formed by a reef of rocks, running in an eastern direction from the northern extremity of the town, affords the greatest shelter during the prevalence of a north-easterly gale, the only wind injurious to Tripoli. Though not very spacious, it is perfectly safe throughout the year, and, besides merchant vessels, will admit small frigates, not drawing above eighteen feet. Tripoli is surrounded by a high wall, flanked by six bastions, and has two gates, one on the south, and the other on the east; the batteries are mounted altogether with about fifty pieces of cannon. The castle is an irregular, extensive square pile: when viewed from the port, it has a very respect⚫able appearance. The ramparts are high, and well supplied with brass cannon. The Americans in 1804 were unable to make any impression upon this place. The western quarter of the town is inhabited by a great number of Moorish families, who, excluded from all offices of honor and profit, devote themselves entirely to trade. No jewels or gold dust are purchased by the prince, however, without some Jew having previously imported them. The providing of dress and other supplies for the harem is the province of Jewesses. Others apply themselves to handicraft, and particularly the manufacture of gold and silver lace. The bashaw is nominally the subject of the Porte, from which, at the entrance of his reign, he must receive confirmation; but the authority of that power is in fact so little regarded that he does not hesitate to carry on a system of piracy against its vessels. The principal officers of state are the bey or generalissimo, which place is now filled by the bashaw's eldest son; the aga, who commands the Turkish troops, reduced at present to a very small number; the kaya, or grand judge; the kadi, or religious judge; the kaids, or governors of the provinces; the first admiral and vice-admiral, the former of whom, now named Murat Rais, was originally a Scotsman of the name of Peter Lysle. The jealousy of the sovereign leads him to confer the offices of state almost exclusively upon foreigners and renegadoes, on whom, too, he usually bestows his daughters. The trade of Tripoli is chiefly carried on with Malta, Tunis, and the Levant. The vessels employed in it are mostly Maltese and Ottoman. The exports are wool of excellent quality; senna, and several other drugs, madder roots, barilla, hides, goat and sheep skins dressed, salt, sal natron, ostrich feathers, gold dust, ivory, gum, dried fruit and dates, lotus berries, cassob, saffron, bullocks, sheep, and poultry. The imports are cloths of every quality and color, sugar, tea, coffee, spices of all sorts, woollen and Manchester stuffs, damasks, silks of various colors and descriptions, gold and silver tissues, laces and threads, cochineal, indigo, iron, hardware of all kinds, small wines, spirits, capillaire, gunpowder, cannon, muskets, pistols, sword blades, naval stores of every description, planks and beams for building ships and houses; common looking-glasses, toys, cotton threads, and Tunisian caps. Tripoli is also the centre of a considerable portion of that caravan trade which is characte ristic of Africa. Long. 13° 18′ E., lat. 32° 54′ N. TRIPOLI, a sca-port of Syria, capital of a pachalic of the same name, is situated at the foot of Mount Lebanon, and along the edge of a small triangular plain, which extends between it and the sea, terminating in a flat promontory, on which is situated the place of anchorage. Here is a small town called La Marina, at which the vessels unlade their cargoes, and which forms the port of Tripoli. There is properly no harbour, but a mere road, defended against the action of the sea by lines of small islands, or rather shoals, called the Rabbit and Pigeon Islands. The anchorage is by no means safe or convenient, and south and south-east winds are sometimes tempestuous and dangerous. Along the sea are the remains of six or seven square towers, by which it was formerly defended. The town itself is about three-quarters of a mile long, by 300 yards broad: it is traversed by the small river Kadisha. The only fortification consists of the citadel, situated at the south side of the town, on the banks of the Kadisha. It is an old Saracen building, in a wretched state, and now wholly useless. The plain is entirely covered with trees, chiefly mulberry, planted in regular order, and serving for the production of silk. Between July and September, epidemic fevers constantly rage here; and health itself resembles a state of convalescence. Tripoli enjoyed a considerable trade previous to the late war, which seriously injured it. Silk is largely exported, both raw, and in the form of handkerchiefs manufactured in the place. Soap is also made for exportation. The pachalic contains a great part of the ancient Phoenicia, and consists of the declivity of Lebanon, with the plain interposed between it and the Mediterranean. It is in general well watered, and covered with rich verdure, exhibiting extensive groves of mulberry, orange, lemon, and other fruit trees. The mountainous districts, inhabited by the independent tribes of the Maronites and Ansarians, are better cultivated than the plains. For some time past, this pachalic has been generally included either under that of Acre, or that of Damascus. Long. 35° 44′ E., lat. 34° 26′ N. TRIPOLI, in mineralogy. Color yellowish-gray. Massive. Fracture fine or coarse earthy. Opaque. Soft. Rather easily frangible. Meagre. Does not adhere to the tongue. Specific gravity 2.2. Infusible. Its constituents are, silica 81, alumina 15, oxide of iron 8, sulphuric acid 3.45, water 4.55.-Bucholz. Of the rottenstone, silica 4, alumina 86, carbon 10.-Phillips. It occurs in beds in coal-fields, with secondary limestone, and under basalt. It is found at Bakewell, in Derbyshire, where it is called rottenstone. It is used for polishing stones, metals, and glasses. The tripoli of Corfu is reckoned the most valuable. TRIPOLIZZA, a town of Greece, in the Morea, in a narrow valley, at the foot of Mount Menalus, twenty-two miles S. S. W. of Argos, and thirty N. N. W. of the ruins of Sparta. It is said to have been built of the remains of several towns, Megalopolis, Tegea, Mantinæa, and Pallantium, without, however, occupying the site of any of these places, which were at a considerable distance from each other. See GREECE. TRIPU'DIARY, adj. Lat. tripudium. Performed by dancing. Claudius Pulchur underwent the like success when he continued the tripudiary augurations. Browne's Vulgar Errours. TRIQUETROUS, among botanists, expresses a fruit or leaf that has three sides or faces all flat. TRISECTION is a term chiefly used in geometry for the division of an angle into three equal parts. The trisection of an angle, geometrically, is one of those great problems whose solution has been so much sought for by mathematicians for 2000 years past; being, in this respect, on a footing with the famous quadrature of the circle and the duplicature of the cube. TRISSINO (John George), an Italian poet born at Vicenzo in 1478. His tragedy of Sophinisha was acted at Rome by order of pope Leo, and received great applause. His chief work is a poem on Italy Delivered from the Goths. He died in 1550. His works were printed at Verona in 2 vols. folio, 1729. A TRISTAN D'ACUNHA, the largest of three islands in the South Atlantic Ocean, about 1500 miles from any land either to the west or north, very lofty, and about fifteen miles in circumference. It has been described by sir Erasmus Gower, and the author of the Authentic Account of the Embassy of China, as rising perpendicularly from the sea towards the north to a height apparently of 1000 feet or more. level then commences, forming what among seamen is termed table land, and extending towards the centre of the island; whence a conical mountain rises, not unlike in appearance to the Peak of Teneriffe, as seen from the bay of Santa Cruz. When circumstances require particular despatch, it is practicable to come from England to Tristan d'Acunha without stopping in the way, and afterwards to the end of the voyage to India or China. These islands are situated in that part of the southern hemisphere in the neighbourhood of which, a continent, to balance the quantity of land in the northern hemisphere, was once expected to be found; but where it has since been discovered that there is none. The spot where the Lion anchored was determined by good meridional observations, and by accurate timepieces, to be in long. 15° 40' W., lat. 37° S. TRISTFUL, adj. Lat. tristis. Sad; melancholy; gloomy; sorrowful. A bad word. Heaven's face doth glow With tristful visage: and, as 'gainst the doom, three points. A thing of Consider the threefold effect of Jupiter's trisule, to burn, discuss, and terebrate. Browne's Vulgar Errours. TRITE, adj. Lat. tritus. Worn out; stale; common; not new. These duties cannot but appear of infinite concern when we reflect how uncertain our time is; this may be thought so trite and obvious a reflection, that none can want to be reminded of it. Rogers's Sermons. She gives her tongue no moment's rest, In phrases battered, stale, and trite, Which modern ladies call polite. Swift TRITICUM, wheat, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of triandria and order of digynia, and in the natural system ranging under the fourth order, gramina. The calyx is bivalve, solitary, and generally containing three florets; the corolla is bivalve, one valve being bluntish, the other acute. There are fourteen species. For the cultivation of wheat see RURAL ECONOMY. Linnæus comprehends the different kinds of wheat cultivated at present under six species; viz. æstivum, hybernum, turgidum, colonicum, spelta, and monococcum. Other botanists, however, add eight species to those of Linnæus, and thus enumerate fourteen species in all, beside varieties, which the improvements of cultivation have increased very much. TRITON, in the mythology, a sea-god, the son of Neptune and Amphitrite. He could calm the ocean in the greatest storms. He is represented as blowing a shell, his body above the waste like that of a man, but below a dolphin. He was Neptune's trumpeter and messenger. TRITON, in zoology, a genus belonging to the order of vermes mollusca. The body is oblong; the tongue is spiral; it has tentacula, six on each side, the hindmost ones having claws like a crab. There is but one species, found in holes of rocks about the shore. TRITONE, in music, an imperfect concord; an interval of three tones. See MUSIC. TRITONES, a numerous tribe of inferior sea deities who dragged Neptune's chariot. They were half men, half fishes. TRITONIS, a lake of Africa.-Paus. 9. c. 33. TRITONON, a town of Doris.-Liv. 28. c. 7. TRITURABLE, adj. Fr. triturable. Possible to be pounded or comminuted. It is not only triturable and reducible to powder by contrition, but will not subsist in a violent fire. Dryden. TRIVIA, a surname of Diana, as she presided over all places where three roads met.-Virg. TRIVIÆ ANTRUM, a place in Aricia where the goddess Egeria met with Numa. TRIVIAL, adj. Fr. trivial; Lat. triviaTRIVIALLY, adv. lis. Light; trifling; vul TRIVIALNESS, n. s. S gar; worthless; vile: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding. This argues conscience in your grace, But the respects thereof are nice and trivial. All circumstances well considered. Shakspeare. Richard III. Money is not the sinews of war, as is trivially said, where the sinews of men's arms, in effeminate people, fail. Bacon. Be subjects great, and worth a poet's voice, For men of sense despise a trivial choice. Roscommon. See, yon mad fools, who, for some trivial right, For love, or for mistaken honour, fight. Dryden. Were they only some slight and trivial indiscretions, to which the example of the world exposed us it might perhaps not much concern our religion. In every work regard the writer's end; And if the means be just, the conduct true, Applause, in spite of trivial faults, is due. Rogers. Pope. TRIVIAL NAME, in botany, zoology, &c., is that by which the species of a plant or animal is distinguished from every other species. TRIVICARY, an ancient city of the south of India, province of the Carnatic, but of which very little remains. Hyder Aly gave the finishing blow to its destruction in the year 1781. It is now only remarkable for the petrifactions in its neighbourhood. One of these is described as of a tree sixty feet in length: the pieces of this, when polished, resemble agate, and will strike fire like a flint. It is supposed to have been a tamarind, which is one of the hardest woods known by mechanics. The ruins are situated on the north side of the Villenoor River. Long. 79° 43′ E., lat. 12° 3′ N. TRIUMFETTA, in botany, a genus of plants in the class dodecandria and order of monogynia, and in the natural method ranking in the thirty-seventh order, columniferæ. TRIUMPH, n. s. & v. n. Fr. triomphe; TRIUM PHAL, adj. & n. s. Latin triumphus. TRIUMPHANT, adj. Pomp with which TRIUMPHANTLY, adv. a victory is pubTRIUMPHER, n. s. licly celebrated; victory; conquest: to celebrate a victory hence to obtain one; glory over: the derivatives all correspond. The triumphing of the wicked is short, and the joy of the hypocrite is but for a moment. Job xx. 5. It was drawn as a triumphant chariot, which at the same time both follows and triumphs. South's Sermons. The drunken quarrel of a rake; Pope. Swift. If fools admire, or whining coxcombs toast, The vain coquets the trifling triumphs boast. Logie. A TRIUMPII, in Roman antiquity, was a public and solemn honor conferred by the Romans on a victorious general by allowing him a magnificent procession through the city. TRIUMPH, THE GREATER, called also curulis, or simply the triumph, was decreed by the senate to a general upon the conquering of a province or gaining a signal victory. The general was clad in a rich purple robe, interwoven with figures of gold, setting forth his great exploits; his buskins were beset with pearl; and he wore a crown, which at first was only laurel but afterwards gold; in one hand he bore a branch of laurel, and in the other a truncheon. He was carried in a magnificent chariot, adorned with ivory and plates of gold, usually drawn by two white horses, though sometimes by other animals, as that of Pompey, when he triumphed over Africa, by elephants; that of Marc Antony by lions; that of Heliogabalus by tigers; that of Aurelian by deer, &c. His children were at his feet, and sometimes or the chariot horses. At the victor's back walked a slave, who railed on him, and reproached him with all his crimes and vices with impunity. The procession was led up by the musicians, who played triumphal pieces in praise of the general; these were followed by young men, who led the victims to the sacrifice, with their horns gilded and their heads adorned with ribands and garlands; next came the carts and waggons loaded with all the spoils taken from the enemy, with their horses, chariots, &c.; these were followed by the kings, princes, and generals, who had been taken captives, loaded with chains; after these appeared the triumphal chariot, before which, as it passed, they all along strewed flowers, and the people with loud acclamations called out Io triumphe! The chariot was followed by the senate, by such citizens as had been set at liberty or ransomed; and the procession was closed by the priests and their officers and utensils with a white ox led along for the chief victim. In this order they proceeded through the triumphal gate, along the Via Sacra, to the capitol, where the victims were slain. In the mean time all the temples were open, and all the altars loaded with offerings and incense; games and combats were celebrated in the public places, and rejoicings appeared every where. TRIUMVIR, one of three who persons govern absolutely and with equal authority in a state. It is chiefly applied to the Roman government: Cæsar, Pompey, and Crassus, were the first triumvirs who divided the government among them. There were also other officers so called; as the triumviri, or tresviri capitales, who were the keepers of the public gaol; they punished malefactors, for which purpose they kept eight lictors under them. TRIUMVIRATE, n. s. Į Lat. triumviratus, S or triumviri. coalition or concurrence of three men. A TRO'CAR, n. s. Fr. trocar, corrupted from trois quart. A chirurgical instrument The handle of the trocar is of wood, the canula of silver, and the perforator of steel. Sharp's Surgery. TROCHE, in pharmacy, a sort of medicine made of glutinous substances into little cakes and afterwards exsiccated. See PHARMACY, Index. TROCHEE (Lat. trochæus, Fr. trochée, Gr. Tpoxalos), a foot used in Latin poetry consisting of a long and short syllable. TROCHILICKS, n. s. Gr. τροχιλιον, τροχος, a wheel. The science of rotatory motion. It is requisite that we rightly understand some principles in trochilicks, or the art of wheel instruments; as chiefly, the relation betwixt the parts of a wheel, and those of a balance, the several proportions in the semidiameter of a wheel being answerable to the sides of a balance. Wilkins's Dad. There succeeded new inventions and horologies, composed by trochilicks, or the artifice of wheels, whereof some are kept in motion by weight, others without. Browne. TROCHILUS, the humming bird, a genus of birds belonging to the order of pica. The rostrum is subulate, filiform, and longer than the head, the apex being tubular; the upper mandible sheaths the lower. The tongue is filiform and tubulous, the two threads coalescing; the feet are slender and fit for walking; the tail has ten feathers. There are sixty-five species, none of which are natives of Britain. They are all remarkable for the beauty of their colors, and most of them for the smallness of their size, though some are eight or nine inches long. They are divided into two families, viz. those with crooked bills, and those with straight bills. TROCHISCH', n. s. Fr. trochisque; Latin trochiscus; Gr. Tρоxioкoç. A kind of tablet or lozenge. The trochisks of vipers, so much magnified, and the flesh of snakes some ways condited and corrected. Bacon. TROG'LODYTE, n. s. Gr. Tрwyλodvrns. One who inhabits caves of the earth. Procure me a troglodyte footman, who can catch a roe at his full speed. Arbuthnot and Pope. The TROGLODYTES, or TROGLODYTE, were in caves under ground. Their country was an ancient people of Ethiopia, said to have lived called Troglodytria. TROGLODYTES, in zoology. See SIMIA. TROGUS POMPEIUS, a Latin universal nistorian to the time of Augustus Cæsar, of whom we have an abridgment by Justin, flourished about 41 B. C. TROJA, the capital city of Troas, but some consider it to be a country of which Ilium was the capital. It was built on a small eminence near mount Ida. Dardanus the first king of the country built it and called it Dardania, and from Tros, his grandson, it was called Troja, and from Ilus, Ilium. It is supposed to have stood on the site of the modern village Bounarbachi, about twelve miles from the sea, on an eminence, at the termination of a spacious plain. TROJANI LUDI, games instituted by Æneas in honor of Anchises, celebrated at Rome. TROJANS, the people of Troy. TROILUS, a son of Priam and Hecuba, killed by Achilles during the Trojan war. TROITSK, a town of Asiatic Russia, in the government of Orenbourg, surrounded with wooden fortifications, forming a square, flanked with towers, and encompassed by a ditch and glacis. The place is an emporium for the trade with the Asiatic tribes, particularly the Kirghises of the Lesser Horde, who are particularly rich in cattle, and is carried on in the exchange, a large square, built on the opposite side of the Oui or Ouk, which passes by the city. Long. 55° 30′ E., lat. 54° 15' N. TROITSK, a town of Asiatic Russia, about ninety miles to the west of the former. The inhabitants, amounting to upwards of 3000, are entirely employed in cultivation. TROLL, va. & v. n. Fr. troller; Belg. trollen, to roll. To move circularly; drive about: roll; turn round. With the phant'sies of hey troll, Ben Jonson's Underwood. Gay. Swift. TROLLIUS, globe ranunculus, or lucken gowan, in botany, a genus of plants belonging to the class of polyandria and order of polygamia, and in the natural system ranging under the twenty-sixth order, multisiliquæ. The calyx is wanting; there are about fourteen petals; the capsules are very numerous, ovate, and monospermous. There are two species; viz. 1. T. Asiaticus. 2. T. Europæus, or European globe ranunculus, a British plant. TROMMIUS (Abraham), a Protestant divine, born at Groningen in 1633. He published a Greek Concordance of the Old Testament in 2 vols. folio, 1718. He died in 1719. TROMP (Martin Happertz Van), a celebrated Dutch admiral, born at the Beill in Holland. He raised himself by his merit after having distinguished himself on many occasions, especially at the famous engagement near Gibraltar in 1607. He was declared admiral of Holland, and defeated a large Spanish fleet in 1630, and gained thirty-two other victories at sea, but was killed when under deck in an engagement with the English in 1653. TRONA, in natural history, the name given in Africa to the native carbonate of soda, found at Sukena, near Fezzan. TRONAGE, an ancient customary duty or toll for weighing of wool. According to Fleta trona is a beam to weigh with, mentioned in the stat. Westm. 2, cap. 25. And tronage was used for the weighing wool in a staple or public mart by a common trona or beam, which, for the tronage of wool in London, was fixed at Leaden Hall. The mayor and commonalty of London are ordained keepers of the beams and weights for weighing merchants' commodities, with power to assign clerks and porters, &c., of the great beam and balance; which weighing of goods and wares is called tronage; and no stranger shall buy any goods in London before they are weighed at the king's beam on pain of forfeiture. TRONCHIN (Theodore), M. D., born at Geneva in 1709; and educated at Cambridge and Leyden, under Boerhaave. He settled at Amsterdam, next at Geneva, finally at Paris, where he died in 1781. He wrote in the Encyclopedie, and two treatises de Nympha, and De Colica Pictonum. TROOP, n. s. & French troupe; Italian TROOP'ER. [v. n. troppa; Belgic troope; Swed. trop; low Latin troppa. A company; a number of people collected together; body of soldiers: to march in a body; in company; or, perhaps, in haste: a trooper is a horse soldier. Saw you not a blessed troop Invite me to a banquet, whose bright faces Cast thousand beams upon me like the sun? I do not, as an enemy to peace, Shakspeare. Id. At whose approach ghosts, wandering here and there, Dryden. ideas of unity, makes the collective mode of any As the mind, by putting together the repeated number, as a score or a gross; so by putting together several particular substances, it makes collective ideas of substances, as a troop, an army. Locke. Custom makes us think well of any thing: what can be more indecent than for any to wear boots but troopers and travellers? yet not many years since it was all the fashion. Grew. TROOP, in cavalry, a certain number of men on horseback who form a component part of a squadron. It is the same, with respect to formation, as company in the infantry. When a troop dismounts, and acts on foot, it is still called a troop. TROOP, a certain beat of the drum. See DRUM. TROOPS, HEAVY, Fr. troupes d'ordonnance, horse soldiers heavily armed and accoutred for the purpose of acting together in line, &c. The Life Guards come under this description. TROOPS, LIGHT, Fr. troupes légères, hussars, light horse, mounted riflemen, and light infantry, are so called, in opposition to cavalry or heavy horse, grenadiers and battalion men. Skirmishing is solely the business of light horse, who, according to count Turpin, should be constantly exposed as the forlorn hope of the army, or as troops whose duty it is to be continually watchful for its repose and security. When the light horse compose an advanced camp, the men should keep their horses constantly saddled; it being only an indulgence to allow those off duty to have their horses un |