followed by the existing foundations of the houses: they run with mathematical precision from NE. to SW.. and from NW. to SE., thus following the rule of Vitruvius. Few of the ruins rise above the ground; but there is a Roman building better preserved, and containing several chambers, which lies near the ridge separating the two levels of the hill. Leake supposes that this building was probably the praetorium of the Roman governor during the period between the destruction of Corinth by Mummius and its restoration by Julius Caesar, when Sicyon was the capital of the surrounding country; but more recent observers are inclined to think that the ruins are those of baths. West of this building are the theatre and the stadium; and the modern road which leads from Vasiliká to Stymphalus runs between this Roman building and the theatre and then through a portion of the stadium. The theatre was cut out of the rock, separating the two levels of the hill, as already described; its total diameter was about 400 feet, and that of the orchestra 100. Each wing was supported by a mass of inasonry, penetrated by an arched passage. To the NW. of the theatre are the remains of the stadium, of which the total length, including the seats at the circular end, is about 680 feet. Col. Leake remarks that "the stadium resembles that of Messene, in having had seats which were not continued through the whole length of the sides. About 80 feet of the rectilinear extremity had no seats; and this part, instead of being excavated out of the hill like the rest, is formed of factitious ground, supported at the end by a wall of polygonal masonry, which still exists." There are also, in various parts of the hill, remains of several subterraneous aqueducts, which supplied the town with water. The opening of one of them is seen on the SE. side of the theatre; and there is another opening now walled up W. of the modern village. The tyrant Nicocles escaped through these subterraneous passages when Sicyon was taken by Aratus. (Plut. Arat. 9.)

V. Topography of the Sicyonia.- The territory of Sicyon was very small, and, in fact, was little more than the valley of the Asopus. In the upper part of its course the valley of the Asopus is confined between mountains, but near the sea it opens out into a wide plain, which was called ASOPIA. ('Aownia, Strab. viii. p. 382, ix. p. 408; Paus. ii. 1. § 1.) This plain was celebrated for its fertility (μέγα φρονεῖν ἐπὶ τῷ τὸ Σικυώνιον πεδίον γεωργεῖν, Lucian, Icarom. c. 18), and was especially adapted for the cultivation of the olive. ("Sicyonia bacca," Virg. Georg. ii. 519; Ov. Ep. ex Pont. iv. 15. 10; Stat. Theb. iv. 50.) The neighbouring sea supplied an abundance of excellent fish. (Athen. i. p. 27.) It was separated from the Corinthia on the E. by the river Nemea, and from the territory of Pellene on the W. by the Sythas; and on the S. it was bounded by the territories of Phlius and Cleonae. At one time the territory of Sicyon must have extended even beyond the Sythas, since GONUSSA or DONUSSA, which lay W. of this river, is described by Pausanias as belonging to the Sicyonians. [PELLENE, p. 571, a.] Between the Helisson and the Sythas was probably the river Selleeis, with the neighbouring village of Ephyra, mentioned by Strabo (viii. p. 338). [EPHYRA, No. 3.] Sixty stadia S. of Sicyon, and near the frontiers of Phliasia, was Titane or Titana, the most important of the dependencies of Sicyon. [TITANE.] Forty stadia beyond Titane was Phlius; but this road, which

was too narrow for carriages, was not the direct road from Sicyon to Phlius. The direct road was to the right of the Asopus; and the circuitous road through Titane to the left of that river. Between these two roads, at the distance of 20 stadia from Sicyon, was a sacred grove, containing a temple of the Eumenides. (Paus. ii. 11. § 3, seq.) East of Sicyon was Epieicia, on the river Nemea. [EPIEICIA.] In the same direction was the fortress DERAE. (Aépaι, Xen. Hell. vii. 1. § 22.) There was also a fortress Phoebia, taken by Epaminondas in his march through the valley of the Asopus: it is probably the same place as Buphia. [BUPHIA.] Strabo (ix. p. 412) mentions a demus Plataeae in the Sicyonia. (Hagen, Sicyonia, Regimont. 1831; Gompf, Sicyoniacorum Spec. Berol. 1832, Torg. 1834; Bobrik, De Sicyoniae Topographia, Regimont. 1839; Leake, Morea, vol. iii. p. 351, seq.; Boblaye, Recherches, fc. p. 30, seq.; Ross, Reisen im Pelo. ponnes, p. 39, seq.; Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 482, seq.; Beulé, Etudes sur le Péloponèse, p. 343, seq.)

SIDAE (ida), a place in Boeotia, celebrated for its pomegranates. Hence the Boeotians called this fruit oion, though the more usual name was poid. As the Athenians are said to have contended with the Boeotians for the possession of the place, it must have been upon the borders of Attica, but its exact site is unknown. (Athen. xiv. pp. 650, 651.)

SIDE (ion: Eth. Zidhrns), a town with a good harbour on the coast of Pamphylia, 50 stadia to the west of the river Melas, and 350 east of Attaleia. (Stad. Mar. Mag. § 214, foll.) The town was founded by Cumae in Aeolis. (Seylax, Peripl. p. 40; Strab. xiv. p. 667, comp. p. 664; Steph. B. s. v.; Pomp. Mela, i. 15.) Arrian (Anab, i. 26), who admits the Cumaean origin of the place, relates a tradition current at Side itself, according to which the Sidetae were the most ancient colonists sent out from Cumae, but soon after their establishment in their new home forgot the Greek language, and formed a peculiar idiom for themselves, which was not understood even by the neighbouring barbarians. When Alexander appeared before Side, it surrendered and received a Macedonian garrison. In the time of Antiochus the Great, a naval engagement took place off Side between the fleet of Antiochus, commanded by Hannibal, and that of the Rhodians, in which the former was defeated. (Liv. XXXV. 13, 18, xxxvii. 23, 24.) Polybius (v. 73) states that there existed great enmity between the people of Side and Aspendus. At the time when the pirates had reached their highest power in the Mediterranean, they made Side their principal port, and used it as a market to dispose of their prisoners and booty by auction. (Strab. xiv. p. 664.) Side continued to be a town of considerable importance under the Roman emperors, and in the ultimate division of the province it became the metropolis of Pamphylia Prima. (Hierocl.

p. 682; Concil. Const. ii. p. 240.) The chief divinity of this city was Athena, who is therefore seen represented on its coins, holding a pomegranate (σion) in her hand. (Sestini, Num. Vet. p. 392, foll.; comp. Xenoph. Anab. i. 2. § 12; Cicero, ad Fam. iii. 6; Athen. viii. p. 350; Paus. viii. 28. § 2; Ptol. v. 5. § 2, viii. 17. § 31.) The exact site of ancient Side, which is now called Esky Adalia, as well as its remains, have been described by modern travellers. Beaufort (Karamania, p. 146, foll), who gives an excellent plan of the present condition of the place, states that the city stood on a low peninsula, and was surrounded by walls; the part facing the land was of excellent workmanship, and much of it is still perfect. There were four gates, one from the country and three from the sea. The agora, 180 feet in diameter, was surrounded by a double row of columns. One side of the square is at present occupied by the ruins of a temple and portico. The theatre appears like a lofty acropolis rising from the centre of the town, and is by far the largest and best preserved of any seen in Asia Minor. The harbour consisted of two small moles, connected with the quay and principal sea gate. At the extremity of the peninsula were two artificial harbours for larger vessels. Both are now almost filled with sand and stones, which have been borne in by the swell. The earliest coins of Side are extremely ancient; the inscriptions are in very barbarous characters, resembling the Phoenician, and the imperial coins exhibit the proud titles of Aaunрorárn and ěvdoos. (Eckhel, vol. iii. pp. 44, 161; Spanheim, De Usu et Praest. Num. p. 879; Fellows, Asia Minor, p. 201; Leake, Asia Minor, p. 195, foll.) Respecting Side, the ancient name of Polemonium, see POLEMONIUM.

[L. S.] SIDE (lon), a town on the eastern coast of Laconia, a little N. of the promontory Malea. It was said to have existed before the Dorian conquest, and to have derived its name from a daughter of Danaus. The inhabitants were removed by the Dorian conquerors to the neighbouring town of Boeae. It probably occupied the site of the monastery of St. George, where there is a port. (Scylax, p. 17; Paus. iii. 22. § 11; Boblaye, Recherches, c. p. 99: Curtius, Peloponnesos, vol. ii. p. 297.) SIDE'NE (Ziðhvn). 1. A town of Mysia, on the river Granicus, which was destroyed by Croesus, and was never rebuilt, in consequence of a curse pronounced on the site by the destroyer. (Strab. xiii. pp. 587, 601.)

2. A town in Lycia, mentioned only by Stephanus B. (s. v.) on the authority of the Lydiaca of Xantbus.

3. A district on the coast of Pontus, about the mouth of the river Sidenus, which derived its name from the town of Side, afterwards called Polemonium. The greater part of the district was formed by the deposits of the river (Strab. i. p. 52, ii. p. 126, xii. pp. 547, 548, 556; Plin. vi. 4.) [L. S.]

SIDE'NI (dnvoi), a people of Arabia Felix, placed by Ptolemy between the Thamyditae on the north, and the Darrae on the south, on the Elanitic gulf (vi. 7. § 4). Mr. Forster identifies them with the Djeheyne tribe of Burckhardt, in the north of the Hedjaz, extending along the coast from Jebel Hassane (certainly identical with the Hippos Mons -both meaning Horse-mountain-of Ptolemy), to Yembo. "All the circumstances, of name, locality, and neighbourhood," he says, concur to prove their identity." (Arabia, vol. i. p. 126.) [G. W.]

46

SIDE'NI (Σιδεινοί, Σειδινοί, Σιδηνοί), & German tribe on the coast of the Baltic, between the mouth of the river Suebus and that of the Viadus. (Ptol. ii. 11. § 14.) It is possible that Sibini (16vol) is only a corrupt form of the name of this same tribe. (Zeuss, Die Deutschen, p. 154.) [L. S.]

SIDE'NUS, a small river of Pontus, having its sources in Mount Paryadres, and flowing through the district of Sidene into the Euxine; at its mouth was the town of Side or Polemonium (Plin. vi. 4), from which the river is now called Pouleman Chai. (Comp. Hamilton, Researches, i. p. 270.) [L. S.]

SIDERIS, a river of Hyrcania, mentioned by Pliny (vi. 16. s. 18), which flowed into the Caspian sea. It cannot be now determined to which river he refers, but he states from it the Caspian sea was called the Hyrcanian. [V.]

SIDE'RUS (Zionpoûs), according to Scylax (p. 39) a promontory and a port-town on the coast of Lycia. The same place seems to be meant in Stephanus B. (s. v. Eidapoûs), when he calls Sidarus a town and harbour. Col. Leake (Asia Minor, p. 189) has shown that the town of Siderus is in all probability no other than Olympus, on the south of Phaselis. [L. S.]

SIDICI'NI (Zidikîvoi), a people of Central Italy bordering on the Samnites and Campanians. In the time of the geographers they had disappeared as a people; or become absorbed into the general appellation of Campanians (Strab. v. p. 237), but at an earlier period they appear as a wholly independent people. Their chief city was Teamuin, on the E. slope of the volcanic mountain group of Rocca Monfina: but they had at one time extended their power considerably further to the N. and up the valley of the Liris, as the territory of Fregellae is said to have been subject to them, before they were dispossessed of it by the Volscians (Liv. viii. 22). It is clear however that this extension of their limits was of short duration, or at all events had ceased before they first appear in history. Strabo tells us expressly that they were an Oscan tribe (l. c.), and this is confirmed by the coins of Teanum still extant, which have Oscan inscriptions. They were therefore closely allied to the neighbouring tribes of the Campanians on the S. and the Aurunci and Ausones on the W. Hence Virgil associates the inhabitants of the Sidicinian plains (“Sidicina aequora," Aen. vii. 727) with the Auruncans and the inhabitants of Cales. The last city is assigned by Silius Italicus to the Sidicini, but this is opposed to all other authorities (Sil. Ital. viii. 511). The name of the Sidicini is first mentioned in history in B. c. 343, when they were attacked by the Samnites, who had • been long pressing upon their neighbours the Volscians. Unable to contend with these formidable assailants, the Sidicini had recourse to the Campanians, who sent an army to their assistance, but were easily defeated (Liv. vii. 29, 30), and being in their turn threatened by the whole power of the Samnites, invoked the assistance of Rome. During the war which followed (the First Samnite War), we lose sight altogether of the Sidicini, but by the treaty which put an end to it (in B. c. 341) it was particularly stipulated that the Samnites should be at liberty to pursue their ambitious designs against that people (Id. viii. 1, 2). Thus abandoned by the Romans to their fate the Sidicini had recourse to the Latins (who were now openly shaking off their connection with Rome) and the Campanians; and the Samnites were a second time drawn off from

the north side of the hill. The old city seems to have extended further east, as may be judged from the foundations of a thick wall, that extends from the sea to the east; on the south it was probably bounded by a rivulet, the large bed of which might serve for a natural fosse; as another might which is on the north side, if the city extended so far, as some seen to think it did, and that it stretched to the east as far as the high hill, which is about three quarters of a mile from the present town.... On the north side of the town, there are great ruins of a fine fort, the walls of which were built with very large stones, 12 feet in length, which is the thickness of the wall; and some are 11 feet broad, and 5 deep. The harbour is now choked up.... This harbour seems to be the minor port mentioned by Strabo (xvi, p. 756) for the winter; the outer one probably being to the north in the open sea between Sidon and Tyre (?), where the shipping rides in safety during the summer season." (Observations on Palestine, p. 86.) The sepulchral grots are cut in the rock at the foot of the hills; and some of them are adorned with pilasters, and handsomely painted. The territory of the Sidonians, originally circumscribed towards the north by the proximity of the hostile Gibbites, extended southwards to the tribe of Zebulon, and Mount Carmel; but was afterwards limited in this direction also by the growing power of their rivals the Tyrians. (Ritter, l. c. p. 43, &c.)

684; Cedrenus, p. 344.) The ruins of this city, on a lofty height of Mount Cragus, have first been dis covered and described by Sir C. Fellows. (Lycia, p. 151, foll.) They are at the village of Tortoorca Hissá, and consist chiefly of splendidly built tombs, abounding in Greek inscriptions. The town itself appears to have been very small, and the theatre, agora, and temples, are of diminutive size, but of great beauty. [L. S.]

SIELEDIVA. [TAPROBANE.]

SIGA (iya, Ptol. iv. 2. § 2), a commercial town of Mauritania Caesariensis, seated near the mouth of a river of the same name in a large bay. The mouth of the river formed the port of the city, at a distance of 3 miles from it (Sigensis Portus, Itin. Ant. p. 13), opposite to the island of Acra, on the highroad, and near Cirta, the residence of Syphax. (Strab. xvii. p. 829; Plin. v. 2. 8. 1.) In Strabo's time it was in ruins, but must have been subse quently restored, since it is mentioned in the Itinerary (p. 12) as a Roman municipium. (Comp. Ptol.

c.; Mela, i. 5; Scylax, 51, 52.) According to Shaw (Travels, p. 12), who, however, did not visit the place, its ruins are still to be seen by the present Tacumbrit; others identify it with the Areschkul of the Arabs, at the mouth of the Tafna, near Rasgun. [T. H. D.]

SIGA (Elya, Ptol. iv. 2. § 2), a river of Mauri tania Caesariensis, falling into a bay of the sea opposite to the island of Acra (now Caracoles). Scylax (p. 51) calls it Ziyov. Probably the present Tafna. [T. H. D.]

SIGEUM (Σίγειον oι ἡ Σιγειὰς ἄκρα), & promontory in Troas, forming the north-western extremity of Asia Minor, at the entrance of the Hellespont, and opposite the town of Elaeus, in the Thracian Chersonesus. Near it the naval camp of the Greeks was said to have been formed during the Trojan War. (Herod. v. 65, 94; Thucyd. viii. 101; Strab. xiii. pp. 595, 603; Pomp. Mela, i. 18; Plin. v. 33; Ptol. v. 2. § 3; Serv. ad Aen. ii. 312.) This promontory is now called Yenisheri.

Near the promontory was situated the town of Sigeum, which is said to have been an Aeolian colony, founded under the guidance of Archaeanax of Mytilene, who used the stones of ancient Troy in building this new place. But some years later the Athenians sent troops under Phrynon and expelled the Mytileneans; and this act of violence led to a war between the two cities, which lasted for a long time, and was conducted with varying success. Pittacus, the wise Mytilenean, is said to have slain Phrynon in single combat. The poet Alcaeus also was engaged in one of the actions. The dispute was at length referred to Periander, of Corinth, who decided in favour of the Athenians. (Strab. xiii. p. 599; Herod. v. 95; Steph, B. s. v.; Diog. Laërt. i. 74.) Henceforth we find the Pisistratidae in possession of Sigeum, and Hippias, after being expelled from Athens, is known to have retired there with his family. (Herod, v. 65). The town of Sigeum was destroyed by the inhabitants of Ilium soon after the overthrow of the Persian empire, so that in Strabo's time it no longer existed. (Strab. xiii. p. 600; Plin. v. 33.) A hill near Sigeum, forming a part of the promontory, was believed in antiquity to contain the remains of Achilles, which was looked upon with such veneration that gradually a small town seems to have risen around it, under the name of Achilleum [ACHILLEUM]. This tomb, which was visited by Alexander the Great, Julius

Caesar, and Germanicus, is still visible in the form of a mound or tumulus.

[L. S.] SIGMAN (Ziyuar), a river in Gallia. Ptolemy (ii. 7. § 2) places the mouth of the Sigman between the Aturis (Adour) and the Garonne; and between the Sigman and the Garonne he places Curianum Promontorium. [CURIANUM.] Marcianus (Peripl.), who has the name Signatius, gives two distances between the mouth of the Adour and that of the Sigman, one of which is 500 and the other 450 stadia. We cannot trust either the latitudes of Ptolemny or the distances of Marcian along this coast. There is no river between the Adour and the Garonne that we can suppose to have been marked down by the ancient coasting ships to the exclusion of the Leyre, which flows into the Bassin d'Arcachon. But Gosselin supposes the Sigman to be the Mimisan, which is about half-way between the Adour and the Bassin d'Arcachon. [G. L.]

SIGNIA (vía: Eth. Signinus: Segni), an ancient city of Latium, situated on a lofty hill at the NW. angle of the Volscian mountains, looking down upon the valley of the Succo. It is represented by ancient authors as a Roman colony founded by Tarquinius Superbus, at the same time with Circeii. (Liv. i. 55; Dionys. iv. 63.) No trace of it is found before this; its name does not figure among the cities of the Latin League or those of which the foundation was ascribed to Alba; and the story told by Dionysius (l. c.), that it originated at first in a fortuitous settlement of some Roman troops encamped in the neighbourhood, which was afterwards enlarged and strengthened by Tarquin, certainly points to the fact of its being a new town, and not, like so many of the Roman colonies, a new settlement in a previously existing city. It passed, after the expulsion of Tarquin, into the hands of the Roman Republic, as it was attacked in B. c. 497 by Sextus Tarquinius, who in vain endeavoured to make himself master of it (Dionys. v. 58). A few years later, it received a fresh colony, to recruit its exhausted population (Liv. ii. 21). From this time it appears to have continued a dependency of Rome, and never, so far as we learn, fell into the power of the Volscians, though that people held all the neighbouring mountain country. Signia must indeed, from its strong and commanding position, overlooking all the valley of the Trerus and the broad plain between it and Praeneste, have been a point of the utmost importance for the Romans and Latins, especially as securing their communications with their allies the Hernicans. In B. C. 340 the Signians shared in the general defection of the Latins (Liv. viii. 3); but we have no account of the part they took in the war that followed, or of the terms on which they were received to submission. We know only that Signia became again (as it had probably been before) a Colonia Latina, and is mentioned as such during the Second Punic War. On that occasion it was one of those which continued faithful to Rome at the most trying period of the war (Liv. xxvii. 10), and must therefore have been still in a flourishing condition. On account of its strong and secluded position we find it selected as one of the places where the Carthaginian hostages were deposited for safety (Id. xxxii. 2): but this is the last mention of it that occurs in history, except that the battle of Sacriportus is described by Plutarch as taking place near Signia (Plut. Sull. 28). That decisive action was fought in the plain between Signia and Praeneste [SACRIPORTUS]. It, however, certainly continued during

the later ages of the Republic and under the Empire to be a considerable municipal town. It received a fresh body of colonists under the Triumvirate, but it is doubtful whether it retained the rank of a Colonia. Pliny does not reckon it as such, and though it is termed " Colonia Signina" in some inscriptions, these are of doubtful authenticity. (Strab. v. p. 237; Plin. iii. 5. s. 9; Sil. Ital. viii. 378; Lib. Colon. p. 237; Zumpt, de Col. p. 338; Gruter, Inscr. p. 490. 5, &c.)

Signia was chiefly noted under the Roman Empire for its wine, which, though harsh and astringent, was valued for its medical qualities, and seems to have been extensively used at Rome (Strab. v. p. 237; Plin. xiv. 6. s. 8; Athen. i. p. 27; Sil. Ital. l. c.; Martial, xiii. 116; Cels. de Med. iv. 5). Its territory produced also pears of a celebrated quality (Juv. xi. 73; Plin. xv. 15. s. 16; Colum. v. 10. § 18; Macrob. Sat. ii. 15), as well as excellent vegetables, which were sent in large quantities to Rome (Colum. x. 131). These last were grown on a hill near the city, called by Columella Mons Lepinus, apparently one of the underfalls of the Volscian mountains; but there is no authority for applying the name (as modern writers have frequently done) to the whole of that mass of mountains [LEPINUS MONS]. Signia also gave name to a particular kind of cement known as opus Signinum," and extensively employed both for pavements and reservoirs of water (Plin. xxxv. 12. s. 46; Colum. i. 6. § 12, viii. 15. § 3; Vitruv. viii. 7. § 14).

The

The modern town of Segni (a poor place, with about 3500 inhabitants) occupies a part only of the site of the ancient city. The latter embraced within the circuit of its walls the whole summit of the hill, which stands boldly out from the Volscian mountains, with which it is connected only by a narrow neck or isthmus. The line of the ancient walls may be traced throughout its whole extent; they are constructed of large masses of stone (the hard limestone of which the hill itself consists), of polygonal or rudely squared form, and afford certainly one of the most remarkable specimens of the style of construction commonly known as Cyclopean or Pelasgic, of which striking instances are found also in other cities in this part of Latium. city had in all five gates, two of which still retain their primitive construction; and one of these, known as the Porta Saracinesca, presents a remarkable instance of the rudest and most massive Cyclopean construction. The architrave is formed of single masses of stone not less than 12 feet in length, laid across from one impost to the other. This gate has been repeatedly figured*; another, less celebrated but scarcely less remarkable, is found on the SE. side of the town, and is constructed in a style precisely similar. The age of these walls and gates has been a subject of much controversy; on the one hand the rude and massive style of their construction, and the absence of all traces of the arch in the gateways, would seem to assign them to a remote and indefinite antiquity; on the other hand, the historical notices that we possess concerning Signia all tend to prove that it was not one of the most ancient cities of Latium, and that there could not have existed a city of such magnitude previous to the settlement of the Roman colony under Tarquin. (For the discussion of this question as well as for

*The annexed figure is taken from that given by Abeken (Mittel Italien, pl. 2).