TOMISA, a country between Cappadocia and mount Taurus.-Strabo.

TOMOS, or TOMIS, the capital of Lower Mæsia, seated on the Euxine Sea; thirty-six miles from the mouth of the Danube. It was 1ounded by a colony of Milesians, A. A. C. 633, and is famous for having been the place to which Ovid was banished by Augustus.-Strabo 7. TOMPION, a sort of bung or cork used to stop the mouth of a cannon. At sea this is carefully encircled with tallow or putty, to prevent the penetration of the water into the bore, whereby the powder contained in the chamber might be damaged or rendered unfit for service.

TOMPION (Thomas), an English watchmaker of extraordinary merit, who flourished at London in the seventeenth century.

TOMSK, a considerable city of Asiatic Russia, and the capital of a large district, is situated on the right bank of the Tom, about twenty-five miles from its junction with the Obi: originally a mere wooden fort. Having been consumed, by a conflagration, it was rebuilt on a larger scale, but most irregular manner, in 1648. The ground itself is broken into heights and hollows; and in the old part of the town the streets are very narrow and winding. The kremlin, a fortress of the seventeenth century, is now almost entirely in ruins. Within its circuit, however, are the cathedral church, tribunals, treasury, and the magazines of furs collected as tribute. The principal edifice in the rest of the city is the church of the resurrection; there are also two convents, one of monks, and the other of nuns. The greater part of the inhabitants subsist by commerce, for which the place is very advantageously situated. It is the centre of the trade in brandy or whisky, which is brought hither from the distilleries on the Tobol and the Iset, and thence distributed to the countries eastward. Prevalent as intoxication is in Siberia, Pallas never saw a town where it was so general as here. Besides Russians, the place contains a great number of Tartar, Bucharian, and Kalmuck merchants. The population is stated at 11,000. The government which it comprehends contains a great part of the countries situated on the Obi, and most of those on the Yenisei. Long. 84° 10′ E., lat. 56° 30′ N.

TOMTIT, n. s. See TITMOUSE. A titmouse; a small bird.

You would fancy him a giant when you looked upon him, and a tomtit when you shut your eyes. Spectator.

TON, n. s. Fr. tonne. See TUN. A measure or weight.

Spain was very weak at home, or very slow to move, when they suffered a small fleet of English to fire, sink, and carry away, ten thousand ton of their great shipping.

Bacon.

Tox, in fashionable language, the fashion, the etiquette. It is used both as an adjective and as a noun substantive.

VOL. XXII.

sound; accent; tension.
Sounds called tones are ever equal.
In their motions harmony divine
So smooths her charming tones, that God's own ear
Listens delighted.

Milton.

Hudibras.

Made children, with your tones to run for't, As bad as bloody-bones or Lunsford. Palamon replies,

Eager his tone, and ardent were his eyes. Dryden.

Each has a little soul he calls his own, And each enunciates with a human tone. Harte. Drinking too great quantities of this decoction may weaken the tone of the stomach. Arbuthnot.

TONE, or TUNE, in music, is a property of sound, whereby it comes under the relation of grave and acute; or the degree of elevation any sound has from the degree of swiftness of the vibrations of the parts of the sonorous body. The variety of tones in human voices arises partly from the dimensions of the windpipe, which, like a flute, the longer and narrower it is the sharper the tone it gives; but principally from the head of the larynx or knot of the throat; the tone of the voice being more or less grave as the rima or cleft thereof is more or less

open.

TONE is taken in four different senses among the ancients: 1. For any sound; 2. For a certain interval, as when it is said the difference between the diapente and diatessaron is a tone; 3. For a certain focus or compass of the voice, in which sense they used the Dorian, Phrygian, and Lydian tones; 4. For tension, as when they speak of an acute, grave, or middle tone.

TONE is particularly used in music for a certain degree or interval of tune, whereby a sound may be either raised or lowered from one extreme of a concord to the other, so as still to produce true melody.

TONG, n. s. Sax. tang; Belg. tung. The TONGS. Scatch of a buckle. Usually written tongue; but, as it has the same original with tongs, it should therefore have the same orthography.-Johnson. Tongs are the name of a well known instrument to take hold with, particularly of coals for the fire.

Their hilts were burnished gold, and handle strong,

Of mother pearl, and buckled with a golden tong. Spenser.

Another did the dying brands repair With iron tongs, and sprinkled oft the same With liquid waves.

Id.

They turn the glowing mass with crooked tongs; The fiery work proceeds. Dryden. and toothed. Get a pair of tongs like a smith's tongs, stronger, Mortimer. TONGATABOO is about sixty miles in circuit; oblong, though broadest at the east end, and having its greatest length from east to west. It is low but fruitful, except near the beach where coral rocks appear above the surface. Beneath the mould, which is about fifteen inches deep, is a red loam of four or five inches; next a very strong blue clay in small quantities; and in some places a black earth which emits a very fragrant smell resembling bergamot, but it soon evaporates. The air is pure and wholesome, and the plantations, in the midst of which the

L

principal houses are placed, very neatly enclosed. At a distance the surface seems entirely clothed with trees of various sizes. Above the rest the tall cocoa-palms always raise their tufted heads; and are a very considerable ornament to the country. The boogu, which is a species of fig, with narrow pointed leaves, is the largest tree of the island. Of cultivated fruits, the principal are plaintains, of which they have fifteen different sorts or varieties; bread-fruit, two sorts of the fruit known at Otaheite under the name of jambo and eevee, the latter a kind of plum; and a vast number of shaddocks in a natural state. The roots are yams, of which there are two sorts; one black, and so large that it often weighs twenty or thirty pounds; the other white and long, seldom weighing a pound; a large root called kappe; one not unlike our white potatoes, called mawhaha; the taro, or coccos of other places; and another named jeejee. There is also found here a new species of Jesuits' bark, likely, it is said, to equal that of Peru. The only quadrupeds, besides hogs, are a few rats, and some dogs which are not natives of the place, but produced from some left by captain Cook in 1773, and by others from Fejee. The cattle left by captain Cook were all destroyed after he left the island. The horse and the mare having been gored by the bull, gave the natives an idea of his furious temper, and put them in terror. To prevent any accident, therefore, they destroyed him, with the cow and three yrung ones, which they informed the missionaries from the ship Duff, were all they had produced. Fowls of a large breed are domesticated here. Amongst the birds are parrots of an indifferent green on the back and wings, the tail bluish, and the rest of a sooty or chocolate brown; parroquets not larger than a sparrow, of a fine yellowish green, with bright azure on the crown of the head, and the throat and belly red; besides another sort as large as a dove, having a blue crown and thighs, the throat, under part of the head, and part of the belly, crimson, and the rest a beautiful green; cuckoos, king-fishers, &c. There are also bats in great numbers, and some of such magnitude that the tips of their wings, when extended, are from three to four feet apart. Water-fowl, and such as frequent the sea, are numerous. The only noxious animals of the reptile or insect tribe are sea-snakes, scorpions, and centipedes. The many reefs and shoals on the north side of the island afford shelter for an endless variety of shell and other fish.

The inhabitants go unarmed, but have spears barbed in a dangerous manner, and their clubs very curiously carved. Their canoes are variously constructed; those used for the ordinary purposes of ferrying and fishing are small, but dexterously managed; and their war-boats, which possess much. regularity of form, are very large and commodious. One of these was launched during the short period of the Union's stay, and was reported to be capable of carrying 300 men. According to the accounts of the missionaries, the people possess many excellent qualities. The manners of the lower classes, however, are licentious, and captain Turnbull represents the inhabitants in a very unfavorable light.

This island was discovered on the 27th of January, 1643, by Tasman, a Dutch navigator: the inhabitants came unarmed on board his ships, and exchanged hogs, fowls, and fruits, for Eurepean articles, which they also pilfered freely; but in other respects they behaved in the most courteous manner. It has since been visited by Cook in 1773; Perouse in 1777; Edwards in 1787; Messrs. D'Entrecasteaux and Huon in 1791; and by the missionary ship Duff. Several missionaries were at that time left here, but this mission did not succeed; and in the course of the war which broke out, the missionaries were in danger of their lives. Three of them were murdered at the instigation, according to Mariner who lived on the island, of one Morgan, a felon who had escaped from Botany Bay. Long. of the middle of the island, 175° W., lat. 21° 11′ S.

TONG-TCHOUEN, a city of China, of the first rank, in Sechuen. Being on the Tartar frontier, it is strongly fortified, is called a military city, and the profession of a soldier descends from father to son. Besides their pay, they have land assigned them around the city. Long. 103° 2′ E., lat. 26° 20′ N. TONGUE, n. s., v. a., & TONG'UED, adj. [v. n. TONGUE LESS, TONGUE PAD, N. s.

TONGUE TIED, adj.

Sax. rung; Belg. tonghe; Goth. and Swed. tunga. The instrument of speech or of licking; speech; fluency; language; mere words; any thing of the shape of the animal tongue: to hold the tongue is to be silent: to tongue, to chide; scold: and, as a verb neuter, to talk; prate: tonguepad is a great talker: tonguetied is having an impediment in the speech: the other adjectives explain themselves.

TONIC, in medicine, tending to strengthen the part, or to restore its tone and functions.

TONIC, in music, signifies a certain degree of tension, or the sound produced by a vocal string in a given degree of tension, or by any sonorous body when put in vibration.

TONIC, says Rousseau, is likewise the name given by Aristoxenus to one of the three kinds of chromatic music, whose divisions he explains, and which was the ordinary chromatic of the Greeks, proceeding by two semitones in succession, and afterwards a third minor.

TONICAL, adj. Being extended; being Fr. tonique. Gr. Taw.

TON'IC. elastic.

TONNAGE AND POUNDAGE, an ancient duty on wine and other goods, the origin of which seems to have been this:-About the twenty-first of Edward III. complaint was made that merchants were robbed and murdered on the seas. The king thereupon, with the consent of the peers, levied a duty of two shillings on every ton of wine, and one shilling in the pound on all goods imported; which was treated as illegal by the comAbout twenty-five years after, the king, when the knights of shires were returned home,

mons.

obtained a like grant from the citizens and burgesses, and the year after it was regularly granted in parliament. These duties were diminished sometimes, and sometimes increased; at length they seem to have been fixed at three shillings tonnage and one shilling poundage. They were at first usually granted only for a stated term of years, as for two years in 5 Richard II.; but in Henry VI.'s time they were granted him for life by a statute in the thirty-first year of his reign; and again to Edward IV. for the term of his life also; since which time they were regularly granted to all his successors for life, sometimes at the first, sometimes at other subsequent parliaments, till the reign of Charles I., when these imposts were imprudently and unconstitutionally levied, without consent of parliament, for fifteen years, which was one of the causes of the unhappy discontents. At the Restoration this duty was granted to king Charles II. for life, and so it was to his two immediate successors; but now, by three several statutes, 9 Anne, c. 6; 1 Geo. I. c. 12; and 3 Geo. I. c. 7, it is made perpetual, and mortgaged for the debt of the public.

TONNERRE, MONT, a large mountain in the west of Germany, on the left bank of the Rhine, ten miles from Worms, and twenty-five from Mentz. It is nearly 2300 feet above the level of the Rhine, and has, about half way up its side, the village of Donnersfeld. The French gave the name of this mountain to a department which comprehended the greater part of the electorate of Mentz, the Lower Palatinate, the bishoprics of Spires and Worms, with several counties and lordships. Its extent was 2700 square miles; its population 430,000. At the congress of Vienna, it was divided between Austria and Hesse-Darmstadt.

TONNERRE, a town in the department of the Yonne, France, situated on the Armençon. It contains manufactures of glass, pottery, and hats; and has also a traffic in the wine of the vicinity, known by the name of Vin de Tonnerre. It is still surrounded with a rampart, and has a population of 4400. Twenty miles east by north of Auxerre.

TONORU, an ancient city of the south of India, province of Mysore. Some parts of the fortification still remain. It is, however, most celebrated for its magnificent reservoir, formed by a lofty mound, between two mountains. Tippo Sultan cut down part of the mound, in order to destroy this monument of antiquity; but it has since been repaired.

TONSBERG, a town of Norway, in the province of Aggerhuus, situated on a bay of the Baltic, and said to be the most ancient town in the kingdom. It now contains only about 200 wooden houses: but its harbour, though difficult of access, is capable of receiving large vessels. Its trade consists chiefly in the export of timber. In 1536 it was laid in ashes by the Swedes, and has never recovered this disaster. Forty-two miles south of Christiania.

TON'SIL, n. s. Fr. tonsille; Lat. tonsilla. Defined below.

Tonsils or almonds are two round glands placed on the sides of the basis of the tongue, under the common membrane of the fauces, with which they are

TOOKE (Andrew), M. A., a learned divine and teacher, born at London in 1673. He was educated at the Charter House, whence he removed to Clare Hall, Cambridge. He became master of the Charter House, and professor of geometry at Gresham College. He published Pomey's Pantheon in English, but without acknowledging the author. He died in 1731.

TOOKE (George), an English poet, born in 1595. He served as captain of volunteers in the expedition against Cadiz in 1625, and published the particulars in a poem. He also wrote Canzonets to the memory of his wife. He died in

1675.

TOOKE (John Horne) was educated at the Eton school, and the freedom of his remarks is said to have rendered him obnoxious, even at that early period, to his superiors. He afterwards removed to St. John's College, Cambridge, where he also created himself enemies by similar liberality (perhaps licentiousness) of opinion. At the usual period he appears to have taken orders in the established church; and, while curate of Brentford, espoused the cause of Wilkes with great warmth and success. Soon after, he set on foot a subscription for the relief of the widows, orphans, and aged parents of the Americans, whom he described as murdered at Lexington by the king's troops. He was prosecuted for his advertisement on this subject, found guilty of a libel, and committed to prison. He is said to have been the chief cause of obtaining the regular publication of the speeches in parliament. Mr. Tooke now appears to have sided, in his political views, neither with the opposition nor the ministry. He treated both parties occasionally with almost equal keenness of satire. In the year 1794 he was brought to trial for high treason, and acquitted. He was afterwards returned to parliament by the city of Westminster, when his right to sit was challenged by lord Temple, on account of his being in holy orders. It was not found easy to decide the question. Mr. Tooke was therefore allowed to keep his seat during that parliament, and a declaratory act was passed to prevent the clergy from sitting in the House of Commons in future. He lived for many years at Wimbledon, and died at an advanced age. Sir Francis Burdett was his latest friend and pupil, and is understood to have acted by Mr. Tooke's advice in resisting the warrant of the speaker of the House of Comme to commit him to the tower-a resistance which cost several lives. Mr. Tooke was a man of fine talents and considerable literature. His diversions of Purley have deservedly raised his fame as a philosophical grammarian; though it will probably be now generally allowed that he carried his etymological decisions to an extravagant length.

TOOKE (William), F. R. S., a native of Islington, born 1744, was bred a printer; but, having obtained ordination, went out to Russia as chaplain to the English factory at Cronstadt, which situation he subsequently exchanged for one of a similar description at St. Petersburgh. He is known as the author of a History of Russia; a Life of the Empress Catharine II.; A View of the Russian Empire; a miscellany en

They found in many of their mines more gold than earth; a metal which the Americans, not regarding, greedily exchanged for hammers, knives, axes, and the like tools of iron. Heulun.

Armed with such gard'ning tools as art, yet rude, Guiltless of fire had formed. Milton's Paradise Lost. The ancients had some secret to harden the edges of their tools. Addison. He'd choose

To talk with wits in dirty shoes;
And scorn the tools with stars and garters,
So often seen caressing Chartres.

Swift.

TOORMOOZ, TIRMOZ, or TERMED, a city of independent Tartary, to the north of the Oxus, near its junction with the Hissaur. It is described as a place of considerable importance. and celebrated in history for the siege laid to it by Genghis Khan, in 1221. After eleven days, that conqueror took and destroyed it; but it was rebuilt in the following century. Fifty miles north of Bulkh.

TOOT, v. n. Saxon, totan, contracted from topetan, to know or examine. To pry; peep; search narrowly and slily. Obsolete. I cast to go a shooting, Long wandering up and down the land, With bow and bolts on either hand, For birds and bushes tooting. Spenser's Pastorals. This writer should wear a tooting horn. Howel. TOOTH, n. s. & v. a.) TOOTH ACH, n. s. TOOTH DRAWER, TOOTH LESS, adj. TOOTH PICK, n. s. TOOTH PICKER, TOOTH SOME, adj. TOOTH SOMENESS.

Plural teeth. Sax. too; Swed. Dan. Belg. and Goth. tand; Lat. dens, dentis. The smail

bones used in mastication : hence taste; palate; any prong or tine; the cog or catch of a wheel to the teeth' is an open opposition: 'to cast in the teeth,' to insult openly in spite of the teeth,' in spite of threats (which show the teeth): tooth and nail' is with the utmost violence: to tooth is to furnish with teeth; indent; lock together: toothsome is palatable; agreeable to the taste: the other derivatives are of obvious meaning.

The priest's servant came while the flesh was in seething, with a flesh hook of three teeth. 1 Sam. ii. 13. If toothpicks of the lentisc be wanting, of a quill then make a toothpick. Sandys.

A wise body's part it were not to put out his fire, because his fond and foolish neighbour, from whom he borrowed wherewith to kindle it, might cast him thou wouldst freeze, and not be able to heat thyseli.. therewith in the teeth, saying, Were it not for me

Avant, you curs!

Be thy mouth or black or white, Tooth that poisons if it bite.

Hooker.

Shakspeare. King Lear