saddled. It is very true that a camp of cavalry cannot be managed after the same manner; but then cavalry is seldom so situated as to be attacked, or to attack every day, which is the real business of light horse. They should serve as vedets to the whole army, in order to prevent the enemy from approaching it; whereas cavalry should never be employed but in the greatest operations, and on occasions which are to decide the fate of a campaign. Light troops, according to the same writer, are employed to gain intelligence concerning the enemy, to learn whether he hath decamped, whether he hath built any bridges, and other things of the same nature, of which the general must necessarily be informed, and should have a day fixed for this return. There are other detachments, which should be sent out under intelligent officers, and which should never lose sight of the enemy, in order to send in daily intelligence, to attack small convoys and baggage, to pick up marauders, and harass the advanced guards. There should not be any time fixed for the return of these detachments, neither should they be confined to particular places; they should, however, return to the camp at the expiration of eight or ten days at farthest. The inconvenience arising from confining these detachments to a particular time would perhaps be, that the very day appointed for their return would be that on which they might have the fairest opportunity of learning intelligence of the enemy; consequently their being forced to re turn would defeat the objects for which they were sent out. See page 122, vol. ii., of Count Turpin's Art of War. In addition to this valuable work major James recommends the perusal of the following, which treat more or less of light troops :-Baron Gross's Duty of Officers in the Field; Duty of officers commanding Detachments, by Lieutenant-Colonel John Ormsby Vandeleur; and a small Treatise on the Duty of Hussars, translated by Mr. Rose, junior. Likewise a very well written treatise entitled Instructions concernant le Service de l'Infanterie légère en Campagne; also Guide de l'Officier en Campagne. The former production is by the Royal Military College at Sandhurst.

Light troops are sometimes called irregulars, as they almost constantly act in detached and loose bodies. The tirailleurs, tyroliens, yagers, sharp-shooters, the chasseurs à cheval et à pied, and voltigeurs, to which the French owed much during the whole course of their stupendous revolution, are of this description. General Money observes, in page 8 of a small pamphlet addressed to the late Secretary at War, that what was called in this country advancing en masse, by the French, was nothing more than very large bodies of irregulars (or light troops), which covered the country, in the front of their armies, like an inundation. To their irregulars, and to their light artillery, are the French indebted for most of the victories they have gained.' He adds, 'that the troops styled in France chasseurs, are, more or less, to be met with in every service in Europe, except the British. The Austrians have many regiments of them; the Prussians have them attached, in a certain proportion, to each corps; but the French, seeing the good ef

TROPE. See FIGURE, and ORATORY. TROPHIS, in botany, a genus of plants, in the class diccia, and order of tetrandria; and in the natural method ranking in the sixteenth order, calciflora. This genus, as well as the other genera of the class diœcia, affords the most decisive evidence of the truth of the sexual system, by bearing their male and female flowers on distinct plants.

TROPHONIUS, in fabulous history, a celebrated architect, the son of Erginus, king of Orchomenos, in Boeotia. He built the temple of Apollo at Delphi, with the assistance of his brother Agamedes; and, when he demanded a reward for his labor from the god, he was told by the priestess to wait eight days, and to spend that interval in cheerfulness and pleasure. at the end of this period, Trophonius and his brother were found dead in bed.-Lempr.

But

TROPHONIUS'S CAVE, or ORACLE, a cave near Libadia, in Boeotia, between Helican and Charonea (Strabo); so called from Trophonius, an enthusiastic diviner; who, descending into this cave, pretended to give answers and pronounce oracles; and was hence called Jupiter Trophonius. This cave was seated on a mountain above a grove, was formed by art, and surrounded with a wall. The descent was by a moveable ladder. A swarm of bees are said to have first led to it. Such as went down to this cave were said never after to smile. See ORACLE, and MYSTERies.

TROPHY, n. s. TROPHIED, adj sured up in proof of phies.

Latin tropæum, trophæum. Something shown or treavictory: adorned with tro

What trophy then shall I most fit devise, In which I may record the memory

Of my love's conquest, peerless beauty's prize Adorned with honour, love, and chastity? Spenser. To have borne

His bruised helmet and his bended sword Before him through the city, he forbids; Giving all trophy, signal, and ostent, Quite from himself to God. Shakspeare. Henry V. In ancient times, the trophies erected upon the place of the victory, the triumphs of the generals upon their return, the great donatives upon the disbanding of the armies, were things able to inflame all men's courage. Bacon's Essays. Around the posts hung helmets, darts, and spears, And captive chariots, axes, shields, and bars, And broken beaks of ships, the trophies of their wars. Dryden.

Some greedy minion, or imperious wife, The trophy'd arches, story'd halls invade, And haunt their slumbers in the pompous shade. Pope. Set up each senseless wretch for nature's boast, On whom praise shines, as trophies on a post. Young. TROPIC, n. s. Fr. tropique; Latir troTROPICAL, adj. picus. The line at which the sun turns back, of which the north has the tropic of Cancer, and the south the tropic of Capricorn: belonging to the tropics.

Under the tropick is our language spoke, And part of Flanders hath received our yoke.

Waller.

TROPOLOGY, n. s. Gr. τρόπος and λόγος. Α rhetorical mode of speech including tropes, or a change of some word from the original meaning. Not attaining the deuterology and second intention of words, they omit their superconsequences, coherences, figures, or tropologies, and are not persuaded beyond their literalities. Browne's Vulgar Errours. TROS'SERS, n. s. Fr. trousses. Breeches; hose. See TROUSE.

You rode like a kern of Ireland; your French hose off, and in your strait trossers. Shakspeare. Henry V. TROPPAU, or OPPAW, the capital of Austrian Silesia, once the residence of a regency, and still the seat of a high court of justice. It stands at the confluence of the Oppa and Mohe, surrounded with a wall, and has two public squares. It contains the ancient palace of the princes, three churches, several convents, a college, and a museum. Population 10,000, who manufacture soap

and woollens. There was a great fire here in 1758. Eighty-seven miles south-east of

Breslau.

TROPPAU, a fertile principality of Silesia, bounded on the north by Oppeln, on the east by Ratibor and Teschen, and on the south and west by Moravia, was erected into a principality in 1254. At the peace of Berlin, in 1742, the part to the north of the Oppa was ceded to Prussia; the remainder is subject to Austria, and belongs in property to prince Lichtenstein.

TROS, in fabulous history, the fifth king of Troy, the son of Erichthonius, and grandson of Dardanus, and from whom it was named Troja. VOL. XXII

He married Callirrhoe, the daughter of Seamander, by whom he had Ilus, Assaracus, and Ganymedes. See GANYMEDES.

TROSSULUM, an ancient town of Etruria, which was taken by a body of Roman knights, without the assistance of the soldiers, and who were hence called Trossuli.-Plin. 32. 2. Sen. ep. 86, 87. TROT, v. n. & n. s. Fr. trotter; Belg. trotten. To move with a high jolting pace; walk fast: the pace in question; an old woman, in contempt.

Poor Tom, that hath made him proud of heart, to ride on a bay trotting horse, over four-inched bridges, to course his own shadow for a traitor. Shakspeare. King Lear.

Whom doth time trot withal? -He trots hard with a young maid, between the contract of her marriage and the day it is solemnized: if the interim be but a sevennight, time's pace is so hard that it seems the length of seven years. Id. As You Like It. Give him gold enough, and marry him to an old trot with ne'er a tooth in her head: why, nothing comes amiss, so money comes withal.

Id. Taming of the Shrew.
His honesty is not

So loose or easy, that a ruffling wind
Can blow away, or glittering look it blind :
Who rides his sure and even trot,
While the world now rides by, now lags behind.
Herbert.

Here lieth one who did most truly prove
That he could never die while he could move;
So hung his destiny, never to rot
While he might still jog on and keep his trot.

Milton.

The virtuoso's saddle will amble when the world is upon the hardest trot. Dryden. How now, bold-face! cries an old trot; sirrah, we eat our own hens, and what you eat you steal. L'Estrange.

Take a gentle trotting horse, and come up and see your old friends. Dennis.

TROTH, n. s. Sax. theod. Belief; faith; TROTH LESS, adj.fidelity; truth: trothless is TROTH PLIGHT. faithless troth plight, betrothed; affianced.

Saint Withold met the night-mare, Bid her light and her troth plight. Shakspeare. trothplight to your daughter. Id. Winter's Tale. This, your son in law, Thrall to the faithless waves and trothless sky. Fairfax.

Is

Stephen assails the realm, obtains the crown, Such tumults raising as torment them both : The afflicted state, divided in their troth

And partial faith, most miserable grown, Daniel's Civil War. Endures the while. In troth, thou 'rt able to instruct grey hairs, And teach the wily African deceit. Addison's Cato.

TROTTER (Mrs. Catharine), an accomplished and celebrated writer, was the daughter of captain Trotter, a native of Scotland, and an officer in the navy of Charles II. She was born at London in 1679. In her seventeenth year she produced a tragedy called Agnes du Castra, which was acted in 1695. This was followed by Fatal Friendship, a tragedy, 1698. Love at a Loss, a comedy, 1701. The Unhappy Penitent, a tragedy. Gustavus Vasa, a tragedy, 1703; acted at the Hay-Market in 1706. She pub

R

lished also a defence of her conversion from popery, and different treatises on moral and metaphysical subjects. She married Mr. Cockburne, a clergyman of the church of Scotland, 1708, and died in 1749. Her works were published in 1751, in 2 vols. 8vo.

TROUBADOURS, poets who flourished in Provence during the twelfth century. They wrote poems on love and gallantry; on the illustrious characters and remarkable events of the times; satires which were chiefly directed against the clergy and monks; and a few didatic pieces. The troubadours were great favorites in different courts, diffused a taste for their language and for poetry over Europe, which was about that time sunk in ignorance and rudeness; they disappeared in the fourteenth century. A history of the troubadours, in 3 vols. 12mo., was begun by M. de Sainte Palaie, and finished by the abbé Millot.

TROUBLE, v. a. & n. s. Fr. troubler. To TROUB'LER, n. s. disturb; perplex; TROUBLESTATE, grieve; tease; haTROUBLESOME, adj. -rass; engage overTROUBLESOMELY, adv. much; busy the TROUB LESOMENESS, n. s. noun substantive TROUB'LOUS, adj. · corresponding: a troubler and troublestate is a disturber, particularly of the public: troublesome and troublous, uneasy; vexatious; tumultuous; confused: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding. Martha, thou art careful, and troubled about many things. Luke x. 41.

An angel went down into the pool and troubled the water; whosoever first after the troubling stepped in was made whole. John v. 4. much dis1 Mac. It would not trouble me to be slain for thee, but much it torments me to be slain by thee. Sidney. All this could not make us accuse her, though it made us almost pine away for spight to lose any of

He was sore troubled in mind, and tressed.

our time in so troublesome an idleness.

No other noise, nor people's troublous cries, As still are wont t' annoy the walled town, Might there be heard.

ld.

Spenser.

Thy force alone their fury can restrain, And smooth the waves, or swell the troubled main. Dryden.

Though men will not be so troublesomely critical as to correct others in the use of words; yet, where truth is concerned, it can be no fault to desire their explication. Locke. Never trouble yourself about those faults which age will cure.

Id. on Education. It is not bare agitation, but the sediment at the bottom, that troubles and defiles the water. South.

Though our passage through this world be rough and troublesome, yet the trouble will be but short, and the rest and contentment at the end will be an ample recompence. Atterbury. The sword justly drawn by us can scarce safely be sheathed, till the power of the great troubler of our peace be pared, as to be under no apprehensions for

My mother will never be troublesome to me. Pope. TROUEE [Fr.], an opening; a gap. This word is applied to any passage, which is made through an abatis, wood or hedge; also to the impression of cavalry, when it breaks the line, &c. Les cinq trouées en champagne, the principal openings through which an enemy can penetrate into France in the province of Champagne. The duke of Brunswick, in 1792, took possession of these openings; and the Prussian and Austrian armies passed through them in 1814 and 1815.

TROUGH, n. s. Saxon trog, troh; Belgic troch; Dan. trou. Any thing hollowed and open longitudinally on the upper side.

Some log, perhaps, upon the water swam, An useless drift, which rudely cut within,

And hollowed, first a floating trough became, And cross some rivulet passage did begin. Dryden. The water dissolves the particles of salt mixed in the stone, and is conveyed by long troughs and canals from the mines to Hall, where it is received in vast cisterns, and boiled off. Addison.

TROUL, v. n. Belg. trollen, to roll. See TROLL. To move volubly.

Let us be jocund. Will you troul the catch You taught me while-ere? Shakspeare. Tempest. Bred only, and completed, to the taste Of lustful appetence; to sing, to dance,

To dress, and troul the tongue, and roll the eye.

Milton. TROUNCE, v. a. Derived by Skinner from Fr. tronc or tronson, a club. To punish by an indictment or information.

More probable, and like to hold,
Than hand, or seal, or breaking gold;
For which so many, that renounced
Their plighted contracts, have been trounced.

seymeres and broad cloths. There are about 2000 acres of land in the parish, which contains a parish church, a chapel of ease, also eight dissenting chapels of various denominations. Trowbridge is not an incorporated town; the government is vested in the county members, who hold alternate petty sessions here and at Bradford. There are also two other courts annually held here, viz. a court leet and a court baron, belonging to the lord of the manor.

TROW'EL, n. s. Fr. truelle; Lat. trulla. A tool to take up the mortar with, and spread it ou the bricks, &c.

How shall I answer you?
--As wit and fortune will.
-Or as the destinies decree.
-Well said, that was laid on with a trowel.

Shakspeare. The most accurate engravings or embossments seem such rude, bungling, deformed works, as if they had been done with a mattock, or a trowel.

TROY, an ancient city of Phrygia, the destruction of which affords the subject of Homer's Iliad. It had eight kings; though some enumerate only six; viz. 1. Scamander, the founder; 2. Teucer his son; 3. Dardanus his son-in-law; 4. Erichthonius his son; 5. Tros; 6. Ilus his son; 7. Laomedon, in whose reign Troy was taken and sacked by Hercules; and 8. Priam, under whom it was destroyed. Of all the wars of antiquity that of Troy is the most famous, particularly immortalised in the Iliad and the Æneid. Much discussion has taken place among the learned as to the reality of the events and the seat of the place. We may refer particularly to Bryant and Chevalier. The latter published a description of the plan of Troy in the second volume of the Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He fixes the site of the place and the various scenes described by Homer. He describes particularly the tombs of Esyetes, Ilus, Ajax, Hector, Achilles, Patroclus, and Antilochus. The dissertation was translated and enriched with large notes and illustrations by Mr. Dalzel, Greek professor in the university of Edinburgh. Various English travellers have more recently visited those interesting scenes of classic times, and several publications of note have appeared, particularly by Sir W. Gell, occasioning much diversity of opinion, and much learned discussion on questions now only interesting from their classical celebrity. Long. 26° 30′ E., lat. 39° 40' N. TROYWEIGHT', n. s. Į

From Fr. Troies. TROY. See TROYES. A kind of weight by which gold and bread are weighed, consisting of these denominations: a pound = 12 ounces; ounce 20 pennyweights; pennyweight 24 grains. See WEIGHTS.

The Romans left their ounce in Britain, now our averdupois ounce, for our troy ounce we had elsewhere.

Arbuthnot.

TROY-WEIGHT, one of the most ancient of the different kinds used in Britain. The ounce of this weight was brought from Grand Cairo in Egypt about the time of the crusades into

Europe, and first adopted in Troyes, a city of France, whence the name.

TROYES, a large town in Champagne, France, the capital of the department of the Aube. It is situated between two fine meadows

on the Seine, which is here comparatively small, and divided into several channels, of great convenience for manufacturing purposes, but not navigable. The water is unfit for drinking, but excellent for bleaching, dyeing, &c. The town is surrounded with a wall, but ill-built, the chief material being wood: the manufactures are considerable in cotton and cotton stockings. Woollen, linen, leather, and thread are also made here on a smaller scale.

Troyes is an ancient place, having been noted in the middle ages for its fairs, where merchandise was sold by Troyes or Troy weight. Its chief edifices are churches; particularly the cathedral. The castle was long the residence of the counts of Champagne: its public mall, or walk, extending along the ramparts, is of great length. Here are also a hotel de ville, a lycée or central school, public library, and society of arts. In the campaign of 1814 this town was entered by the allies on the 7th of February; retaken by Buonaparte on the 23d of that month; and finally re-occupied by the allies on the 4th of March. It is the seat of an archbishop, and of the administration of the department of the Aube. Pope Urban IV. was a native of Troyes. Forty-two miles north-east of Auxerre, seventy south of Rheims, and 100 south-east of Paris. TRU'ANT, n. s., adj., & v. n. Į Old Fr. truTRUANT'SHIP, n. s. and; Belg. treuwant, a vagabond. An idler; one who wanders idly about, neglecting his duty or employment. To play the truant is, in schools, to stay from school without leave: idle; wandering from business; lazy to idle at a distance from duty; to loiter; to be lazy idleness; negligence. The master should not chide with him if the child hath done his diligence, and used no truantship.

Ascham.

Truce to his restless thoughts, and entertain
There he may find

The irksome hours.
Milton.
Sicknesses, which in the latter years of his life
gave him but short and seldom truce.
Fell.
Shadwell till death true dulness would maintain ;
And in his father's right, and realm's defence,
Ne'er would have peace with wit, nor truce with
Dryden.

sense.

TRUCK, v. a. & n. s. TRUCK LE, V. n.

Fr. troc; Danish trac; Belg. trek. To TRUCK LEBED, n. s. give in exchange; exchange; traffic; barter: also a low carriage for goods: and hence probably is derived trucklebed, which is one bed run under another; and truckle, to creep; yield; be in subjection, or inferiority.

There's his chamber, his house, his castle, his standing bed and trucklebed.

Shakspeare. Merry Wives of Windsor. Shall our nation be in bondage thus Unto a land that truckles under us?

Be

in the bed of honour lain; that is beaten may be said To lie in honour's trucklebed.

If he that is in battle slain

He

Cleaveland.

Hudibras.

Id.

Has been run down in courts, and truckled.
For which so many a legal cuckold
Love is covetous; I must have all of you; heart
for heart is an equal truck.
Dryden.

It is no less requisite to maintain a truck in moral offices, than in the common business of commerce. L'Estrange.

Id.

The Indians truck gold for glasses. Men may be stiff and obstinate upon a wrong ground, and ply and truckle too upon as false a foundation.

Id.

Religion itself is forced to truckle to worldly policy. Norris. I see nothing left us, but to truck and barter our goods, like the wild Indians, with each other. Swift.

To raise his post or fill his coffers, Perhaps he might have truckled down, Like other brethren of his gown.

Id.

TRUCULENT, adj. Lat. truculentus. Savage; barbarous.

Pestilential seminaries, according to their grossness or subtility, cause more or less truculent plagues, some of such malignity that they enecate in two hours. Harvey on the Plague.

A barbarous Scythia, where the savage and truculent inhabitants transfer themselves from place to place in waggons, as they can find pasture, and live upon milk, and flesh roasted in the sun at the pomels of their saddles. Ray.

TRUDGE, v.n. Goth. trudga. To travel laboriously; jog or march heavily on.

That trudge between the king and mistress Shore. No man is secure but night-walking heralds, Shakspeare.

Hudibras.

No sooner was he fit to trudge, But both made ready to dislodge. Away they trudged together, and about midnight got to their journey's end. L'Estrange. And trudged to Rome upon my naked feet.

Dryden.