A willing tit, that will venture her corps with you. Dryden. What does this envious tit, but away to her father with a tale ? L'Estrange.

TITÆA, in the mythology, the mother of the Titans. Some confound her with Terra, or Cybele.

TITAN, in fabulous history, the son of Calus and Terra, and the eldest brother of Saturn, suffered the latter to enjoy the crown on condition that he should bring up none of his male issue, by which means the crown would at length revert to him; but Jupiter being spared by the address of Rhea, Saturn's wife, Titan and his children were so enraged at seeing their hopes frustrated that they took up arms to revenge the injury; and not only defeated Saturn, but kept him and his wife prisoners till he was delivered by Jupiter, who defeated the Titans; when, from the blood of these Titans slain in the battle, proceeded serpents, scorpions, and all venomous reptiles. See SATURN, and MYTHOLOGY.

TITANIA, a title of Pyrrha, as grand-daughter of Titan; also of Diana.-Ovid.

TITANIC ACID, in chemistry. By fusing powdered rutilite with thrice its weight of carbonate of potash, dissolving the compound in muriatic acid, precipitating by caustic ammonia, digesting the precipitate for a certain time with hydrosulphuret of ammonia, and then digesting the solid matter left in weak muriatic acid, Mr. Rose obtains a perfectly white oxide of titanium, which is not attacked by acids, but which becomes red by touching moistened litmus. As it acts with alkalies precisely as an acid, Mr. Rose calls it titanic acid.

It is said to consist of titanium oxygen

66.05

33.95;

Oxalo-titanic acid of-titanic acid 741; oxalic acid 104; water 15.5.

Sulphuret of titanium consists of titanium 49.17; sulphur 50.83.

Protochloride of titanium consists of titanium 6; chlorine 3.6.

Perchloride of titanium consists of titanium 6.66; chlorine 7.94. Annales de Chim. xxiii. 353. Annals of Phil. N. S. &c.

TITANIDES, the sons of Titan; the giants who warred against the gods.

TITANITES. This name has been given to certain ores of titanium containing that metal in the state of oxide. See the following article.

TITANIUM. The Rev. Mr. Gregor discovered in a kind of ferruginous sand, found in

the vale of Menachan, in Cornwall, what he supposed to be the oxide of a new metal, but was unable to reduce. Klaproth, afterward analyzing what was called the red schorl of Hungary, found it to be the pure oxide of a new metal, which he named titanium, and the same with the menachanite of Mr. Gregor. Since that, oxide of titanium has been discovered in several fossils.

We do not know that titanium has been completely reduced, except by Lampadius, who effected it by means of charcoal only. The oxide he employed was obtained from the decomposition of gallate of titanium by fixed alkali. The metal was of a dark copper color, with much metallic brilliancy, brittle, and in small scales considerably elastic. It tarnishes in the air, and is easily oxidised by heat. It then acquires a bluish aspect. It detonates with nitre, and is highly infusible. All the dense acids act upon it with considerable energy. According to Vauquelin, it is volatilised by intense heat.

Certain small cubes occasionally observed in iron slag had generally been regarded as pyritical; but, upon minute inspection, Dr. Wollaston observed that neither their color, crystallisation, nor hardness, were those of pyrites. The crystals are striated. Purified from iron by muriatic acid, they are insoluble in muriatic, nitric, nitro-muriatic, and sulphuric acids. Their perfect solution may be effected by the combined action of nitre and borax, since the latter dissolves the oxide as fast as it is formed, and presents a succession of clear surfaces for fresh oxidation. But, as these salts do not unite by fusion, the addition of soda, as a medium of union, shortens the process. The fused mass becomes opaque on cooling by the deposition of a white oxide, which may either be previously freed of the salts by boiling water, and then dissolved in muriatic acid, or the whole mass may be at once dissolved together. In either case alkalies precipitate from the solution of a white oxide, which is not soluble by excess of alkali either pure or carbonated. By evaporating the muriatic solution of the oxide to dryness, at the heat of boiling water, it is freed of any redundant acid, and the muriate which remains is perfectly soluble in water, and in a state most favorable for exhibiting the characteristic properties of the metal. Infusion of galls gives the well known red color of gallate of titanium. The color occasioned by prussiate of potash is also red, differing from prussiate of copper, by inclining to orange instead of purple, while the color of prussiate of uranium is rather brown than red.

The above crystals are perfect conductors of electricity. Titanium shows no affinity for iron; and it seems equally indisposed to unite with every other metal that Dr. Wollaston tried. The specific gravity of the metallic titanium is 5.3; and it is so hard as to scratch agate. Dr. Wollaston, in Philosophical Transactions, for

1823.

M. Rose obtained oxide of titanium by fusing powdered rutilite with thrice its weight of carbonate of potash, dissolving the compound in muriatic acid, precipitating by caustic ammonia, digesting the precipitate for a certain time with

hydrosulphuret of ammonia, and finally digesting the solid matter left in weak muriatic acid, which leaves the oxide of titanium pure. In this way only, as yet, can the iron be removed. The pure oxide remains perfectly white when heated and cooled, and is then untouched by acids. Fused with carbonate of potash, and then treated with muriatic acid, it sometimes gelatinises, though not so strongly as silica. It becomes red by touching moist litmus, and with alkalies acts precisely as an acid. It has therefore been called by M. Rose titanic acid. There are no salts with base of titanic acid; those that have been taken for such resulted from the presence of alkali in the titanic acid.

The native red oxide is insoluble in the sulphuric, nitric, muriatic, and nitro-muriatic acids: but, if it be fused with six parts of carbonate of potash, the oxide is dissolved with effervescence. The sulphuric solution when evaporated becomes gelatinous; the nitric affords rhomboidal crystals by spontaneous evaporation, but is rendered turbid by ebullition; the muriatic becomes gelatinous, or flocculent, by heat, and transparent crystals form in it when cooled; but, if it be boiled, oxygenised muriatic acid gas is evolved, and a white oxide thrown down. phoric and arsenic acids take it from the others, and form with it a white precipitate. These precipitates are soluble in muriatic acid, but in no other.

Phos

The solutions of titanium give white precipitates with the alkalies, or their carbonates; tincture of galls gives a brownish-red, and prussiate of potash a brownish yellow. If the prussiate produce a green precipitate, this, according to Lowitz, is owing to the presence of iron. Zinc immersed in the solutions changes their color from yellow to violet, and ultimately to an indigo; tin produces in them a pale red tint, which deepens to a bright purple red. Hydrosulphuret of potash throws down a brownish-red precipitate, but they are not decomposed by sulphureted hydrogen.

By exposing phosphate of titanium, mixed with charcoal and borax, to a violent heat, in a double crucible luted, M. Chenevix obtained a pale white phosphuret, with some lustre, brittle, of a granular texture, and not very fusible. The oxides of iron and titanium, exposed to heat with a little oil and charcoal, produce an alloy of a gray color, intermixed with brilliant metallic particles of a golden yellow. Oxide of titanium was used to give a brown or yellow color in painting on porcelain, before its nature was known; but it was found difficult to obtain from it a uniform tint, probably from its not being in a state of purity.

TIT BIT, n. s. Properly tidbit; tid, tender, and bit.-Johnson. Nice bit; nice food. John pampered esquire South with titbits till he grew wanton.

Arbuthnot.

TITCHFIELD. See TICHFIELD. TITHE, n. s., v. a., &• Sax. reoda, tenth. TITHEABLE, adj. [v. n. The tenth part; the TI'THING, n. s. part legally assigned TI'THINGMAN. to the maintenance of the clergy; any small part or portion: titheable is subject to the payment of tithes : tithing, an

ancient division of this country into families by tens: the tithingman being a kind of constable responsible for their good behaviour: a tithing is also used for the tithe or priest's part.

When thou hast made an end of tithing all the tithes of thine increase, the third year, the year of tithing, give unto the Levite, stranger, fatherless, and widow. Deuteronomy.

For lambe, pig, and calf, and for other the like, Tithe so as thy cattle the lord do not strike. Tusser. Though vicar be bad, or the parson be evil, Id. Go not for thy tithing thyself to the devil. His hundred is not at his command farther than control him. his prince's service; and also every tithingman may Spenser. them one with another, and will make an Irishman When I come to the tithing of them, I will tithe the tithingman.

ld. Since the first sword was drawn about this question, Ev'ry tithe soul 'mongst many thousand dismes Hath been as dear as Helen. Shakspeare.

By decimation and a tithed death, If thy revenges hunger for that food Which nature loaths, take thou the destined tenth. Id.

Many have made witty invectives against usury; they say, that it is a pity the devil should have God's part, which is the tithe.

Bacon.

Offensive wars for religion are seldom to be approved, unless they have some mixture of civil tithes.

Id.

The popish priest shall, on taking the oath of allegiance to his majesty, be entitled to a tenth part or tithe of all things titheable in Ireland belonging to the papists, within their respective parishes. Swift.

TITHES, in ecclesiastical law, are defined to be the tenth part of the increase, yearly arising and renewing from the profits of lands, the stock upon lands, and the personal industry of the inhabitants: the first species being usually called predial, as of corn, grass, hops, and wood; the second mixed, as of wool, milk, pigs, &c., consisting of natural products, but nurtured and preserved in part by the care of man; and of these the tenth must be paid in gross; the third personal, as of manual occupations, trades, fisheries, and the like; and of these only the tenth part of the clear gains and profits is due.

We cannot ascertain the time when tithes were first introduced. The first mention of them, in any written English law, is a constitutional decree, made in a synod held A. D. 786, wherein the payment of tithes in general is strongly enjoined. This decree, which at first bound not the laity, was effectually confirmed by two kingdoms of the heptarchy, in their parliamentary conventions of estates, respectively consisting of the kings of Mercia and Northumberland, the bishops, dukes, senators, and people. The next authentic mention of them is in the fœdus Edwardi et Guthruni; or the laws agreed upon between king Guthrun the Dane, and Alfred and his son Edward the elder, kings of England, about A. D. 900. There we find the payment of tithes enjoined, and a penalty added upon non-observance which law is seconded by the laws of Athelstan, about A. D. 930. Upon their first introduction, though every man was obliged to pay tithes in general, yet he might give them to what priests he pleased; which were called arbitrary consecrations of tithes; or he might pay

:

them into the hands of the bishop, who distributed among his diocesan clergy the revenues of the church, which were then in common. But, when dioceses were divided into parishes, the tithes of each parish were allotted to its own particular minister; first by common consent or the appointments of lords of manors, and afterterwards by the written law of the land. Arbitrary consecrations of tithes took place again afterwards, and were in general use till the time of king John. But they were prohibited by pope Innocent III., about A. D. 1209, in a decretal epistle sent to the archbishop. This epistle, says Sir Edward Coke, bound not the lay subjects of this realm; but, being reasonable and just, it was allowed of, and so become lex terræ.

Lands and their occupiers may be exempted from the payment of tithes, either in part or totally; 1st, By a real composition; or 2d, By custom or prescription. I. A real composition is when an agreement is made between the owner of the lands and the parson or vicar, with the consent of the ordinary and the patron, that such lands shall for the future be discharged from payment of tithes, by reason of some land or other real recompense given to the parson in lieu and satisfaction thereof. This was permitted by law, because it was supposed that the clergy would be no losers by such composition; since the consent of the ordinary, whose duty it is to take care of the church in general, and of the patron, whose interest it is to protect that particular church, were both made necessary to render the composition effectual: and hence have arisen all such compositions as exist at this day by force of the common law. But experience showing that even this caution was ineffectual, and the possessions of the church being by this and other means every day diminished, the disabling statute 13 Eliz. c. 10 was made; which prevents, among other spiritual persons, all parsons and vicars from making any conveyances of the estates of their churches, other than for three lives of twenty-one years. So that now, by this statute, no real composition made since the 13 Eliz. is good for any longer term than three lives of twenty-one years, though made by consent of the patron and ordinary: which has indeed effectually demolished this kind of traffic; such compositions being now rarely heard of, unless by authority of parliament. II. A discharge by custom or prescription is, where time out of mind such persons or such lands have been either partially or totally discharged from the payment of tithes. And this immemorial usage is binding upon all parties; as it is in its nature an evidence of universal consent and acquiescence, and with reason supposes a real composition to have been formerly made. This custom or prescription is either de modo decimandi, or de non decimando. A modus decimandi, commonly called by the simple name of a modus only, is where there is by custom a particular manner of tithing allowed, different from the general law of taking tithes in kind, which are the actual tenth part of the annual increase. This is sometimes a pecuniary compensation, as twopence an acre for the tithe of land; sometimes it is a compensation in work and labor, as

that the parson shall have only the twelfth cock of hay, and not the tenth, in consideration of the owner's making it for him: sometimes, in lieu of a large quantity of crude or imperfect tithe, the parson shall have a less quantity when arrived at greater maturity, as a couple of fowls in lieu of tithe-eggs, and the like. Any means, in short, whereby the general law of tithing is altered, and a new method of taking them is introduced, is called a modus decimandi, or spe cial manner of tithing. A prescription de non decimando is a claim to be entirely discharged of tithes, and to pay no compensation in lieu of them. Thus the king by his prerogative is discharged from all tithes. So a vicar shall pay no tithes to the rector, nor the rector to the vicar for ecclesia decimas non solvit ecclesiæ. But these personal privileges (not arising from or being annexed to the land) are personally confined to both the king and the clergy; for their tenant or lessee shall pay tithes, though in their own occupation their lands are not generally tithable. And, generally speaking, it is an established rule, that in lay hands, modus de non decimando non valet. But spiritual persons or corporations, as monasteries, abbots, bishops, and the like, were always capable of having their lands totally discharged of tithes by various ways: as, 1. By real composition. 2. By the pope's bull of exemption. 3. By unity of possession; as when the rectory of a parish, and lands in the same parish, both belonged to a religious house, those lands are discharged of tithes by this unity of possession. 4. By prescription; having never been liable to tithes, by being always in spiritual hands. 5. By virtue of their order; as the knights templars, Cistercians, and others, whose lands were privileged by the pope with a discharge of tithes. Though, upon the dissolution of abbeys, by Henry VIII., most of these exemptions from tithes would have fallen with them, and the lands become tithable again, had they not been supported and upheld by the statute 31 Henry VIII. c. 13, which enacts that all persons who should come to the possession of the lands of any abbey then dissolved, should hold them free and discharged of tithes, in as large and ample a manner as the abbeys themselves formerly held them. And from this original have sprung all the lands which being in lay hands do at present claim to be tithe-free; for if a man can show his lands to have been such abbey-lands, and also immemorially discharged of tithes by any of the means before-mentioned, this is now a good prescription de non decimando. But he must show both these requisites; for abbey-lands, without a special ground of discharge, are not discharged of course; neither will any prescription de non decimando avail in total discharge of tithes, unless it relates to such abbey-lands.

Dr. Smith observes (Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations, vol. iii.) that tithes, as well as other similar taxes on the produce of the land, are in reality taxes upon the rent, and, under the appearance of equality, are very unequal taxes; a certain portion of the produce being in different situations equivalent to a very different portion of the rent. In some very rich

lands the produce is so great that the one-half of it is fully sufficient to replace to the farmer his capital employed in cultivation, together with the ordinary profits of farming-stock in the neighbourhood. The other half, or, what comes to the same thing, the value of the other half, he could afford to pay as rent to the landlord, if there was no tithe. But, if a tenth of the produce is taken from him in the way of tithe, he must require an abatement of the fifth part of his rent, otherwise he cannot get back his capital with the ordinary profit. In this case the rent of the landlord, instead of amounting to a half, or five-tenths of the whole produce, will amount only to four-tenths of it. In poorer lands, on the contrary, the produce is sometimes so small, and the expense of cultivation so great, that it requires four fifths of the whole produce to replace to the farmer his capital with the ordinary profit. In this case, though there was no tithe, the rent of the landlord could amount to no more than one-fifth or two-tenths of the whole produce. But if the farmer pays one-tenth of the produce in the way of tithe, he must require an equal abatement of the rent of the landlord, which will thus be reduced to one-tenth only of the whole produce. Upon the rent of rich lands, the tithe may sometimes be a tax of no more than onefifth part, or four shillings in the pound; whereas, upon that of poorer lands, it may sometimes be a tax of one-half, or of ten shillings in the pound. It is a great discouragement to the improvement of land, that a tenth part of the clear produce, without any deduction for the advanced expense of raising that produce, should be alienated from the cultivator of the land to any other person whatever. The improvements of the landlord and the cultivation of the farmer are both checked by this unequal tax upon the rent. The one cannot venture to make the most important, which are generally the most expensive improvements; nor the other to raise the most valuable, which are generally too the most expensive crops; when the church, which lays out no part of the expense, is to share so very largely in the profit. When, instead either of a certain portion of the produce of land, or of the price of a certain portion, a certain sum of money is to be paid in full compensation for all tax or tithe; the tax becomes, in this case, exactly of the same nature with the land-tax of England. It neither rises nor falls with the rent of the land. It neither encourages nor discourages improvement. The tithe in the greater part of those parishes which pay what is called a modus in lieu of all other tithes is a tax of this kind. Some have proposed, as a better method for raising a revenue for the clergy, to lay an equivalent tax upon all estates, cultivated or not cultivated. It is well known, and has often been lamented, even by the clergy themselves, that this method of raising a revenue for their subsistence, is a continual source of dispute between the clergy and their parishioners, and contributes to obstruct the usefulness of their ministry. In Holland, and some other Protestant countries, the civil magistrates have adopted what some have thought a better plan, by allowing their ministers a fixed stipend, paid out of the public funds. In effect, VOL. XXII.

for the first 300 years after Christ, no mention is made in all ecclesiastical history of any such thing as tithes; though, in that time, altars and oblations had been recalled, and the church had miserably judaised in many other things. The churchmen confessedly lived all that time on free-will offerings: nor could the defect of paying tithes be owing to this, that there were wanting civil magistrates to enjoin it; since Christians, having lands, might have given out of them what they pleased; and the first Christian emperors, who did all things by advice of the bishops, supplied what was wanting to the clergy, not out of tithes, which were never proposed, but out of their own imperial revenues.

TITHING. Anciently no man was suffered to abide in England above forty days, unless he were enrolled in some tithing.-One of the principal inhabitants of the tithing was annually appointed to preside over the rest, being called the tithing-man, the head-borough, and in some countries the horse-holder, or borough's calder, being supposed the discreetest man in the borough town, or tithing. The distribution of England into tithings and hundreds is owing to king Alfred.

TITHING-MEN are a kind of petty constables, elected by parishes, and sworn into their offices in the court-leet, and sometimes by justices of the peace, &c.

TITHÓNUS, in fabulous history, the son of Laomedon king of Troy, was beloved by Aurora, who carried him to Delos, thence to Ethiopia, and at last to heaven, where she prevailed on the Destinies to bestow upon him the gift of immortality; but forgot to add that of youth. At last Tithonus grew so old that he was obliged to be rocked to sleep like an infant; when Aurora transformed him into a grasshopper; which renews its youth by casting its skin, and in its chirping retains the loquacity of old age.

TITIAN, or TITIANO (Vecelli), the most universal genius for painting of all the Lombard school, the best colorist of all the moderns, and the most eminent for histories, portraits, and landscapes, was born at Cadore, in Friuli, in the late state of Venice, in 1477, or in 1480 according to Vasari and Sandrart. His parents sent him at ten years of age to one of his uncles at Venice, who, finding that he had an inclination to painting, put him to the school of John Bellino. But as soon as Titian had seen the works of Giorgione, he preferred his manner and became his disciple; and he followed him in his practice so successfully that several of the paintings of Titian were taken for the performances of Giorgione; and this success inspired that artist with such invincible jealousy that he broke off their connexion for ever. The reputation of Titian rose rapidly; every new work contributed to extend his fame through all Europe; and he was considered as the principal ornament of the age. Charles V. enriched him by repeated bounties, conferred on him the honor of knighthood, and sat for his portrait several times. The excellence of Titian was not so remarkably apparent in the historical compositions which he painted, as in his portraits and landscapes, which seem to be superior to all competition; and even to this

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