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large leaves. When the edges and points of the leaves begin to turn yellow, cut down the stalks about 10 A. M. on a fine day, and see that the dew is fully off the plant, and do not continue this work after 2 P. M. As fast as it is cut, let it be carried into the tobacco-house, which must be so close as to shut out all air (on this much depends), and hung up on lines tied across for the purpose of drying. When the stalks begin to turn brownish, take them off the lines, and put them in a large binn, and lay on them heavy weights for twelve days; then take them out, and strip off the leaves, and put them again into the binn, and let them be well pressed, and so as no air gains admission for a month. Take them out; tie them in bundles about sixty leaves in each, which are called monocoes, and are ready for sale. But let them always be kept close till they are to be disposed of. Let the curing house be well built, and very close and warm if a boarded building, it will not be amiss, in a wet situation, to cover the whole outside with thatch and plantain trash, to keep off the damps; for this will preserve the fine volatile oil in the leaves. No smoke is to be made use of or admitted into the curing-house.

Since the introduction of tobacco into Europe, 1560, various medical properties have been ascribed to it by Stahl and other German physicians; but the manner in which of late years it has been spoken of, by the generality of writers on materia medica, has occasioned it to be almost wholly dismissed from modern practice, at least from internal use: but Dr. Fowler made a series of experiments, whence he infers that tobacco, under proper regulations, may be administered internally, not only as a safe but as an efficacious remedy, especially as a diuretic in cases of dropsy and dysury. He speaks also of the use of tobacco in injections; an ounce of the infusion in a pint of water-gruel at a time, and repeated in cases of obstinate constipation, as the case may require. In the dry belly-ach, in the West Indies, injections of the smoke of tobacco have long been employed with the happiest effects. After all, the internal use of tobacco should be very limited, and can only be safe in the hands of a skilful and attentive prac

titioner.

Tobacco is sometimes used externally in unguents for destroying cutaneous insects, cleansing old ulcers, &c. Beaten into a mash, with vinegar or brandy, it has sometimes proved serviceable for removing hard tumors of the hypochondres: an account is given in the Edinburgh Essays of two cases of this kind cured by it. The most common uses of this plant, however, are either as a sternutatory when taken by way of snuff, as a masticatory by chewing it in the mouth, or as effluvia by smoking it. Before pipes were invented, it was usually smoked in segars, and they are still in use among some of the southern nations. The method of preparing these is at once simple and expeditious. A leaf of tobacco being formed into a small twisted roll, somewhat larger than the stem of a pipe, and about eight inches long, the smoke is conveyed through the winding folds which prevent it from expanding, as through a tube; so that one end

of it being lighted, and the other applied to the month, it is in this form used without much inconvenience. But, in process of time, pipes being invented, they were found more commodious vehicles for the smoke, and are now in general use. In the countries of which tobacco is a native, it is considered by the Indians as the most valuable offering that can be made to the beings they worship. They use it in all their civil and religious ceremonies. When once the spiral wreaths of its smoke ascend from the feathered pipe of peace, the compact that has been just made is considered as sacred and inviolable. Tobacco is made up into rolls by the inhabitants of the interior parts of America, by means of a machine called a tobacco-wheel. With this machine they spin the leaves, after they are cured, into a twist of any size they think fit; and, having folded it into rolls of about twenty pounds each, they lay it by for use. In this state it will keep for several years, and be continually improving, as it always grows milder. The Illinois usually form it into carrots; which is done by laying a number of leaves, when cured, on each other after the ribs have been taken out, and rolling them round with packthread, till they become cemented together. These rolls commonly measure about eighteen or twenty inches in length, and nine round in the middle part. Tobacco forms a very considerable article in commerce.

TOBACCO WORM, in entomology, an insect which often proves destructive to that plant. This animal is of the horned species. In what manner it is produced and propagated is unknown: but it is not discernible till the plants have attained about half their height; and then appears to be nearly as large as a gnat. Soon after this it lengthens into a worm; and by degrees increases in magnitude to the bigness of a man's finger. In shape it is regular from its head to its tail, without any diminution at either extremity. It is indented or ribbed round at equal distances, nearly a quarter of an inch from each other; and having at every one of these divisions a pair of feet or claws, by which it fastens itself to the plant. Its mouth, like that of the caterpillar, is placed under the fore-part of the head. On the top of the head, between the eyes, grows a horn about half an inch long, and greatly resembling a thorn; the extreme part of which is of a brown color, a firm texture, and the extremity sharp pointed. It is easily crushed; being only, to appearance, a collection of green juice enclosed in a membraneous covering, without the internal parts of an animated being. The color of its skin is in general green, interspersed with several spots of a yellowish white; and the whole covered with a short hair scarcely to be discerned. These worms are found the most predominant during the end of July and beginning of August, when the plant must be particularly attended to, and every leaf carefully searched. As soon as a wound is discovered, and it will be soon perceptible, care must be taken to destroy the worm which will be found near it, and from its unsubstantial texture may easily be crushed; but the best method is to pull it away by the horn and then crush it.

TOBACCO-PIPE FISH. See FISTULARIA.

TOBAGO, one of the Caribee islands of the West Indies, is twenty-seven leagues distant from Grenada, and seventeen from Trinidad. It is eleven leagues long north-east and southwest, and three leagues broad. Its surface is less irregular than in most of the other islands, and the acclivities less abrupt. The soil is in general light and sandy, but fertile, and sufficiently watered by springs. Nearly in the centre of the island is a hill, whose reddish black color denotes the ancient existence of a volcano. Its vicinity to the continent secures it from the devastation of hurricanes. The climate is also more temperate than that of most of the other islands. The principal place is at Man of War's Bay, on the north-east side of the island; the best harbour in the West Indies having depth for the largest ships close to the shore. The population of the island was

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Little Tobago Island is a great rock, two miles long and one broad, near the north-east end of Tobago.

TOBIN (John), an English dramatic poet, was a native of Salisbury, born in 1770, and educated for the law by his father, a West India merchant. With this view, after the usual period spent in preparatory study at Southampton and Bristol, he placed him in a conveyancer's office in the metropolis, where he served his time, and was admitted an attorney of the court of king's bench. His predilection soon induced him, however, to direct his attention towards writing for the stage, when the critics of the green-room rejected all his pieces, with the exception of a farce, really deficient in merit; nor was it till some time after his decease, which took place at Cork, in 1804, that accident having brought his play of the Honeymoon before the public, the

popularity it acquired induced the managers to bring out another of his pieces, the Curfew. A delicate state of health, which had long threatened the most serious consequences, terminated at length in a consumption, which carried him off in 1804, after embarking for the West Indies. He was buried at Cork.

TOBIT, one of the books of the Apocrypha. It is stuffed with superstition. One Tobias, or Tobit, whose story it contains, is supposed to have been the author.

TOBOL, a considerable river of Russia, which rises near the southern extremity of the Oral mountains. The first considerable stream which it receives is the Oui or Ouk on the left, after which it becomes navigable. It afterwards receives the Iset, the Toura, and the Tauda, and finally joins the Irtysch, near Tobolsk, after a course of nearly 400 miles. The shores are generally flat and liable to inundation.

TOBOLSK, the name of one of the two great governments of Asiatic Russia, forming the western part of that immense territory: the eastern being Irkoutsk. On the west the chain of the Orals separates this government from that of European Russia; on the north it is bounded by a vast extent of the Northern Ocean, broken into many deep bays, and extending from the mouth of the Obi to that of the Olenek; on the south, a frontier, consisting partly of mountains, and partly of desert plains, separates it from Chinese and Independent Tartary; while on the east a varying line divides it from Irkoutsk. This government includes the vast tracts watered by the Obi, the Irtysch, and the Yenisei; and within its bounds is contained most of the cultivated part of Asiatic Russia. See RUSSIA. In respect to mineral wealth, few regions can rival the mountains of the western and southern frontier. The Orals, through a great part of their line, produce iron and copper abundantly: and the forges of Catharinenburg are perhaps the most extensive in the old world. In the southern chain are the celebrated forges of Kolivan, now, however, surpassed by those of Barnaoul, which derive from the neighbouring mountains of Schlangenberg an inexhaustible supply of various minerals, including a considerable quantity of gold and silver. The widely extended forests and wastes of this region afford also ample opportunities of hunting, and the northern districts are covered with animals, rendered valuable by their furs. The sable has now, however, by the eagerness with which it has been pursued, been almost extirpated.

TOBOLSK, a large city, the capital of the government of the same name, and of Asiatic Russia, is situated on the river Irtysch, close to its junction with the Tobol. When, in 1587, the Russians first took possession of this country they built a mere ostrog, or wooden fort, here, with the view of keeping the natives in subjection; but, in 1643, this being burnt to the ground they erected the present city. It is composed of the High and the Low town, the former built on an elevated ridge, running parallel to the Irtysch, at a little distance, while the latter fills the level space between it and the river. The high town or city, properly so called, contains the residence

of the governor, the tribunals, public offices, and magazine of foreign merchandise. These, with two churches and a convent, are all the edifices composed of stone; the rest are of wood. The buildings being white, and the cupolas gilded, cause them, in this situation, to make a very fine appearance. Here was formerly a kremlin, built of stone and flanked with towers; but it is now gone to ruin: to the south of it is the great market square, enclosed by stone buildings, forming two stories of merchant shops. While this part of Tobolsk, from its height, is exempt from inundations, the inhabitants have the inconvenience of not being able to procure water unless by going to the foot of the hill. The low town, on the contrary, is plentifully supplied with water, but seldom a year passes without its being overflowed. With the exception of a convent it is built entirely of wood. Connected with it is a large suburb inhabited by the Tartars, the original inhabitants of the country at the time of the conquest. The largest colony ever transported

hither consisted of the Swedish officers made prisoners at the battle of Pultawa, and no circumstance ever tended more to the civilisation of a remote quarter of the world. In their leisure they cultivated carefully the arts and studies with which they were conversant; and many of them recommended themselves to the natives by opening schools. Those, indeed, whose fortunes were limited found many advantages here. Provisions and all the necessaries of life are so excessively cheap that, in Gmelin's time, it was reckoned a man might live comfortably, in the middling rank, for less than two pounds a year; while the neighbouring woods and rivers afforded the finest hunting and fishing. The present style, both of taste and society, is approaching to a level with the rest of Europe; and Kotzebue had the satisfaction, during his exile, of seeing his own plays acted in the theatre here. Dr. Clarke conceives that the society there is now as good as in any Russian city. The merchants from Europe arrive here in spring with their commodities destined for China; and at the end of summer the boats appear returning with their cargoes to be transported to Moscow and Petersburg. The merchants from Tartary and Bucharia arrive in the beginning of winter, spend that season at Tobolsk, and return in spring. All the furs collected as tribute from the immense deserts traversed by the wandering tribes are brought to Tobolsk. Large magazines are provided for depositing them. The population is stated at 16,269.

TOCUYO, a town of South America, in the government of the Caraccas, and province of Venezuela, situated near the source of a river of its name. It is built in a valley formed by two mountains. Its division and construction are very regular, the streets on a line, and sufficiently wide. The wheat obtained here is esteemed the best in the province, and furnishes the consumption of many towns of the interior. They estimate the flour which is annually exported from Tocuyo to Barquisimeto, Guanara, St. Philip, and Caraccas, at from 8000 to 10,000 quintals. Here they also fabricate from the wool of their sheep coverlids and other cloths, which they send or

carry as far as Maracaibo and Carthagena. They have also tanneries and taweries, and, like the inhabitants of Carora, work up as many as they can of the raw materials and sell the rest. Another species of commerce, exceedingly lucrative to the citizens of Tocuyo, is the sale of salt from the salt ponds of Coro. Their activity maintains them in the exclusive vent of this article of the first necessity. Inhabitants 10,200. 270 miles south-west of Caraccas, and sixty north of Truxillo.

TOD, n. s. Germ. totte haar, a lock of hair.Skinner. A bush; a thick shrub (obsolete): a certain weight of wool, twenty-eight pounds. Within the ivie tod

There shrouded was the little god;
I heard a busy bustling.

Spenser.

Every eleven wether tods, every tod yields a pound and odd shillings. Shakspeare.

TODD (Hugh), an English historian and divine, born in Cumberland about 1660, and edu1. The Description of Sweden; 2. The Life of cated at Queen's College, Oxford. He published,

Phocion. He left in MS., 1. Notitia Ecclesiæ Cathedralis Carliolensis; 2. Notitia Prioratus de Wedderhall, &c.; 3. A History of the Diocese of Carlile, &c. He died after 1708.

TODUS, the tody, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of pica. The beak is slender, depressed, broad, and the base beset

tham.

with bristles. The nostrils are small and oval. The toes are placed three before and one behind; the middle are greatly connected to the outer. There are fifteen species according to Dr. Lathe warmer parts of America. They vary consiBirds of this genus (he says) inhabit them have a certain flatness, or depression, which derably in their bills as to breadth, but all of is peculiar.'

tow, a claw. The divided extremities of the TOE, n. s. Sax. ta; Belg. toon; Goth to, feet; the fingers of the feet.

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Sport, that wrinkled Care derides, And Laughter, holding both his sides, Come, and trip it, as you go, On the light fantastick toe.

Milton

Prior.

Last to enjoy her sense of feeling, A thousand little nerves she sends Quite to our toes, and fingers' ends. TOFORE', adv. Sax. rofoɲan. Before. Obsolete.

It is an epilogue, to make plain Some obscure precedence that hath tofore been sain Shakspeare.

So shall they depart the manor with the corn and the bacon tofore him that hath won it. Spectator.

TOGA, in Roman antiquity, a wide woollen gown or mantle which seems to have been of a semicircular form, without sleeves, differing both in richness and largeness according to the circumstances of the wearer, and used only in public. It was the distinguishing mark of a Roman; hence the jus toga, or privilege of a Roman citizen; i. e. the right of wearing a Roman habit, and of taking fire and water through the Roman empire.

TOGATA GALLIA, a name given to Cisalpine

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The merchant from the exchange returns in peace, And the long labours of the toilet cease. Pope.

TOKAY WINE. There are four sorts of wine made from the same grapes, distinguished at Tokay by the names of essence, auspruch, masslach, and the common wine. The essence is made by picking out the half-dried and shrivelled grapes and putting them into a perforated vessel, where they remain as long as any juice runs off by the mere pressure of their own weight. This is put into small casks. The auspruch is made by pouring the expressed juice of the grapes from which the former had been picked, out on those that yielded the essence, and treading them with the feet. The liquor thus obtained stands for a day or two to ferment, and then is poured into small casks, which are kept in the air for about a month, and afterwards put into casks. The same process is repeated on the addition of more juice to the grapes which have already undergone the two former pressures, and they are now wrung with the hands; and thus is had the masslach. The fourth kind is made by taking all the grapes together at first and submitting them by the peasants. The essence is thick, and very to the greatest pressure; this is chiefly prepared sweet and luscious; it is chiefly used to mix with the other kinds. The auspruch is the wine commonly exported, and which in foreign countries is called Tokay. The goodness of it is determined by the following rules:-The color should neither be reddish nor very pale, but a light silver; in trying it, the palate and tip of the tongue should be wetted without swallowing it, and if it manifest any acrimony to the tongue it is not good; but the taste ought to be soft and mild; when poured out it should form globules in the glass, and have an oily appearance: when genuine the strongest is always of the best quality; when swallowed it should have an earthy astringent taste in the mouth, which is called the taste of the root. All Tokay wine has an aromatic taste, of wine. It keeps to any age, and improves by which distinguishes it from every other species time, but is never good till about three years old. It is the best way to transport it in casks; for when it is on the seas it ferments three times every season, and thus refines itself. When in bottles there must be an empty space left between the wine and the cork, otherwise it would burst the bottle. A little oil is put upon the surface, and a piece of bladder tied over the cork. The bottles are always laid on their sides in sand.-Philosophical Transactions, vol. Ixiii. part ii. p. 292, &c.

TOKEN, n. s. & v. a. Sax. racn; Goth. takn. A sign; mark; memorial; proof: to make known.

Shew me a token for good, that they which hate hot; and this province, protected as it is on the me may see it.

What in time proceeds,

Psalms.

May token to the future our past deeds. Shakspeare.
Here is a letter from queen Hecuba,

A token from her daughter, my fair love.
Pigwiggen gladly would commend
Some token to queen Mab to send,
Were worthy of her wearing.

Id.

Drayton.

They have not the least token or shew of the arts and industry of China.

Heylin. Wheresoever you see ingratitude, you may as infallibly conclude that there is a growing stock of illnature in that breast, as you may know that man to have the plague upon whom you see the tokens.

South, TOLAND (John) was born near Londonderry in Ireland, 1670, and educated in the Popish religion, but at sixteen years of age he turned Protestant. He studied three years at the university of Glasgow; was created M. A. in that of Edinburgh; and completed his studies at Leyden, where he resided two years. He then went to Oxford, where he published a Dissertation to prove the received history of the tragical death of Attilius Regulus to be a fable. See REGULUS. He next undertook to show that there are no mysteries in the Christian religion. He published it in 1696 at London, under the title of Christianity not Mysterious. This book gave great offence, and was attacked by several writers. He afterwards wrote in favor of the Hanoverian succession, and many other pieces. In 1707 he went into Germany, visited several courts, and, in 1710, was introduced to prince Eugene, who gave him several marks of his generosity. Upon his return to England he was for some time supported by the liberality of the earl of Oxford, and kept a country-house at Epsom; but soon losing his lordship's favor he published several pamphlets against that minister's measures. During the four last years of his life he lived at Putney, but spent most of the winter in London. He died at London in 1722. His private character was not amiable. His posthumous works, 2 vols. 8vo., were published in 1726, with an account of his life and writings, by M. Des Maizeaux. TOLE, v. u. degrees. Whatever you observe him to be more frighted at than he should, tole him on by insensible degrees, till at last he masters the difficulty. Locke.

Goth. tela. To train; draw by

TOLEDO, a province in the central part of Spain, in New Castile, situated chiefly to the south of the Tagus. Its area (according to Antillon) is 9210 square miles; its population 371,000. The surface consists partly of mountain tracts, partly of elevated and extensive plains, the soil of which, however, is frequently sandy or chalky, so that spring water is scarce, and hardly a tree is met with to enliven the prospect or afford a shade. This province is traversed by the Sierra de Guadaloupe, Del Rubial de Yevenes, and de Billuersca; from these, and from more distant mountains, flow several rivers, as the Alberche and the Algodar. The Tagus traverses at the northern, and the Guadiana approaches the southern, part of the province. The temperature varies: in the plains the summer is

south by lofty mountains, does not altogether escape the solano, or hot African wind. The scarcity of water is a great obstacle to the extension of tillage, and, if the corn produced be equal, or sometimes more than equal, to the consumption, it is owing to the thinness of the population. But the pasturage is good, and the flocks of sheep are numerous. Vines, silk, honey, wax, fruits, and fine wool, are the products of this province. The manufactures are trifling. The province is divided into five districts.

TOLEDO, an ancient city of New Castile, Spain, the see of an archbishop, is situated on the sides and top of a steep hill, bathed by the Tagus on the north and west sides, in the midst of a narrow valley surrounded by lofty mountains. The environs are unproductive, and the surrounding hills present a monotonous assemblage of rocks, while, by concentrating the sun's rays, they render the heat in summer excessive. The houses are crowded, the streets narrow and steep.

The chief attraction in Toledo is its public edifices, some of which have great beauty and grandeur. The Alcazar is a large structure on the top of a hill, built with solidity and decorated with statues. Its central gate, its vestibule, its court, its subterranean apartments, are all entitled to admiration; but, being no longer wanted as a princely residence, it has been converted into a factory or working establishment for the lower orders. The cathedral is of great antiquity, having been founded, it is said, in the year 630, and having served as a mosque to the Moors. It was rebuilt in 1227, and is a Gothic building, which, from its magnitude, would be magnificent were not its front too low and its interior so much subdivided. The wealth of the archbishop of Toledo was formerly proverbial, his income having been said to exceed £100,000 a-year. There are in Toledo a number of churches, hospitals, monasteries, and convents. The hospital of St. Cruz is an elegant building of the fifteenth century; that of St. John, built in the sixteenth, is equally rich and in a better situation. Of Roman monuments there are here the remains of a circus, an aqueduct, and a road. The walls, though ruinous, are of less remote date, being Moorish: the university was suppressed in 1807.

Woollens, linen, and silks, are manufactured here; and the Toledo swords, so noted throughout Spain till excluded a century ago from fashionable dress by French swords, are now made in a large building on the banks of the Tagus. The secret of tempering them is said to be still preserved, and they fetch a very high price. The Gothic kings fixed their residence here in the year 567. In 711 the town was taken by the Moors, and became the abode, first of a viceroy, eventually of an independent prince. It was in the year 1085 that this ancient capital fell into the hands of the Christians, and became anew the residence of their kings. It was besieged by the Moors, without success, in 1109, 1114, and 1127. At a subsequent date it was less fortunate, having been besieged and taken in 1467 and in 1641. Great part of the town was burned on each occasion, which, with the

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