The fifth sense is touch, a sense over the whole body.

Locke. Its face must be very flat and smooth, and so hard that a file will not touch it, as smiths say, when a file will not eat, or race it. Moxon's Mec an. Exer.

Socrates chose rather to die, than renounce or conceal his judgment touching the unity of the Godhead. South.

This last fable shows how touchingly the poet argues in love affairs. Garth. Our kings no sooner fall out, but their mints make war upon one another; one meets sometimes with very nice touches of raillery. Addison on Medals. It is impossible to make observations in art or science, which have not been touched upon by others. Id. Spectator.

The tender fire was touched with what he said, And flung the blaze of glories from his head,

And bid the youth advance.

Though its error may be such,

As Knags and Burgess cannot hit,

It yet may feel the nicer touch

Of Wicherley's or Congreve's wit.

ld. Ovid.

Prior.

Physical properties of bodies which employ the action of touch.-Almost all the physical properties of bodies are susceptible of acting upon the organs of touch; form, dimensions, different degrees of consistence, weight, temperature, locomotion, vibration, &c., are all so many circumstances that are exactly appreciated by the touch. The organs destined to touch do not alone exercise this function; so that in this respect the touch differs much from the other senses. As in most cases it is the skin which receives the tactile impressions produced by the bodies which surround us, it is necessary to say something of its structure. The skin forms the envelope of the body; it is lost in the mucous membranes at the entrance of all the cavities; but it is improper to say that these membranes are a continuation of it. The skin is formed principally by the cutis vera, a fibrous layer of various thickness, according to the part which it covers; it adheres by a cellular tissue, more or less firm, at other times by fibrous attachments. The cutis is almost always separated from the subjacent parts

Collier on Pride.

If he intends to deal clearly, why does he make the touchstone faulty, and the standard uncertain? Collier.

I was sensibly touched with that kind impression. Congreve. You are so touchy, and take things so hotly, I am sure there must be some mistake in this.

Arbuthnot's History of John Bull. One dip the pencil, and one touch the lyre. Pope. The spider's touch how exquisitely fine! Feels at each thread, and lives along the line. Id. He gave the little wealth he had To build a house for fools and mad; To shew, by one satirick touch, No nation wanted it so much.

Swift.

Print my preface in such a form as, in the book. sellers phrase, will make a sixpenny touch. ld. Nature affords at least a glimmering light: The lines, though touched but faintly, are drawn right. Pope. The Touch is improperly used for the sense of feeling. See ANATOMY.

TOUCH. Tactus. In Magendie's Physiology are the following illustrations of this subject :By touch we are enabled to know the properties of bodies; and as it is less subject to deception than the other senses, enabling us in certain cases to clear up errors into which the others have led us, it has been considered the first, and the most excellent of all the senses; but several of the advantages which have been attributed to it by physiologists and metaphysicians should be considerably limited. We ought to distinguish tact from touch. Tact is, with some few exceptions, generally diffused through all our organs, and particularly over the cutaneous and mucous surfaces. It exists in all animals; whilst touch is exerted evidently only by parts that are intend. ed particularly for this use. It does not exist in all animals, and it is nothing else but tact united to muscular contractions directed by the will. In the exercise of tact we may be considered as passive, whilst we are essentially active in the exercise of touch.

of use in the exercise of touch.

The external side of the cutis vera is covered

by the epidermis, a solid matter secreted by the skin. We ought not to consider the epidermis as a membrane; it is a homogeneous layer, adberent by its internal face to the chorion, and full of a great number of holes, of which the one sort are for the passage of the hair, and the other for that of cutaneous perspiration; they serve at the same time for the absorption which takes place by the skin. These last are called the pores of the skin. It is necessary to notice, with regard to the epidermis, that it is void of feeling; that it possesses none of the properties of life; that it is not subject to putrefaction; that it wears and is renewed continually; that its thickness augments or lessens as it may be necessary: it is even said to be proof to the action of the digestive organs.

The connexion of the epidermis to the cutis vera is very close; and yet it cannot be doubted that there is a particular layer between these two parts, in which certain particular phenomena take place. The organisation of this layer is yet little known. Malpighi believed it to be formed of a particular mucus, the existence of which has been long admitted, and which bore the name of the corpus mucosum of Malpighi. Other authors have considered it, more justly, as a vascular network. Gall makes it similar to the gray matter which is seen in many parts of the brain. Gantier, in examining attentively the external surface of the true skin, has noticed some small reddish projections, disposed in pairs; they are easily perceived when the skin is laid bare by a blister. These little bodies are regularly disposed upon the palm of the hand, and on the sole of the foot. They are sensible, and are reproduced when they have be torn out. They appear to be essentially vascular. These bodies, without being understood, have been long called the papillæ of the skin. The epidermis is pierced by little holes opposite their tops, through which small drops of sweat are seen to issue, when the skin is exposed to an elevated temperature. The skin contains a great number of sebaceous

follicles; it receives a great number of vessels and nerves, particularly at the points where the sense of touch is more immediately exercised. The mode in which the nerves are terminated in the skin is totally unknown; all that has been said of the cutaneous nervous papillæ is entirely hypothetical. The exercise of tact and of touch is facilitated by the thinness of the cutis vera, by a gentle elevation of temperature, by an abundant cutaneous perspiration, as well as by a certain thickness and flexibility of the epidermis; when the contrary dispositions exist, the tact and the touch are always more or less imperfect.

Mechanism of tact.-The mechanism of tact is extremely simple; it is sufficient that bodies be in contact with the skin to furnish us with data, more or less exact, of their tactile properties. By tact we judge particularly of the temperature. When bodies deprive us of caloric, we call them cold; when they yield it to us, we say they are hot; and, according to the quantity of caloric which they give or take, we determine their different degrees of heat or cold. The notions that we have of temperature are, nevertheless, far from being exactly in relation to the quantity of caloric that bodies yield to us, or take from us; we join with it unawares a comparison with the temperature of the atmosphere, in such a manner that a body colder than ours, but hotter than the atmosphere, appears hot, though it really deprive us of caloric when we touch it. On this account, places which have a uniform temperature, such as cellars or wells, appear cold in summer, and hot in winter. The capacity also of bodies for caloric has a great influence upon us with regard to temperature; as an example of this we have only to notice the great difference of sensation produced by iron and wood, though the temperature of both be the same. A body which is sufficiently hot to cause a chemical decomposition of our organs produces the sensation of burning. A body whose temperature is so low as to absorb quickly a great portion of the caloric of any part, produces a sensation of the same sort nearly this may be proved in touching frozen mercury. The bodies which have a chemical action upon the epidermis, those that dissolve it, as the caustic alkalies, and concentrated acids, produce an impression which is easy to be recognised, and by which these bodies may be known. Every part of the skin is not endowed with the same sensibility; so that the same body, applied to different points of the skin in succession, will produce a series of different impressions. The mucous membranes possess great delicacy of tact. Every one knows the great sensibility of the lips, the tongue, of the conjunctiva, the pituitary membrane, of the mucous membrane, of the trachea, of the urethra, of the vagina, &c. The first contact of bodies,which are not destined naturally to touch these membranes, is painful at first, but this soon wears off. Mechanism of touch.-In man the hand is the principal organ of touch; all the most suitable circumstances are united in it. The epidermis is thin, smooth, flexible; the cutaneous perspiration abundant, as well as the oily secretion. The vascular eminences are more numerous there than any where else. The cutis vera has but little thickness; it receives a great number VOL. XXII.

of vessels and nerves; it adheres to the subjacent aponeuroses by fibrous adhesions; and it is sustained by a highly elastic cellular tissue. The extremities of the fingers possess all these properties in the highest degree; the motions of the hand are very numerous, and performed with facility, and it may be applied with ease to any body of whatsoever form. As long as the hand remains immoveable at the surface of a body, it acts only as an organ of tact. To exercise touch, it must move, either by passing over the surface, to examine form, dimensions, &c., or to press it for the purpose of determining its consistence, elasticity, &c.

We use the whole hand to touch a body of considerable dimensions; if, on the contrary, a body is very small, we employ only the points of the fingers. This delicacy of touch in the fingers has given man a great advantage over the animals. His touch is so delicate that it has been considered the source of his intelligence. From the highest antiquity the touch has been considered of more importance than any of the other senses; it has been supposed the cause of human reason. This idea has continued to our times; it has been even remarkably extended in the writings of Condillac, of Buffon, and other modern physiologists. Buffon, in particular, gave such an importance to the touch, that he thought one man had little more ability than another, but only in so far as he had been in the habit of making use of his hands. He said it would be well to allow children the free use of their hands from the moment of their birth. The touch does not really possess any prerogative over the other senses; and if, in certain cases, it assists the eye or the ear, it receives aid from them in others, and there is no reason to believe that it excites ideas in the brain of a higher order than those which are produced by the action of the other senses.

Of internal sensations.--All the organs, as well as the skin, possess the faculty of transmitting impressions to the brain, when they are touched by exterior bodies, or when they are compressed, bruised, &c. It may be said that they generally possess tact. There must be an exception made of the bones, the tendons, the aponeuroses, the ligaments, &c., which in a healthy state are insensible, and may be cut, burned, torn, without any thing being felt by the brain. This important fact was not known to the ancients; they considered all the white parts as nervous, and attributed to them all those properties which we now know belong only to the nerves. These useful results, which have had a great influence upon the recent progress of surgery, we owe to Haller and his disciples.

All the organs are capable of transmitting spontaneously a great number of impressions to the brain without the intervention of any external cause. They are of three sorts. The first kind take place when it is necessary for the organs to act; they are called wants, instinctive desires. Such are hunger, thirst, the necessity of making water, of respiration; the venereal impulse, &c. The second sort take place during the action of the organs; they are frequently obscure, sometimes very violent. The impressions which accompany the different excretions, as of the

M

semen, the urine, are of this number. Such are also the impressions which inform us of our motions, of the periods of digestion : even thought seems to belong to this kind of impression. The third kind of internal sensations are developed when the organs have acted. To this kind belongs the feeling of fatigue, which is variable in the different sorts of functions. The impressions which are felt in sickness ought to be added to these three sorts; these are much more numerous than the others. The study of them is absolutely necessary to the physician. All those sensations which proceed from within, and which have no dependence upon the action of exterior bodies, have been collectively denominated internal sensations, or feelings.'

TOUCH-ME-NOT, in botany. See IMPATIENTS and MOMORDICA.

TOUCH-NEEDLE, among assayers, refiners, &c., was little bars of gold, silver, and copper, combined together in all the different proportions and degrees of mixture; the use of which was to discover the degree of purity of any piece of gold or silver, by comparing the mark it leaves on the touch-stone with those of the bars. The metals usually tried by the touch-stone are gold, silver, and copper, either pure, or mixed with one another in different degrees and proportions, by fusion. But it is now quite unnecessary to describe either the touch-needle or the method of using it; as no dealer in gold and silver will now trust to such an uncertain test, when he can ascertain the value with much more ease, expedition, and accuracy, by taking an assay of the mass. See ASSAYING.

The TOUCH-STONE is a black, smooth, glossy stone, formerly much used to examine the purity of metals. The ancients called it lapis Lydius, the Lydian stone, from the name of the country whence it was originally brought. See LYDIUS. Any piece of pebble or black flint will answer the purpose of the best lapis Lydius of Asia. Even a piece of glass made rough with emery is used with success to distinguish true gold from such as is counterfeit; both by the metallic color and the test of aquafortis. The true touch-stone is of a black color, and is met with in several parts of Sweden. See MINERALOGY. TOUGH, adj. Sax. toh; Belg. taai. TOUGH'EN, v. a. & v. n. Yielding to flexure or TOUGH NESS, n. s. Sextension without fracture; not brittle; stiff: to make or grow tough: state of being tough.

O sides, you are too tough! Will you yet hold? Shakspeare. I confess me knit to thy deserving with cables of perdurable toughness.

Id. Othello.

Of bodies some are fragile, and some are tough, and not fragile. Bacon's Natural History.

To make an induration with toughness, and less fragility, decoct bodies in water for three days; but they must be such into which the water will not enter. Id.

A well-tempered sword is bent at will, But keeps the native toughness of the steel. Dryden. The bow he drew,

And almost joined the horns of the tough eugh. Id. Hops off the kiln lay three weeks to cool, give, and toughen, else they will break to powder.

Mortimer's Husbandry.

TOUL, a town in the department of the Meurthe, France, situated on the Moselle, and surrounded by a chain of hills, covered with vineyards. Its old walls were destroyed in 1700, and the place considerably enlarged and improved by the construction of a new rampart. The principal square is the Place du Dauphin. The cathedral is a fine edifice of the seventeenth century, and the building, once the bishop's palace, the hospital, arsenal, and barracks, have each some interest. A handsome stone bridge over the Moselle was built by Louis XIV. Here are, on a small scale, manufactures of pottery and stockings. Population about 7000. Fourteen miles west of Nancy, and forty S. S. W. of Metz.

TOULON, a noble sea-port of the south-east of France, is situated in the department of the Var, on a bay of the Mediterranean. The outer or greater road of the harbour is bounded by the peninsula on the south; its entrance is a mile and a half broad and is defended by many forts on both shores. The inner road is a fine basin, entered between two promontories a quarter of a, mile from each other, and both covered with batteries: the depth in the basin is six to four fathoms. The town, divided into the Old and New, is built at the foot of a ridge of lofty, and in general arid mountains. Its environs yield vines, figs, and other products of a warm latitude. Its form, including the ports, is oval, the longest side lying parallel to the sea.

The old town is ill built, but contains one long straight street called the Rue aux Arbres, shaded with trees. The New Town is better built, containing the public structures of Louis XIV.; several straight streets, and a square, called the champ de Cataille, used for exercising the garrison. Toulon has no river; but several streams, descending from the neighbouring mountains, supply the fountains of the town. The principal public buildings are the hotel de ville, the hotel de l'intendance, and the churches and hospitals.

The arsenal, situated along the side of the new port, is a large edifice, well filled with arms and naval stores. Here are docks for ship-building, store-houses for timber; manufactures of canvas,

cordage, ship-anchors, &c. The dry dock, for the repair of ships of war, is also an interesting object. The galley slaves, formerly employed in the harbour of Marseilles, have been for some time removed, and kept at work at Toulon. The trade of this place is limited to the products of the vicinity, such as wine, oil, silk, and fruit of different kinds; and the manufactures to soap, glass, hats, and caps. The tunny fishery is extensive. The population is about 22,000, exclusive of the workmen of the arsenal, and the slaves. The port has long been the scene of the equipment of naval expeditions; but the most remarkable event in its history is the occupation of the town and harbour by the British, in the autumn of 1793; the subsequent siege by the republican troops; and the precipitate abandonment of the place by the British (on 19th Dec. 1793), after burning and carrying off about half

the squadron contained in the port. Buonaparte commanded on this occasion part of the besieging artillery, and directed it with great judgment. The republicans, on obtaining possession of the place, exercised great cruelties towards those of the inhabitants who had, or were suspected to have, participated in delivering it to the English. Thirty miles south-east of Marseilles, 220 south by east of Lyons, and 480 S. S. E. of Paris.

TOULOUSE, a large town in the south of France, the former capital of Upper Languedoc, now of the department of the Upper Garonne, situated on the right bank of the Garonne. The Garonne here is navigable, and as wide as the Seine at Paris. The situation of Toulouse (near the junction of the great canal of Languedoc) is altogether very advantageous for trade; but this part of France is backward, and inferior both in population and activity to the northern departments. The buildings are almost all of brick; even the town walls are of that material; but there is much vacant ground there enclosed, and the population of Toulouse, about 50,000, ranks it only in the third class of cities. Of the streets, a few are tolerably broad. The squares are very small, so that the chief embellishments of the place consist in the public promenades, river, quays, and bridge over the Garonne, a fine structure, 810 feet in length, and seventytwo in breadth. It was built in the middle of the seventeenth century.

Toulouse was a Roman station, and afterwards, in the sixth century, the capital of the Goths. It has a cathedral, handsome, though irregular; and a number of churches, among which that of the Cordeliers is noted for its cavern, that of St. Saturnin for its relics. The hotel de ville retains the ancient name of Capitol, from which the magistrates are called capitouls, and is large; its façade forms the side of the square called Place Royale. In one of its halls are the busts of all the eminent natives of Toulouse since the time of the Romans. The other buildings worth notice are, the residence of the archbishop, the hospital, mint, and exchange. In antiquities, Toulouse presents only the remains of an amphitheatre, and of an aqueduct. It has a university, a central school, a society of arts and sciences, an academy of inscriptions and belles lettres, museum, a public library, botanical garden, and observatory.

The manufactures consist of silks, woollens, leather, linen, pottery, copper-works, and a cannon foundry; the whole, however, on a small scale. The town contains an insurance company for indemnifying the agriculturist for loss from hail storms. Toulouse is, and has been long, the see of an archbishop, the residence of a number of noblesse or provincial gentry, and the seat of a prefecture. In an historical sense it acquired an unfortunate title to notice, by an obstinate battle fought on the 10th of April, 1814, between the British under lord Wellington, and the French under Soult, neither commander having been apprised of the abdication of Buonaparte. The British troops were successful, but suffered much, their loss in killed and wounded being from 4000 to 5000 men. The climate of Toulouse is warm: the environs produce maize, wheat, vines, and

other fruits of a southern latitude. 150 miles south-east of Bourdeaux, and 420 south by west of Paris.

TOUP (Jonathan), a learned divine and distinguished critic, was born at St. Ives, in Cornwall, in 1713, being the son of the curate. He was entered of Exeter College, Oxford, where he graduated B. A.; but took his degree of M. A. at Pembroke-hall, Cambridge, in 1756, having previously been presented to the rectory of St. Martin's, Cornwall. In 1760 he was made known to the learned world by a first part of his Emendationes in Suidam; the second of which appeared in 1764, and the third in 1766. This work, which displays great erudition, rather dogmatically recommended him to a kindred spirit, bishop Warburton, who became his correspondent and patron. In 1767 he published Epistola Critica, addressed to that prelate: in 1772 appeared his Curæ posteriores sive Appendicula Notarum atque Emendationum in Theocritum, Oxonii nuperrime publicatum, 4to. The interest of Warburton now procured him a presentation to a prebend in the church of Exeter, and in 1776 another to the vicarage of St. Merryn. In 1715 he printed Appendicula Notarum in Suidam; and in 1778 his edition of Longinus. He continued to reside at his living of St. Martin's until his death, in January 1785, in his seventy-third year. He was kind and beneficent, we are told, in private life; in the opinion of Dr. Burney he is to be regarded as one of the seven pre-eminent scholars of the eighteenth century.

TOUPET', n. s. Fr. toupet. A curl; an artificial lock of hair.

Remember second-hand toupets and repaired ruffles.

Were it permitted, he 'd make the tour of the whole system of the sun.

Arbuthnot and Pope's Martinus Scriblerus. TOUR (Henry de la viscount Turenne), a celebrated French general, was the second son of Henry de la Tour, duke of Bouillon, and was born at Sedan in 1611. He made his first campaigns in Holland, under Maurice and Frederic Henry princes of Orange, who were his uncles by the mother's side. In 1634 he marched with his regiment into Lorraine; and, having contributed to the taking of La Mothe, was, though very young, made mareschal de camp. In 1636 he took Saverne, and in 1637 the castles of Hirson and Sole. He continued to distinguish himself in several sieges and battles, and in

1644 was made marshal of France; but was defeated at the battle of Mariendal in 1645. However, he gained the battle of Nortsingen three months after; restored the elector of Treves to his dominions, and in 1646 made the famous junction of the French army with that of Sweden commanded by general Wrangle, which obliged the duke of Bavaria to demand a peace. But that duke breaking the treaty, he was defeated by Turenne at the battle of Zumarshausen, and in 1648 driven entirely out of his dominions. During the civil wars in France he sided with the princes, and was defeated at the battle of Rhetal in 1650; but soon after was restored to the favor of the king, who in 1652 gave him the command of his army. He acquired great honor at the battles of Jergeau, Gren, and the suburbs of St. Anthony, and by the retreat he made before the army commanded by the princes at Ville Neuve St. George. In 1654 he made the Spaniards raise the siege of Arras; in 1655 he took Condé, St. Guilian, and several other places; gained the famous battle of Dunes; and made himself master of Dunkirk, Oudenarde, and almost all Flanders: this obliged the Spaniards to conclude the peace of the Pyrenees in 1660. These important services occasioned his being made marshal general of the king's armies. The war being renewed with Spain in 1667, Turenne commanded in Flanders; and took so many places that in 1668 the Spaniards were obliged to sue for peace. He commanded the French army in the war against the Dutch in 1672; took forty towns in twentytwo days; pursued the elector of Brandenburgh even to Berlin; gained the battles of Slintsheim, Ladenburg, Ensheim, Mulhausen, and Turkeim; and obliged the imperial army of 70,000 men to repass the Rhine. By this campaign he acquired immortal honor. He passed the Rhine to give battle to general Montecuculi, whom he followed as far as Saspach; but, mounting upon an eminence to discover the enemy's camp, he was killed by a cannon ball in 1675.

TOURMALINE, in mineralogy, a name tha has been given to a species of stone, found in Ceylon, Brasil, the Tyrol, &c., of a dark brown or yellowish, and sometimes of a green, blue,. and even red color: that of the Tyrol by reflected light is of a blackish brown, but by refracted light yellowish, or in thin pieces green; mostly crystallised in polygon prisms, but sometimes amorphous. The thickest parts are opaque; the thin more or less transparent. It possesses peculiar electrical qualities.

Rhomboidal tourmaline is divided into two sub-species, schorl and tourmaline.

Tourmaline.-Colors green and brown. In prismatic concretions, rolled pieces, but generally crystallised. Primitive form, a rhomboid of 133° 26'. It occurs in an equiangular three-sided prism, flatly acuminated on the extremities with three planes. The lateral edges are frequently bevelled, and thus a nine-sided prism is formed: when the edges of the bevelment are truncated, a twelve-sided prism is formed; and, when the bevelling planes increase so much that the original faces of the prism disappear, an equiangular six-sided prism is formed. Sometimes the prism

is nearly wanting, when a double three-sided pyramid is formed. The lateral planes are generally cylindrical convex, and deeply longitudinally streaked. Crystals imbedded. Splendent, vitreous. Cleavage threefold. Fracture con choidal. Opaque to transparent. Refracts double. When viewed perpendicular to the axis of the crystal it is more or less transparent; but in the direction of the axis, even when the length of the prism is less than the thickness, it is opaque. As hard as quartz. Easily frangible. Sp. gr. 30 to 3.2. By friction it yields vitreous electricity; by heating, vitreous at one end, and resinous at the other. The brown and hyacinthred varieties have these properties in the greatest degree. The ancients called it lyncurium. Before the blowpipe, it melts into a grayishwhite vesicular enamel. Its constituents are, silica 42, alumina 40, soda 10, oxide of manganese with a little iron 7, loss 1.—Vauquelin. It occurs in gneiss, mica-slate, talc-slate, &c. The red occurs in Siberia, Ava, and Ceylon.-Jameson.

TOURNAMENT, n. s. Į Low Lat. tournaTOURNEY. Smentum. Tilt; just; military sport.

An elfin born of noble state,

Well could he tourney, and in lists debate. Spenser. For justs, tourneys, and barriers, the glories of them are the chariots wherein challengers make their entry.

They might, under the pretence
Of tilts and tournaments,

Bacon.

Provide them horse and armour for defence.

The TOURNAMENT, a martial sport or exercise of ancient cavaliers, is derived from the French word tourner, i. e. to turn round, because to be expert in these exercises, much agility both of horse and man was requisite; and they often rode round a ring in imitation of the ancient Circi. The first tournaments were only courses on horseback, wherein the cavaliers tilted at each other with canes in the manner of lances; and were distinguished from justs, which were courses or careers, accompanied with attacks and combats, with blunted lances and swords. See JUST. The prince who published the tournament, used to send a king at arms, with a safe conduct, and a sword, to all the princes, knights, &c., signifying that he intended a tournament and a clashing of swords, in the presence of ladies and damsels; which was the usual formula of invitation. They first engaged man against man, then troop against troop; and, after the combat, the judges allotted the prize to the best cavalier and manager of his sword; who was accordingly conducted in pomp to the lady of the tournament; where, after thanking her very reverendly, he saluted her and her attendants. These tourna