allowed their city to be made the head-quarters of the Athenian fleet, but themselves furnished a considerable auxiliary force. They were in consequence engaged in continual hostilities with the Locrians. (Diod. xii. 54; Thuc. iii. 86, iv. 1, 24, 25.) But they pursued a different course on occasion of the great Athenian expedition to Sicily in B. C. 415, when they refused to take any part in the contest; and they appear to have persevered in this neutrality to the end. (Diod. xiii. 3: Thuc. vi. 44, vii. 1, 58.)

It was not long after this that the increasing power of Dionysius of Syracuse, who had destroyed in succession the chief Chalcidic cities of Sicily, became a subject of alarm to the Rhegians; and in B. C. 399 they fitted out a fleet of 50 triremes, and an army of 6000 foot and 600 horse, to make war upon the despot. But the Messenians, who at first made common cause with them, having quickly abandoned the alliance, they were compelled to desist from the enterprise, and inade peace with Dionysius. (Diod. xiv. 40.) The latter, who was meditating a great war with Carthage, was desirous to secure the friendship of the Rhegians; but his proposals of a matrimonial alliance were rejected with scorn; he in consequence concluded such an alliance with the Locrians, and became from this time the implacable enemy of the Rhegians. (Ib. 44, 107.) It was from hostility to the latter that he a few years later (B. C. 394), after the destruction of Messana by the Carthaginians, restored and fortified that city, as a post to command the straits, and from which to carry on his enterprises in Southern Italy. The Rhegians in vain sought to forestal him; they made an unsuccessful attack upon Messana, and were foiled in their attempt to establish a colony of Naxians at Mylae, as a post of offence against the Messenians. (b. 87.) The next year Dionysius, in his turn, made a sudden attack on Rhegium itself, but did not succeed in surprising the city; and after ravaging its territory, was compelled to draw off his forces. (Ib. 90.) But in B. C. 390 he resumed the design on a larger scale, and laid regular siege to the city with a force of 20,000 foot, 1000 horse, and a fleet of 120 triremes. The Rhegians, however, opposed a vigorous resistance: the fleet of Dionysius suffered severely from a storm, and the approach of winter at length compelled him

Basle (Basilia), where the Rhine is about 800 feet above the sea, and here we may fix the termination of the Upper Rhine. The drainage of all that part of Switzerland which lies north of the Lake of Geneva and the Bernese Alps is carried to the Rhine by the Aar, which joins it on the left bank at Coblenz, one of the Roman Confluentes.

From Basle the Rhine has a general north course to Bonn, where it enters the low country which forms a part of the great plain of Northern Europe. This may be called the Middle Rhine. In this part of its course the river receives few streams on the left bank. The chief river is the Mosel (Mosella), which joins it at Coblenz (Confluentes). On the right bank it is joined by the Neckar (Nicer), the Main (Moenus), which joins it at Mainz (Moguntiacum), and the Lahn (Laugana), which joins it at Niederlahnstein.

Below Bonn the river has still a general north course past Cologne (Colonia Agrippinensis) as far as Wesel, where it is joined on the right bank by the Lippe (Luppia), and higher up by the Roer or Ruhr (Rura). Between Cologne and Wesel it is joined on the west side by the Erft. From Wesel its course is NW. and then west to Pannerden in the kingdom of the Netherlands. At Pannerden it divides into two branches, of which the southern is called the Waal (Vahalis), and the northern retains the name of Rhine. The Waal has the greater volume of water. It runs westward, and is joined at Gorcum on the left bank by the Maus (Mosa). The Maas itself divides several times after its junction with the Waal. The main branch is joined on the right side by the Leck, a branch which comes from the Rhine Proper at Wyck by Duurstede, and flows past Rotterdam into the North Sea.

The Rhine, which was divided at Pannerden, runs north to Arnheim (Arenacum), above which town it communicates with the Yssel at Does burg by a channel which is supposed to be the Fossa Drusiana, the canal of Drusus. [FLEVO LACUS.] The Yssel runs north from Doesburg to the Zuider Zee, which it enters on the east side below the town of Kampen. The Rhine runs westward from Arnheim, and at Wyck by Duurstede, as already said, sends off the branch called the Leck, which joins the Maas. The Rhine divides again at Utrecht (Trajectum): one branch called the Vecht runs northward into the Zuider Zee; the other, the Rhine, or Old Rhine, continues its course with diminished volume, and passing by Leiden enters the North Sea at Katwyck. The whole course of the Rhine is estimated at about 950 miles.

The delta of the Rhine lies between the Yssel, which flows into the Zuider Zee, and the Maas, if we look at it simply as determined by mere boundaries. But all this surface is not alluvial ground, for the eastern part of the province of Utrecht and that part of Guelderland which is between the Rhine, the Zuider Zee, and the Yssel contains small elevations which are not alluvial.

This description of the Rhine is necessary in order to understand what the ancient writers have said of it.

The first description of the Rhine that we possess from any good authority is Caesar's, though he had not seen much of it. He says (B. G. iv. 15) that it rises in the Alpine regions of the Lepontii, and passes in a long course along the boundaries of the Nantuates, Helvetii, Sequani, Mediomatrici, Triboci, and Treviri, in a rapid course. The name Nantuates

is corrupt [NANTUATES]. If we make the limits of the Treviri extend nearly to the Netherlands or the commencement of the low country, Caesar has shown pretty clearly the place where the Rhine enters the great plain. On approaching the ocean, he says, it forms many islands, and enters the sea by several mouths (capita). He knew that the Rhine divided into two main branches near the sea; and he says that one of the branches named the Vahalis (Waal) joined the Mosa (Maas), and formed the Insula Batavorum [BATAVORUM INSULA]. He speaks of the rapidity of the river, and its breadth and depth in that part where he built his wooden bridge over it. (B. G. iv. 17.) He made the bridge between Coblenz and Andernach, higher up than the place where the river enters the low country. He crossed the Rhine a second time by a bridge which he constructed a little higher up than the first bridge. (B. G. vi. 9.)

Those persons, and Caesar of course, who said that the Rhine had more than two outlets were criticised by Asinius Pollio (Strab. iv. p. 192); and Virgil (Aen. viii. 724, Rhenique bicornis) follows Pollio's authority. But if the Mosa divided as it does now, Caesar was right and Pollio was wrong.

Strabo, who had some other authorities for his description of the Rhine besides Caesar, and perhaps besides Caesar and Pollio, does not admit Pollio's statement of the Rhine having a course of 6000 stadia; and yet Pollio's estimate is much below the truth. Strabo says that the length of the river in a right line is not much above one-half of Pollio's estimate, and that if we add 1000 stadia for the windings, that will be enough. This assertion and his argument founded on the rapidity of the stream, show that he knew nothing of the great circuit that the Rhine makes between its source and Basle. He knew, however, that it flowed north, but unluckily he supposed the Seine also to flow north. He also made the great mistake of affirming that the county of Kent may be seen from the mouths of the Rhine. He says that the Rhine had several sources, and he places them in the Adulas, a part of the Alps. In the same mountain mass he places the source of the Aduas, or Addua (Adda), which flows south into the lake Larius (Lago di Como). [ADDUA.]

The most difficult question about the Rhine is the outlets. When Pliny and Tacitus wrote, Drusus the brother of Tiberius had been on the lower Rhine, and also Germanicus, the son of Drusus, and other Ronan commanders. Pliny (iv. 14) speaks of the Rhenus and the Mosa as two distinct rivers. In another passage (iv. 15) he says that the Rhine has three outlets: the western, named Helium, flows into the Mosa; the most northerly, named Flevum, flows into the lakes (Zuider Zee); and the middle branch, which is of moderate size, retains the name Rhenus. He supposed that there were islands in the Rhine between the Helium and the Flevum; and the Batavorum Insula, in which were the Canninefates also, is one of them. He also places between these two branches the islands of the Frisii, Chauci, Frisiabones, Sturii, and Marsacii. The Flevum of Pliny corresponds to the Flevo of Mela [FLEVO LACUS], who mentions this branch and only another, which he calls the Rhenus, which corresponds to Pliny's Rhenus. Mela mentions no other outlets. He considered the third to be the Mosa, we may suppose, if he knew anything about it

Taitus (Ann. ii. 6) observes that the Rhine