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our scanty knowledge goes, therefore, we must conclude that the two shores of the Sicilian strait were at one period peopled by the same tribe, who were known to the Greeks by the name of Sicels or Siculi; and that this tribe was probably a branch of the Oenotrian or Pelasgic race. The legends which connected these Siculi with those who were expelled from Latium seem to have been a late invention, as we may infer from the circumstance that Sicelus, who is represented by Antiochus as taking refuge with Morges, king of Italia, was called a fugitive from Rome. (Dionys. i. 73.)

3. The Siculi or Siceli were the people who occupied the greater part of the island of Sicily when the Greek colonies were first established there, and continued throughout the period of the Greek domination to occupy the greater part of the interior, especially the more rugged and mountainous tracts of the island. [SICILIA.] The more westerly portions were, however, occupied by a people called Sicani, whom the Greek writers uniformly distinguish from the Siculi, notwithstanding the resemblance of the two names. These indeed would seem to have been in their origin identical, and we find Roman writers using them as such; so that Virgil more than once employs the name of Sicani, where he can only mean the ancient Latin people called by Dionysius Siculi. (Virg. Aen. viii. 795, xi. 317.)

4. The traces of the Siculi on the western shores of the Adriatic are more uncertain. Pliny indeed tells us distinctly that Numana and Ancona were founded by the Siculi (Plin. iii. 13. s. 18); but it is by no means improbable that this is a mere confusion, as we know that the latter city at least was really founded by Sicilian Greeks, as late as the time of Dionysius of Syracuse [ANCONA]. When, however, he tells us that a considerable part of this coast of Italy was held by the Siculians and Liburnians, before it was conquered by the Umbrians (Ib. 14. s. 19), it seems probable that he must have some other authority for this statement; Pliny is, however, the only author who mentions the Siculi in this part of Italy.

SI'CULUM MARE (td Zikeλikdy wéλayos, Pol. Strab. &c.), was the name given in ancient times to that portion of the Mediterranean sea which bathed the eastern shores of Sicily. But like all similar appellations, the name was used in a somewhat vague and fluctuating manner, so that it is difficult to fix its precise geographical limits. Thus Strabo describes it as extending along the eastern shore of Sicily, from the Straits to Cape Pachynus, with the southern shore of Italy as far as Locri, and again to the eastward as far as Crete and the Peloponnese; and as filling the Corinthian Gulf, and extending northwards to the Iapygian promontory and the mouth of the Ionian gulf. (Strab. ii. p. 123.) It is clear, therefore, that he included under the name the whole of the sea between the Peloponnese and Sicily, which is more commonly known as the Ionian sea [IONIUM MARE], but was termed by later writers the Adriatic [ADRIATICUM MARE]. Polybius, who in one passage employs the name of Ionian sea in this more extensive sense, elsewhere uses that of the Sicilian sea in the same general manner as Strabo, since he speaks of the island of Cephallenia as extending out towards the Sicilian sea (v. 3); and even describes the Ambracian gulf as an inlet or arm of the Sicilia! sea (iv. 63, v. 5). Eratosthenes also, it would appear from Pliny, applied the name of Siculum Mare to the whole extent from Sicily to Crete. (Plin. iii. 5. s. 10.) The usage of Pliny himself is obscure; but Mela distinguishes the Sicilian sea from the Ionian, applying the former name to the western part of the broad sea, nearest to Sicily, and the latter to its more easterly portion, nearest to Greece. (Mel. ii. 4. § 1.) But this distinction does not seem to have been generally adopted or continued long in use. Indeed the name of the Sicilian sea seems to have fallen much into disuse. Ptoleiny speaks of Sicily itself as bounded on the N. by the Tyrrhenian sea, on the S. by the African, and on the E. by the Adriatic; thus omitting the Sicilian sea altogether (Ptol. iii. 4. § 1); and this seems to have continued under the Roman Empire to be the received nomenclature.

Strabo tells us that the Sicilian sea was the same which had previously been called the Ausonian (Strab. ii. p. 133, v. p. 233); but it is probable that that name was never applied in the more extended sense in which he uses the Sicilian sea, but was confined to the portion more immediately adjoining the southern coasts of Italy, from Sicily to the Iapygian promontory. It is in this sense that it is employed by Pliny, as well as by Polybius, whom he cites as his authority. (Plin. l. c.) [E. H. B.]

From these statements it is very difficult to arrive at any definite conclusion with regard to the ethnographic affinities of the Siculi. On the one hand, the notices of them in Southern Italy, as already observed, seem to bring them into close connection with the Itali and other Oenotrian tribes, and would lead us to assign them to a Pelasgic stock: but on the other it must be admitted that Dionysius distinctly separates them from the Pelasgi in Latium, and represents them as expelled from that country by the Pelasgi, in conjunction with the so-called Aborigines. Hence the opinions of modern scholars have been divided: Niebuhr distinctly receives the Siculi as a Pelasgic race, and as forming the Pelas-is gic or Greek element of the Latin people; the same view is adopted by O. Müller (Etrusker, pp. 10— 16, &c.) and by Abeken (Mittel Italien, p. 5); while Grotefend (Alt Italien, vol. iv. pp. 4-6), followed by Forbiger and others, regards the Siculi as a Gaulish or Celtic race, who had gradually wandered southwards through the peninsula of Italy, till they finally crossed over and established themselves in the island of Sicily. This last hypothesis is, however, purely conjectural. We have at least some foundation for supposing the Siculi as well as the Oenotrians to be of Pelasgic origin: if this be rejected, we are wholly in the dark as to their origin or

SICUM (Zikov, Ptol. ii. 16. § 4; Plin. iii. 22; Siclis, Peut. Tab.), a town of Dalmatia, to the E. of Tragurium, on the road to Salona, where Claudius said to have quartered the veterans. (Plin. l. c.) From its position it cannot be Sebenico, with which it has been identified, but may be represented by the vestiges of a Roman station to the NW. of Castel Vetturi, on the Riviere dei Castelli, where a column with a dedicatory inscription to M. Julius Philippus has been lately found, as well as much pottery and Roman tiles. (Wilkinson, Dalmatia, vol. i. p. 176.) [E. B. J.]

SICYON (8 and ǹ Zikvúv, also Zekuάv, Bekker, Anecd. p. 555: Eth. vários: the territory Kvwvía: Vasiliká.)

I. Situation.-Sicyon was an important city of Peloponnesus, situated upon a table-height of no great

Corinthian gulf. Strabo (viii. p. 382) correctly de- | scribes it as occupying a strong hill distant 20 stadia from the sea, though he adds that others made the distance 12 stadia, which may, however, have reference to the lower town built at the foot of the tableheight. Upon this height the modern village of Vasi-side of the Messenians along with the Argives and liká now stands. It is defended on every side by a natural wall of precipices, which can be ascended only by one or two narrow passages from the plain. A river flows upon either side of the hill, the one on the eastern side being the Asopus, and that on the western side the Helisson. When Sicyon was at the height of its power, the city consisted of three parts, the Acropolis on the hill of Vasiliká, the lower town at its foot, and a port-town upon the coast. The port-town was well fortified. (Zusovicov Auhy, Xen. Hell. vii. 3. § 2; Polyb. v. 27; Paus. i. 12. § 2; Strab. l. c.)

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state; and from this time its real history begins. It was at first dependent upon Argos (Paus. I. c.), which was for some time the most powerful state in the Peloponnesus, Sparta being second to it. In the First Messenian War the Sicyonians fought on the Arcadians. (Paus. iv. 11. § 1.) In the Second Messenian War, about B. c. 676, Sicyon became subject to the tyranny of the Orthagoridae, who governed the city for more than 100 years, and whose rule is praised by Aristotle (Pol. v. 9. § 21) for its mildness. The family of the Orthagoridae belonged to the non-Dorian tribe, and the continuance of their power is to be accounted for by the fact of their being supported by the original population against the Dorian conquerors. Orthagoras, the founder of the dynasty, is said to have been originally a cook. (Aristot. l. c.; Hellad. ap. II. History. Sicyon was one of the most an- Phot. cod. 279, p. 530; Liban. vol. iii. p. 251, ed. cient cities of Greece, and is said to have existed Reiske.) In other accounts Andreas is mentioned under the name of AEGIALEIA (Alyáλela, Paus. ii. as the first of the Sicyonian tyrants (Herod. vi. 5. § 6) or AEGIALI (Alyiaλoí, Strab. viii. p. 382) 126; Diod. Fragm. Vat. 14); and it is probable long before the arrival of Pelops in Greece. It was that he is the same person as Orthagoras, as the also called MECone (Mŋкúvn), which was appa- two names do not occur in the same author. He rently its sacerdotal name, and under which it is was succeeded by his son Myron, who gained a chacelebrated as the "dwelling-place of the blessed," riot victory at Olympia in B. C. 648; Myron by and as the spot where Prometheus instituted the Hel- Aristonymus; and Aristonymus by Cleisthenes. lenic sacrifices and deceived Zeus. (Steph. B. s. v. | (Herod. vi. 126; Paus. ii. 8. § 1, vi. 19. § 1.) The Ziku; Strab. viii. p. 382; Callim. Fragm. 195, p. latter was celebrated for his wealth and magnifi513, ed. Ernesti; Hesiod. Theog. 535.) Its name TEL- cence, and was also distinguished by his bitter CHINIA (TeλXivía) has reference to its being one of hatred against Argos, and his systematic endeavour the earliest seats of the workers in metal. (Steph. B. to depress and dishonour the Dorian tribes. He 8. v. Σικυών). Its name Aegialeia was derived changed the ancient and venerable names of the from a mythical autochthon Aegialeus, and points three Dorian tribes into the insulting names of Hyto the time when it was the chief city upon the atae, Oneatae, and Choereatae, from the three Greek southern coast of the Corinthian gulf, the whole of words signifying the sow, the ass, and the pig; which was also called Aegialeia. Its later name while he declared the superiority of his own tribe of Sicyon was said to have been derived from an by giving it the designation of Archelai, or lords of Athenian of this name, who became king of the the people. Cleisthenes appears to have continued city, and who is represented as a son of either Ma- despot till his death, which may be placed about rathon or Metion. (Paus. ii. 6. § 5.) This legend B. C. 560. The dynasty perished with him. He points to the fact that the early inhabitants of left no son; but his daughter Agariste, whom so Sicyon were Ionians. Aegialeus is said, in some many suitors wooed, was married to the Athenian traditions, to have been the son of Inachus, the Megacles, of the great family of the Alcmaeonidae, first king of Argos, and the brother of Phoroneus. and became the mother of Cleisthenes, the founder A long series of the successors of Aegialeus is given, of the Athenian democracy after the expulsion of among whom one of the most celebrated was the the Peisistratidae. The names given to the tribes Argive Adrastus, who, being expelled from his own by Cleisthenes continued in use for sixty years after dominions, fled to Polybus, then king of Sicyon, and the death of the tyrant, when by mutual agreement afterwards succeeded him on the throne. (Euseb. the ancient names were restored. (Herod. vi. 126 Chron. p. 11, seq.; August. Civ. Dei, xviii. 2; Paus.—131; Grote, Hist. of Greece, vol. iii. p. 43, seq.; ii. 6. §§ 6, 7.) Homer indeed calls Adrastus first Dict of Biogr. art. CLEISTHENES.) king of Sicyon (Hom. Il. ii. 572); and we know A Dorian reaction appears now to have taken that in historical times this hero was worshipped place, for during a long time afterwards the in the city. (Herod. v. 67.) Sicyon was subse-Sicyonians were the steady allies of the Spartans. quently conquered by Agamemnon, who, however, left Hippolytus on the throne; but Sicyon became a tributary city to Mycenae. (Paus. ii. 6. §§ 6, 7; Hom. I. ii. 572, xxiii. 299.) Hippolytus was the grandson of Phaestus, who was a son of Hercules; and in consequence of this connection, the inhabitants were not expelled or reduced to subjection upon the conquest of the city by the Dorians under Phalces, the son of Temenus; for while the Dorian conquerors, as in all other Doric states, were divided into three tribes under the names of Hylleis, Pamphyli, and Dymanatae, the original Sicyonians were formed into a fourth tribe, under the name of Argialeis, which possessed the same political rights as the other three. (Paus. ii. 6. § 7; Strab. viii. p. 389; Herod. v. 68.) Sicyon was now a Dorian |

In the invasion of Greece by Xerxes (B. c. 480), the Sicyonians sent a squadron of 15 ships to Salamis (Herod. viii. 43), and a body of 3000 hoplites to Plataea. (Herod. ix. 28.) In the interval between the Persian and Peloponnesian wars the territory was twice invaded and laid waste by the Athenians, first under Tolmides in B.C. 456 (Thuc. i. 108; Paus. i. 27. § 5), and a second time under Pericles, B. C. 454 (Thuc. i. 111; Diod. xi. 88). A few years later (B. C. 445) the Sicyonians supported the Megarians in their revolt from Athens. (Thuc. i. 114.) In the Peloponnesian War they sided with Sparta, and sent a contingent of ships to the Peloponnesian fleet. (Thuc. ii. 9, 80, 83.) In B. C. 424 the Sicyonians assisted Brasidas in his operations against the Athenians in the Megarid

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soon disappeared; but the city continued to remain upon its lofty site, which was better adapted than most mountain heights in Greece for a permanent population, since it contained a good supply of water and cultivable land. Pausanias (1. c.) represents the lower town as the original city of Aegialeus; but Col. Leake justly remarks, it is more natural to conclude that the first establishment was made upon the hill Vasilika, which, by its strength and its secure distance from the sea, possesses attributes similar to those of the other chief cities of Greece. Indeed, Pausanias himself confirms the antiquity of the occupation of the hill of Vasiliká, by describing all the most ancient monuments of the Sicyonians as standing upon it. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 367.)

After Demetrius quitted Sicyon, it again became subject to a succession of tyrants, who quickly displaced one another. Cleon was succeeded in the tyranny by Euthydemus and Timocleides; but they were expelled by the people, who placed Cleinias, the father of Aratus, at the head of the government. Cleinias was soon afterwards murdered by Abantidas who seized the tyranny, B. C. 264. Abantidas was murdered in his turn, and was succeeded by his father Paseas; but he again was murdered by Nicocles, who had held the sovereign power only

(1huc. iv. 70), and in the same year they repulsed
a descent of the Athenians under Demosthenes upon
their territory. (Thuc. iv. 101.) In B.C. 419 they
united with the Corinthians in preventing Alcibiades
from erecting a fortress upon the Achaean promon-
tory of Rhium. (Thuc. v. 52.) About this time
a democratical revolution appears to have taken
place, since we find the Lacedaemonians establishing
an oligarchical government in Sicyon in B.C. 417. |
(Thuc. v. 82.) In the wars of Lacedaemon against
Corinth, B. c. 394, and against Thebes, B. C. 371,
the Sicyonians espoused the side of the Lacedaemo-
nians. (Xen. Hell. iv. 2.§ 14, iv. 4. § 7, seq. vi.
4. § 18.) But in B. c. 368 Sicyon was compelled
by Epaminondas to join the Spartan alliance, and to
admit a Theban harmost and garrison into the
citadel. Euphron, a leading citizen of Sicyon,
taking advantage of these circumstances, and
supported by the Arcadians and Argives, succeeded
in establishing a democracy, and shortly after-
wards made himself tyrant of the city. But being
expelled by the Arcadians and Thebans, he retired
to the harbour, which he surrendered to Sparta.
By the assistance of the Athenians he returned
to Sicyon; but finding himself unable to dislodge
the Theban garrison from the Acropolis, he re-
paired to Thebes, in hopes of obtaining, by corrup-four
tion and intrigue, the banishment of his opponents
and the restoration of his own power. Here, how-
ever, he was murdered by some of his enemies.
(Xen. Hell. vii. 1—3; Diod. xv. 69, 70; Dict. of
Biogr. art. EUPHRON.) Sicyon seems, however, to
have been favorable to tyrants; for, after a short
time, we again find the city in their power. The
facility with which ambitious citizens obtained the
supreme power was probably owing to the antago-
nism between the Dorian and old Ionian inhabitants.
Demosthenes mentions two Sicyonian tyrants,
Aristratus and Epichares, in the pay of Philip (de
Cor. pp. 242, 324). In the Lamian war, after the
death of Alexander the Great, B. C. 323, the
Sicyonians joined the other Greeks against the
Macedonians. (Diod. xviii. 11.) The city subse-
quently fell into the hands of Alexander, the son of
Polysperchon; and after his murder in B. C. 314,
his wife Cratesipolis continued to hold the town for
Cassander till B.C. 308, when she was induced to
betray it to Ptolemy. (Diod. xix. 67, xx. 37.) In
B. C. 303, Sicyon passed out of the hands of Ptolemy,
being surprised by Demetrius Poliorcetes in the
night. It appears that at this time Sicyon consisted
of three distinct parts, as already mentioned, the
Acropolis, on the hill of Vasiliká, the lower city at
its foot, and the port-town. It is probable that
formerly the Acropolis and the lower city were
united with the port-town, by walls extending to the
sea; but the three quarters were now separated from
one another, and there was even a vacant space
between the lower town and the citadel. Seeing the
difficulty of defending so extensive a space with the
diminished resources and population of the city, and
anxious to secure a strongly fortified place, Demetrius
compelled the inhabitants to remove to the site of the
ancient Acropolis, which Diodorus describes as a
site very preferable to that of the former city, the
inclosed space being an extensive plain, surrounded
on every side by precipices, and so difficult of access
that it would not be possible to attack the walls with
machines." This new city was called Demetrias.
(Diod. xx. 102; Plut. Demetr. 25; Paus. ii. 7.

66

months, when the young Aratus surprised the citadel of Sicyon, and delivered his native city from the tyrant, B. c. 251. (Paus. ii. 8. §§ 1-3; Plut, Arat. 2.) Through the influence of Aratus, Sicyon now joined the Achaean League, and was one of the most important cities of the confederacy. (Paus. ii. 8. § 3; Plut. Arat. 9; Polyb. ii. 43.) In consequence of its being a member of the league, its territory was devastated, both by Cleomenes, B. C. 233 (Plut. Arat. 41, Cleom. 19; Polyb. ii. 52), and by the Aetolians, B. C. 221. (Polyb. iv. 13.) In the Roman wars in Greece, Sicyon was favoured by Attalus, who bestowed handsome presents upon it. (Polyb. xvii. 16; Liv. xxxii. 40.) The conquest of Corinth by the Romans, B. C. 146, was to the advantage of Sicyon, for it obtained the greater part of the neighbouring territory and the administration of the Isthmian games. (Paus. ii. 2. § 2.) But even before Corinth was rebuilt, Sicyon again declined, and appears in an impoverished state towards the end of the Republic. (Cic. ad Att. i. 19, 20, ii. 1.) After the restoration of Corinth, it still further declined, and its ruin was completed by an earthquake, which destroyed a great part of the city, so that Pausanias found it almost depopulated (ii. 7. § 1). The city, however, still continued to exist in the sixth century of the Christian era; for Hierocles (p. 646, Wess.) mentions New Sicyon (Néa ZKvάv) among the chief cities of Achaia. The maritime town was probably Old Sicyon. Under the Byzantine empire Sicyon was called Hellas, and the inhabitants Helladici, probably in contradistinction to the surrounding Slavonic inhabitants. (Σικυών, ἡ νῦν Ἑλλάς, Suidas ; τῶν Σικυωνίων Tŵv vvvì λeyoμévwv 'Exλadıkŵv, Malala, iv. p. 68, Bonn.) The name Vasilika (τὰ Βασιλικά) has reference to the ruins of the temples and other public buildings.

III. Art, &c.-Sicyon is more renowned in the artistic than in the political history of Greece. For a long time it was one of the chief seats of Grecian art, and was celebrated alike for its painters and sculptors. According to one tradition painting was invented at Sicyon, where Telephanes was the first

(Plin. xxxv. 3. s. 15); and the city long remained the home of painting ("diu illa fuit patria picturae," Plin. xxxv. 11. s. 40). Sicyon gave its name to one of the great schools of painting, which was founded by Eupompus, and which produced Pamphilus and Apelles. (Plin. xxxv. 10. s. 36.) Sicyon was likewise the earliest school of statuary in Greece, which was introduced into the city by Dipoenus and Scyllis from Crete about B. c. 560 (Plin. xxxvi. 4); but its earliest native statuary of celebrity was Canachus. Lysippus was also a native of Sicyon. (Dict. of Biogr. s. vv.) The city was thus rich in works of art; but its most valuable paintings, which the Sicyonians had been obliged to give in pledge on account of their debts, were removed to Rome in the aedileship of M. Scaurus, to adorn his theatre. (Plin. xxxv. 11. s. 40.)

Sicyon was likewise celebrated for the taste and skill displayed in the various articles of dress made by its inhabitants, among which we find mention of a particular kind of shoe, which was much prized in all parts of Greece. (Athen. iv. p. 155; Pollux, vii. 93; Hesych. s. v. Zikuwvía; Auctor, ad Herenn. iv. 3, de Orat. i. 54; Lucret. iv. 1121; Fest. s. v. Sicyonia.)

IV. Topography of the City.-Few cities in Greece were more finely situated than Sicyon. The hill on which it stood commands a most splendid view. Towards the west is seen the plain so celebrated for its fertility; towards the east the prospect is bounded by the lofty hill of the Acrocorinthus; while in front lies the sea, with the noble mountains of Parnassus, Helicon, and Cithaeron rising from the opposite coast, the whole forming a charming prospect, which cannot have been without influence in cultivating the love for the fine arts, for which the city was distinguished. The hill of Sicyon is a tabular summit of a triangular shape, and is divided into an upper and a lower level by a low ridge of rocks stretching right across it, and forming an abrupt separation between the two levels. The upper level, which occupies the southern point of the triangle, and is about a third of the whole, was the Acropolis in the time of Pausanias ( vuv Ακρόπολις, ii. 7. § 5).

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the tomb of Eupolis of Athens, the comic poet. After passing some other sepulchral monuments, he entered the city by the Corinthian gate, where was a fountain dropping down from the overhanging rocks, which was therefore called Stazusa (ráSovra), or the dropping fountain. This fountain has now disappeared in consequence of the falling in of the rocks. Upon entering the city Pausanias first crossed the ledge of rocks dividing the upper from the lower level, and passed into the Acropolis. Here he noticed temples of Tyche and the Dioscuri, of which there are still some traces. Below the Acropolis was the theatre, the remains of which are found, in conformity with the description of Pausanias, in the ledge of rocks separating the two levels On the stage of the theatre stood the statue of a man with a shield, said to have been that of Aratus. Near the theatre was the temple of Dionysus, from which a road led past the ruined temple of Artemis Limnaea to the Agora. At the entrance of the Agora was the temple of Peitho or Persuasion: and in the Agora the temple of Apollo, which appears to have been the chief sanctuary in Sicyon. The festival of Apollo at Sicyon is celebrated in the ninth Nemean ode of Pindar; and Aratus, when he delivered his native city from its tyrant, gave as the watchword 'ATÓ TEрSéios. (Plut. Arat. 7.) In the time of Polybius (xvii. 16) a brazen colossal statue of king Attalus I., 10 cubits high, stood in the Agora near the temple of Apollo; but this statue is not mentioned by Pausanias, and had therefore probably disappeared. (Paus. ii. 7. §§ 2-9.) Near the temple of Peitho was a sanctuary consecrated to the Roman emperors, and formerly the house of the tyrant Cleon. Before it stood the heroum of Aratus (Paus. ii. 8. § 8), and near it an altar of the Isthmian Poseidon, and statues of Zeus Meilichius and of Artemis Patroa, the former resembling a pyramid, the latter a column. In the Agora were also the council-house (BovλevThptor), and a stoa built by Cleisthenes out of the spoils of Cirrha; likewise a brazen statue of Zeus, the work of Lysippus, a gilded statue of Artemis, a ruined temple of Apollo Lyceius, and statues of the daughters of Proetus, of Hercules, and of Hermes Agoraeus. (Paus. ii. 9. §§ 6, 7.) The Poecile Stoa or painted stoa, was probably in the Agora, but is not mentioned by Pausanias. It was adorned with numerous paintings, which formed the subject of a work of Polemon. (Athen. xiii. p. 577).

Pausanias then proceeded to the Gymnasium, which he describes as not far from the Agora. The Gymnasium contained a marble statue of Hercules by Scopas; and in another part a temple of Hercules in a sacred inclosure, named Paedize. From thence a road led to two large inclosures, sacred to Asclepius and Aphrodite, both of which were adorned with several statues and buildings. From the Aphrodisium Pausanias went past the temple of Artemis Pheraea to the gyinnasium of Cleinias, which was used for the training of the Ephebi, and which contained statues of Artemis and Hercules. (Paus. ii. 10.) It is evident that this gymnasium was different from the one already described, as Pausanias continues his course towards the sea-side. From thence he turns towards the gate of the city called the Sacred, near which there formerly stood a celebrated temple of Athena, built by Epopeus, one of the mythical kings of Sicyon, but which had been burnt by lightning, and of which nothing then remained but the altar: this temple may perhaps have been

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the one sacred to Athena Colocasia, mentioned by | Athenaeus (iii. p. 72). There were two adjoining temples, one sacred to Artemis and Apollo, built by Epopeus, and the other sacred to Hera, erected by Adrastus, who was himself worshipped by the people of Sicyon (Herod. v. 68; Pind. Nem. ix. 20). There can be little doubt that these ancient temples stood in the original Acropolis of Sicyon; and indeed Pausanias elsewhere (ii. 5. § 6) expressly states that the ancient Acropolis occupied the site of the temple of Athena. We may place these temples near the northern edge of the hill upon the site of the modern village of Vasiliká; and accordingly the

remarkable opening in the rocks near the village may be regarded as the position of the Sacred Gate, leading into the ancient Acropolis. (Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 372.)

In descending from the Heraeum, on the road to the plain, was a temple of Demeter; and close to the Heraeum were the ruins of the temple of Apollo Carneius and Hera Prodromia, of which the latter was founded by Phalces, the son of Temenus. (Paus. ii. 11. §§ 1, 2.)

The walls of Sicyon followed the edge of the whole hill, and may still be traced in many parts. The direction of the ancient streets may also still be

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PLAN OF THE RUINS OF SICYON (from the French Commission).

A. Acropolis from the time of Demetrius.

1. Temple of Tyche and the Dioscuri.

2. Theatre.

3. Stadium.

4. Probable site of the Gymnasium.

5. Probable site of the Agora.

6. Roman Building.

a a Road from the lake of Stymphalus to Vasilika

and Corinth.

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