Though oral tradition might be a competent discoverer of the original of a kingdom, yet such a tradition were incompetent without written monuments to derive to us the original laws, because they are of a complex nature, and therefore not orally traducible to so great a distance of ages. Hale. Some believe the soul is made by God, some by angels, and some by the generant: whether it be immediately created or traduced hath been the great ball of contention to the latter ages. Glanville's Scepsis. The patrons of traduction accuse their adversaries of affronting the attributes of God; and the asserters of creation impeach them of violence to the nature of things. If by traduction came thy mind, Our wonder is the less to find Glanville. TRAFALGAR, a cape of Spain, on the coast of Andalusia, at the entrance of the straits of Gibraltar, opposite to Cape Esparte, on the coast of Africa; off which on the 21st of October, 1805, the British fleet, commanded by lord Nelson, obtained the memorable victory over the combined fleets of France and Spain, which cost his country his valuable life. TRAFFIC, n. s. & v. n. Fr. trafique; Ital. TRAFFICKER, N. s. traffico; Span. trafigar. Commerce; merchandising; large trade. It was formerly used of foreign commerce in dis tinction from trade: he who conducts traffic. My father A merchant of great traffick through the world. Shakspeare. Your argosies with portly sail, Like signiors and rich burghers on the flood, Do overpeer the petty traffickers That curtsy to them. Id. Merchant of Venice. They first plant for corn and cattle, and after enlarge themselves for things to traffick withal. Bacon's Advice to Villiers. I shall laugh at this, That they, who brought me in my master's hate, I live to look upon their tragedy. Shakspeare. Richard III. A dire induction I am witness to; Shakspeare. The gaudy, blabbing, and remorseful day Id. Henry VI. Id. Richard III. Addison. The whole art of the tragi-comical farce lies in interweaving the several kinds of the drama, so that they cannot be distinguished. Gay's What d' ye call it? Like bold Phaetons, we despise all benefits of the father of light, unless we may guide his chariot; and we moralize the fable as well in the tragicalness of the event, as in the insolence of the undertaking. Decay of Piety. TRAGIA, in botany, a genus of plants, in the class of monœcia, and order of triandria, ranking according to the natural method, in the eighteenth order, tricocca. TRAGOPOGON, goat's beard, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of synge nesia, and to the order of polygamia æqualis; and in the natural system ranging under the fourth order, compositæ. The receptacle is naked, the calyx simple, and the pappus plumose. There are fourteen species; of which two are British. 1. T. porrifolium, the purple goat's beard, has the calyx longer than the radius of the floret; the flowers are large, purple, single, and terminal; and the leaves long, pointed, and bluish. The root is long, thick, and esculent. It grows in meadows, and is cultivated in gardens under the name of salsafy. 2. T. pratense, the yellow goat's beard, has its calyxes equal with the florets, and its leaves entire, long, narrow, sessile, and grassy. In fair weather this plant opens at sun rising, and shuts between nine and ten in the morning. The roots are conical and esculent, and are sometimes boiled and served up at table like asparagus. It grows on meadows. TRAGURIUM, an ancient town of Dalmatia, on the sea coast. TRAGUS, a river of ancient Arcadia, running into the Alpheus. TRAJAN (Marcus Ulpius), a celebrated Roman emperor, who gained many victories over the Parthians and Germans, pushing the empire to its utmost extent on the east and north sides. He died at Selinunte, a city of Cilicia, which from him was called Trajanopolis. See PARTHIA, and ROME. TRAJANOPOLI, a considerable town of European Turkey, in Romania, situated on the right bank of the Maritza, the ancient Hebrus, about thirty miles from its mouth. It is the see of a Greek archbishop, and contains about 15,000 inhabitants. TRAJANOPOLIS, an ancient town of Thrace. 2. A name given to Selinus, where Trajan died. TRAJAN'S COLUMN, a famous historical column erected in Rome, in honor of the emperor Trajan. It is of the Tuscan order, though somewhat irregular: its height is eight diameters, and its pedestal Corinthian: it was built in a large square called Forum Romanum. Its base con sists of twelve stones of an enormous size, and TRAJECT', v. a. & n. s. Į Latin trajectus. TRAJECTION, n. s. throw; used by Shakspeare, as a noun substan- What notes and garments he doth give thee, Shakspeare. Merchant of Venice. Later astronomers have observed the free motion of such comets as have, by a trajection through the æther, wandered through the celestial or interstellar Boyle. part of the universe. If there are different kinds of æther, they have a different degree of rarity; by which it becomes so fit a medium for trajecting the light of all celestial bodies. Grew's Cosmologia. If the sun's light be trajected through three or more cross prisms successively, those rays which in the first prism are refracted more than others, are in all the following prisms refracted more than others in the same proportion. Newton. TRAJECTORY, a term often used, generally for the path of any body, moving either in a void, or in a medium that resists its motion; or even for any curve passing through a given number of points. TRAJECTUS RHENI, the name given by the Romans to the town and province now called Utrecht. TRAIL, v. a., v. n., & n. s. Fr. trailler; Belg. traglen. To hunt by the track; draw or drag along be drawn out: the noun substantive means track; scents followed: any thing drawn out in length or drawn behind. When his brother saw the red blood trail Spenser. And round about her work she did empale Shakspeare. Swift men of foot, whose broad-set backs their streets Like a wild beast, I am content to go. Milton. Agonistes. Dryden's Knight's Tale. Dryden. When lightning shoots in glittering trails along, It shines, 'tis true, and gilds the gloomy night; But when it strikes, 'tis fatal. Rowe's Royal Convert. A sudden star it shot through liquid air, And drew behind a radiant trail of hair. Pope. Thrice happy poet, who may trail Thy house about thee like a snail. Swift. TRAIN, v. a. & n. s. Į Fr. trainer; Ital. TRAIN BAND, n. s. trainare, of Lat. trahino, traho. To draw along; allure; entice; educate; exercise as a noun substantive, series; flowing part of a robe; procession; tail of a bird; retinue; artifice; stratagem; the line of powder leading to a mine: trainbands, a kind of militia. Abram armed his trained servants born in his house, and pursued. Gen. xiv. 14. A place for exercise and training up of youth in the fashion of the heathen. 2 Mac. iv. 9. He cast by treaty and by trains Her to persuade. Spenser. A thousand pounds a year, for pure respect! That promises more thousands: honour's train Is longer than his fore skirts. Shakspeare. Henry VIII. TRAITOR, n. s. TRAITORLY, adj. TRAITOROUS, adj. TRAI TOROUSLY, adv. TRAITRESS, n. s. My train are men of choice and rarest parts, That in the most exact regard support The worships of their names. Shakspeare. For that cause I trained thee to my house. If but twelve French Id. Were there in arms, they would be as a call Call some of young years to train them up Fairfax. The bird guideth her body with her train, and the ship is steered with the rudder. Hakewill. This moved the king, To lay to draw him in by any train. Daniel's Civil War. tives strictly correspond. Fr. traitre; Lat. traditor. One who being trusted betrays: traitress is the feminine of traitor; and the deriva The law laid that grievous punishment upon traitors, to forfeit all their lands to the prince, that men might be terrified from committing treasons. Spenser on Ireland. Good duke Humphry traiterously is murthered By Suffolk. Shakspeare. Henry VI. If you flatter him, you are a great traitor to him. Bacon. Thou bitter sweet! whom I had laid Next me, me traiterously hast betrayed; And unsuspected half invisibly At once fled into him, and stayed with me. Donne. Pontinius knows not you, While you stand out upon these traitorous terms. TRAITORS' ISLAND, an island in the Pacific Ocean, discovered by Le Maire and Schouten, in 1616, and so called from an attempt made by the natives to seize the vessel. It is low, with a hill in the centre, and divided by a channel 300 yards wide, from the island of Kootahe. Both these islands were visited by captain Wallis in 1767, who called them Keppel's and Boscawen's Islands: and afterwards by Perouse in 1787. The inhabitants strictly resemble the others of the Friendly Islands. Long. 173° 48′ W., 15° 55' N. lat. Could trammel up the consequence, and catch With its surcease success. Shakspeare. Macbeth. The trammel differeth not much from the shape of the bunt, and serveth to such use as the wear and haking. Carew. I may go shufflingly at first, for I was never before walked in trammels; yet I shall druge at constancy, till I have worn off the hitching in my pace. Dryden's Spanish Fryar. TRAMMELS, in mechanics, are also an instrument used by artificers for drawing ovals upon boards, &c. One part of it consists of a cross with two grooves at right angles; the other is a beam carrying two pins, which slide in those grooves, and also the describing pencil. TRAM'PLE, v. a. & v. n. Dan. trampe. To tread under foot with pride, contempt, or elevation tread in contempt. Cast not your pearls before swine, lest they trample them under their feet. Matt. vii. 6. My strength shall trample thee as mire. Milton. Your country gods I scorn, his own. Rowe. And trample on their ignominious altars. Diogenes trampled on Plato's pride with greater of Government of the Tongue. TRANCE, n. s. ? Fr. transe; Lat. transitus. TRAN CED, adj. An ecstacy; a state in which the soul is rapt into visions of future or distant things. See TRANSE. The adjective corres ponds. my master's hedges, and running your lines cross his Arbuthnot. grounds? TRANI, a considerable town of Naples, province of Bari, situated on the Adriatic, is better built than most towns in this part of Italy. Thirty-five miles south of Adrianople, has a fine cathedral and good harbour. Inhabitants 14,000. TRAN'NEL, n. s. Perhaps from trennel. A sharp pin. With a small trannel of iron, or a large nail grounded to a sharp point, they mark the brick. Moxon's Mechanical Exercises. To let a weary wretch from her due rest, Spenser. So I had nothing known. Oh now, for ever Farewel the tranquil mind! farewel content! Shakspeare. You can scarce imagine any hero passing from one stage of life to another with so much tranq illity, so easy a transition, and so laudable a behaviour. Pope. TRANS, a Latin preposition, signifying beyond, or on the farther side; makes part of many English words, conveying some idea of that kind, either local or metaphorical. It also made part of the ancient names of many countries, distant from Rome, and opposed Cis, on this side; as Transalpine, beyond the Alps; Transpadane, beyond the Po, &c. TRANSACT, v. a. Į Latin transactus. To TRANSACTION, n. s. manage; negociate; conduct a treaty or affairs; perform; do: the noun substantive corresponding. It is not the purpose of this discourse to set do wn the particular transactions of this treaty. Clarendon. It cannot be expected they should mention particulars which were transacted among some few of the disciples only, as the transfiguration and the agony. Addison, TRANSALPINA GALLIA. See GALLIA. TRANSALPINE, trans and Alpes. Beyond the Alps. TRANSANIMATION, n. s. Trans and anima. Conveyance of the soul from one body to another. If the transanimation of Pythagoras were true, that the souls of men transmigrate into species answering their former natures, some men cannot escape that very brood whose sire Satan entered. Browne's Vulyar Errour. TRANSCEND'. v. a. & v. n.) TRANSCEND'ENCE, n. s. TRANSCEND'ENCY.. TRANSCEND ENT, adj. TRANSCENDENTAL, TRANSCENDENTʼLY, adv. Lat. transcendo. To pass; overpass; outgo; excel: as a verb neuter, to climb; exceed thought: transcendence and transcendency, excellence; exaggeration; excessive elevation: transcendent is excellent; surpassing: the adverb corresponding: transcendental, supereminent; also general, pervading many particulars. It is true greatness to have in one the frailty of a man, and the security of a God; this would have done better in poesy, where transcendencies are more allowed. Bacon's Essays. It is a dangerous opinion to such popes as shall tions of the line sought. If the comparison transcend their limits and become tyrannical. above-mentioned do not proceed, he pronounces the line sought not to be an algebraical, but a transcendental one. Bacon. To judge herself, she must herself transcend, As greater circles comprehend the less. Davies. Thou, whose strong hand, with so transcendent worth, Holds high the reign of fair Parthenope. Crashaw. The consistence of grace and free will, in this sense, is no such transcending mystery, and I think there is no text in scripture that sounds any thing towards making it so. These are they Hammond. Deserve their greatness and unenvied stand, If thou beest he-But O'! how fallen, how changed From him who in the happy realms of light, Cloathed with transcendent brightness, didst outshine Myriads, though bright! Milton. This glorious piece transcends what he could think So much his blood is nobler than his ink. Waller. High though her wit, yet humble was her mind As if she could not, or she would not find How much her worth transcended all her kind. Dryden. ; The law of Christianity is eminently and transcendently called the word of truth. South's Sermons. Oh charming princess! oh transcendent maid! Philips. TRANSCENDENTAL CURVE, in the higher geometry, is such a one as cannot be defined by any algebraical equation; or of which, when it is expressed by an equation, one of the terms is a variable quantity. These are the same with what Descartes, and, after his example, several others, call mechanical curves, and which they would have excluded out of geometry; but Sir Isaac Newton and M. Leibnitz are of another opinion: for, in effect, in the construction of geometrical problems, one curve is not to be preferred to another, as it is defined by a more simple equation, but as it is more easily described than that other. And some of these transcendental or mechanical curves are found of greater use than all the algebraical ones together, except the circle. Leibnitz, in the Acta Eruditor, Lips., gives us a kind of transcendental equations, by which these transcendental curves are actually defined, and which are of an indefinite degree; that is, are not always the same in all the points of the curve. Whereas therefore algebraists use to assume some general letters or numbers of the quantities sought, in these transcendental problems, Leibnitz assumes general or indefinite equations for the lines sought; e. gr. putting x and y for the absciss and ordinate, the equation he uses for a line sought is a + bx + c y + e x + yfxx +gy y, &c., 0. By the help of which indefinite equation, which in reality is finite, for it may always be determined how far soever it is necessary to raise it, he seeks the tangent; and, comparing that which results with the given property of tangents, he finds the value of the assumed letters a, b, c, and thus defines the equa This supposed he goes on to find the species of transcendency; for some transcendentals de-. pend on the general division or section of a ratio, or upon the logarithms, others upon the arcs of a circle, and others on more indefinite and compound enquiries. Here, therefore, besides the symbols r and y, he assumes a third, as v, which denotes the transcendental quantity; and of these three forms a general equation of the line sought, from which he finds the tangent according to the differential method, which succeeds even in transcendental quantities. What of the tangent, and so discovers not only the he finds he compares with the given properties value of a, b, c, &c., but also the particular nature of the transcendental quantity. And though it may sometimes happen that the several transcendentals are so to be made use of, and these of different natures, too, one from another; also, though there be transcendents, or transcendentals, and a progression of these in infinitum; yet we may be satisfied with the most easy and useful one, and for the most part may have recourse to some peculiar artifices for shortening the calculus, and reducing the problem to as simple terms as may be. In order to manage transcendental problems (wherever the business of tangents or quadratures occurs) by a calculus, there is hardly any that can be imagined shorter, more advantageous, or universal, than the differential calculus or analysis of indivisibles and infinites. By this method we may explain the nature of transcendental lines by an equation; e. g. Let a be the arc of a circle, and r the versed s dr sine; then will a= : and if the √2x-xx then will = ordinate of the cycloid be y, √2x−xx+ y which equation sdx √2x-xx perfectly expresses the relation between the ordinate y and the abscissa; and from it all the properties of the cycloid may be demonstrated. Thus is the analytical calculus extended to those lines which have hitherto been excluded, for no other cause but that they were thought incapable, of it. Among geometricians transcendental quantities are indeterminate ones; or such as cannot be expressed or fixed to any constant equation. Such is a transcendental curve, or the like. Leibnitz has a dissertation in the Acta Erud. Lips. in which he endeavours to show the origin of such quantities; viz. why some problems are neither plain, solid, nor sur-solid, nor of any certain degree, but do transcend all algebraical equations. He also shows how it may be demonstrated, without calculus, that an algebraic quadratrix for the circle or hyperbola is impossible: for, if such a quadratrix could be found, it would follow that, by means of it, any angle, ratio, or logarithm, might be divided in a given proportion of one right line to another, and this by one universal construction; and consequently · |