of which he published in A Treatise on Horsehoeing Husbandry. TULLE, a considerable town in the southwest of France, capital of the department of the Correze, stands at the confluence of the Correze and Solane, partly on the declivity, and partly at the foot of a mountain, surrounded by heights and precipices. It has crooked and angular streets, and no public buildings except its churches and hospital. Its population. of 9000 is employed partly in the manufacture of woollen stuffs and paper, partly in preparing for sale brandy, chocolate, and liquors. It is the seat of the different branches of the departmental administration, and the see of a bishop. Forty-two miles south-east of Limoges. 'TUM'BLE, v. n., v. a., & Fr. tomber; Belg. TUMBLER, n. s. [n. s. tommelen; Italian TUM'BREL. tombolare. To fall; come down violently; fall in great quantities; roll about to turn over; throw down or about: a fall: a tumbler is one who exhibits feats of tumbling with the body: tumbrel, a dung cart. I saw at the bottom of one tree a gentleman bound with many garters hand and foot, so as well he might tumble and toss. Sidney. Glo'ster stumbled, and in falling struck me Into the tumbling billows of the main. Shakspeare. Richard III. Though the treasure Of nature's germins tumble all together, Answer me. Shakspeare. When it came to the ears of Maximilian, and tumbling it over and over in his thoughts, that he should at one blow be defeated of the marriage of his daughter and his own, he lost all patience. Bacon's Henry VII. What strange agility and activeness do common tumblers and dancers on the rope attain to by exercise ! Wilkins. King Lycurgus, while he fought in vain His friends to free, was tumbled on the plain. Dryden. Never by tumbler through the hoops was shown Such skill in passing all, and touching none. Pope. TUMBLE-DUNG, in entomology. See SCA RABEUS. TUMBREL is also a kind of carriage with two wheels, used in artillery to carry the tools of the pioneers, &c., or the money of an army. TU'MEFY, v. a. Lat. tumefacio. Το TUMEFACTION, n. s. (swell; to make to swell: swelling. A consumption actually begun is, when some parts of the lungs are knotted and tumefied. Blackmore. A fleshy excrescence, exceeding hard and tumefied, supposed to demand extirpation. Sharp's Surgery. I applied three small causticks triangular about Wiseman's Surgery. the tumefied joint. The common signs and effects of weak fibres are paleness, a weak pulse, tumefactions in the whole body. TU'MID, adj. TUMOROUS, TU'MOR, n. s. Arbuthnot. Latin tumidus. Swelling; puffed up; protuberant; pompous: this is also the meaning of tumid: tumor (noun substantive) is a morbid swelling; affected pomp. According to their subject, these stiles vary for that which is high and lofty, declaring excellent matter, becomes vast and tumerous, speaking of petty and inferior things. Ben Jonson. His limbs were rather sturdy than dainty, sublime and almost tumorous in his looks and gestures. Wotton. His stile was rich of phrase, but seldom in bold metaphors; and so far from the tumour, that it rather wants a little elevation. So high as heaved the tumid hills, so low Down sunk a hollow bottom broad and deep, Capacious bed of waters. Id. Milton. Though such expressions may seem tumid and aspiring; yet cannot I scruple to use seeming hyperboles in mentioning felicities, which make the highest Boyle. hyperboles but seeming ones. It is not the power of tumour and bold looks upon L'Estrange. the passions of the multitude. Having dissected this swelling vice, and seen what it is that feeds the tumour, if the disease be pride, the abating that is the most natural remedy. Government of the Tongue. Tumour is a disease, in which the parts recede from their natural state by an undue increase of their bigness. Wiseman. TU'MULATE, v. n. Latin tumulo. To swell. This seems to be the sense here, but I suspect the word to be wrong.-Johnson. Urinous spirits, or volatile alkalies, are such enemies to acid, that as soon as they are put together, they tumulate and grow hot, and continue to fight till they have disarmed or mortified each other. Boyle. Fr. tumulte; Lat. tumultus. A promiscuous commotion; violence; a multitude in commo stir; TUMULTUOUSLY, adv. tion: tumultuariness is violence; turbulence: tumultuary, disorderly; promiscuous: tumultuation, agitation; confusion the adjective and adverb correspond with tumult. The winds began to speak louder, and, as in a tumultuous kingdom, to think themselves the fittest instruments of commandment. Sidney. Many civil broils, and tumultuous rebellions, they fairly overcame, by reason of the continual presence of their king, whose only person oftentimes contains the unruly people from a thousand evil occasions. Spenser's State of Ireland. Furiously running in upon him, with tumultuous speech, he violently raught from his head his rich cap of sables. Knolles. What stir is this? what tumults in the heavens ? Whence cometh this alarum and this noise? Shakspeare. Nought rests for me in this tumultuous strife, But to make open proclamation. Id. It was done by edict, not tumultuously; the sword was not put into the people's hand. Bacon's Holy War. My followers were at that time no way proportionable to hazard a tumultuary conflict. King Charles. The tumultuariness of the people, or the factious ness of presbyters, gave occasion to invent new models. The strong rebuff of some tumultuous cloud Hurried him aloft. Id. Milton. Is it likely that the divided atoms should keep the same ranks in such a variety of tumultuary agitations in that liquid medium? Glanville's Scepsis. That in the sound the contiguous air receives many strokes from the particles of the liquor, seems probable by the sudden and eager tumultuation of its parts. Boyle. A tumult is improved into a rebellion, and a government overturned by it. L'Estrange. This piece of poetry, what can be nobler than the dea it gives us of the Supreme Being thus raising a tumult among the elements, and recovering them out of their confusion, thus troubling and becalming naAddison's Spectator. ture. The vital blood, that had forsook my heart, Returns again in such tumultuous tides, It quite overcomes me. Id. Cato. Men who live without religion, live always in a tumultuary and restless state. Atterbury. With ireful taunts each other they oppose, Till in loud tumult all the Greeks arose. Pope. TUN, n. s. & v. a. Saxon tunne; Belgic TUN'NAGE, n. s. tonne; French tonne, tonTUNN'ED, adj. neau, A large cask; large quantity; a drunkard; a large weight; large space in a ship: to tun is to put in casks: tunnage is the contents of a vessel measured in tuns. I have ever followed thee with hate, Drawn tuns of blood out of thy country's breast. Shakspeare. If in the must, or wort, while it worketh, before it be tunned, the burrage stay a time, and be often changed with fresh, it will make a sovereign drink for melancholy. Bacon. So fenced about with rocks and lets, that, without knowledge of the passages, a boat of ten tuns cannot be brought into the haven. Heylyn. As when a spark Here's a tun of midnight work to come, A polished mirrour shone not half so clear. Milton. Dryden. Id. The consideration of the riches of the ancients leads to that of their trade, and to inquire into the bulk and tunnage of their shipping. Arbuthnot. TUN, a large vessel or cask, of an oblong form, biggest in the middle, and diminishing towards its two ends, girt about with hoops, and used for stowing several kinds of merchandise for convenience of carriage, as brandy, oil, sugar, skins, hats, &c. TUN is also the name of a measure. A tun of wine is four hogsheads; of timber a square of forty solid feet; and of coals twenty hundredweight. TUN, or TON, is also a certain weight whereby the burden of ships, &c., are estimated. TUNBRIDGE, a market-town of Kent in a branch of the Medway, five miles and a half S. S. E. from Seven Oaks, and thirty south-east by south from London. Tunbridge consists chiefly of one long street. The town is now in a flourishing state, and once returned members to parliament. The church is a handsome modern structure. The ruins of its former magnificent castle, the scene of many events recorded in British history, are still to be seen. Tunbridge is famous for its grammar school, founded by Sir Andrew Judd, lord mayor of London, in 1551. Many of the masters of this seminary have been distinguished; it is governed by three constables; one for the town, and two others for the hamlets of Southborough and Helden, which is a part of the town. Markets on Friday, and on the first Wednesday and July 5th. Tuesday in every month for cattle. Fairs, Ash TUNBRIDGE-WELLS, a town and chapelry, or rather a series of scattered villages, situate in the parishes of Speldhurst, Tunbridge, and Frant, in the hundred of Washlingstone, lathe of Aylesford, Kent, six miles south of Tunbridge, and thirty-six from London. It may be divided into four parts; viz. Mount-Ephraim, Mount-Pleasant, Mount-Sion, and the Wells, and is nearly two miles in length by one in breadth: it is daily growing into reputation and respectability. Mount Ephraim was once the most fashionable quarter, and had its assembly rooms, tavern, &c., but it is now chiefly occupied as lodging-houses. The part called the Wells is the centre of business and amusement, as it is here the springs, the library, the upper and lower parades, the theatre, the orchestra, the chapels, and the market-place, are situate. The upper parade, being the principal one, is paved with Purbeck stone; from it the lower parade is divided by a range of pallisadoes. A portico, supported by wooden Tuscan pillars, runs the whole length of the principal walk; adjoining the chapel is a large and commodious charity-school for boys and girls, on the Madras system, and there are chapels for various classes of dissenters. The principal trade here, like that of Spa in Germany, is in the manufacture and sale of toys, made of cherrytree, sycamore, &c.; and the Tunbridge turneryware finds a considerable sale in most parts of the kingdom. The celebrated springs of Tunbridge were first discovered in 1606 by Dudley, Lord North, who had retired into the neighbourhood in the last stage of a consumption, and having been perfectly restored to health, by the use of the waters, the place acquired a celebrity which has ever since been gradually increasing. The new bath house is a handsome edifice, and the water supplied extremely clear; the season begins in April and ends in November. & TUNE, n. s., v. a., Dutch toon; Swed. TU'NABLE, adj. [v. n. ton; Italian tuono; Fr. TUNE'FUL, tone; Latin tonus. A TUNE'LESS, diversity of notes put TUNER, n. s. together; sound; note; harmony; order to put into tune; sing harmoniously; put into order: to form one sound to another; utter harmony: the adjectives and tuner correspond. When in hand my tuneless harp I take Then do I more augment my foes despight. A cry more tuneable Spenser. Was never halloo'd to, nor cheered with horn. TUNGSTEN, one of the metals, discovered and ascertained as distinct from earths, stones, and all other minerals, by the industry of modern chemists. There is a mineral, says Dr. Thomson, found in Sweden of an opaque white color, and great weight, from which last circumstance it got the name of tungsten or ponderous stone. Scheele analysed it in 1781, and found it was composed of lime and a peculiar earthy-like substance, which he called from its properties tungstic acid. Bergman conjectured that the basis of this acid is a metal; and this conjecture was soon after confirmed by the experiments of Messrs. D' Elhuyarts, who obtained the same substance from a mineral of a brownish black color, called by the Germans wolfram, which is sometimes found in tin mines. This mineral they found to contain of tungstic acid: the rest of it consisted of manganese, iron, and tin. This acid substance they mixed with charcoal powder, and beat violently in a crucible. On opening the crucible, after it had cooled, they found in it a button of metal of a dark brown color, which crumbled to powder between the fingers. On viewing it with a glass they found it to consist of a congeries of metallic globules, some of which were as large as a pin's head. The metal thus obtained is called tungsten. The manner in which it was produced is evident : tungstic acid is composed of oxygen and tungsten; the oxygen combined with the carbon and left the metal in a state of purity. Tungsten, called by the German chemists scheelium, is of a grayish white color, and has a good deal of brilliancy. It is one of the hardest of the metals; for Vauquelin and Hecht could scarcely make any impression upon it with a file. It seems also to be brittle. Its specific gravity, according to the D'Elhuyarts, is 176 but this is doubtful, without farther experiments. It requires for fusion a temperature of at least 170° Wedg. It seems to have the property of crystallising on cooling like all the other metals; for the imperfect button procured by Vauquelin contained a great number of small crystals. It is not attracted by the magnet. When heated in an open vessel it gradually absorbs oxygen, and is converted into an oxide. proportions of oxygen, and of forming two difsten is capable of combining with two different ferent oxides, the black and the yellow. The Elhuyarts alone, continues our author, attempted to combine tungsten with other metals. They mixed 100 grains of the metals to be employed with fifty grains of the yellow oxide of tungsten, and a quantity of charcoal, and heated the mixture in a crucible. The result of their experiments is as follows:-1. With gold and platinum the tungsten did not combine. 2. With silver it formed a button of a whitish brown color, something spongy, which with a few strokes of a hammer extended easily, but on continuing them it split in pieces. The button weighed 142 grains. 3. With copper it gave a button of a copperish red, which approached to a dark brown, was spongy, and pretty ductile, and weighed 133 grains. 4. With crude or cast iron, of a white S Tung quality, it gave a perfect button, the fracture of which was compact, and of a whitish brown color; it was hard, harsh, and weighed 137 grains. 5. With lead it formed a button of a dull dark brown, with very little lustre, spongy, very ductile, and splitting into leaves when hammered; it weighed 127 grains. 6. The button formed with tin was of a lighter brown than the last, very spongy, somewhat ductile, and weighed 138 grains. 7. That with antimony was of a dark brown color, shining, something spongy, harsh, and broke in pieces easily; it weighed 108 grains. 8. That of bismuth presented a fracture which, when seen in one light, was of a dark brown color, with the lustre of a metal, and in another appeared like earth without any lustre; but in both cases one could discover an infinity of little holes over the whole mass. This button was pretty hard, harsh, and weighed sixty-eight grains. 9. With manganese it gave a button of a dark bluish brown color and earthy aspect: on examining the internal part of it with a lens, it resembled impure dross of iron; it weighed 107 grains. Phosphorus is capable of combining with tungsten; but none of the properties of the phosphuret have been ascertained. TUNGSTENUM (heavy stone), in mineralogy, was a name given by the Swedes to a mineral which Scheele found to contain a peculiar metal, as he supposed, in the state of an acid united with lime. The same metallic substance was after wards found by the don D'Elhuyarts united with iron and manganese in wolfram. From the first of these the oxide may be obtained by digesting its powder in thrice its weight of nitric acid; washing the yellow powder that remains, and digesting it in ammonia, by which a portion of it is dissolved. These alternate digestions are to be repeated, and the tungstic oxide precipitated from the ammoniacal solutions by nitric acid. The precipitate is to be washed with water, and exposed to a moderate heat, to expel any ammonia that may adhere to it. Or the mixture may be evaporated to a dry mass, which is to be calcined under a muffle to dissipate the nitrate of ammonia. From wolfram it may be obtained by the same process, after the iron and manganese have been dissolved by muriatic acid. The Spanish chemists reduced the oxide of tungsten to the metallic state by exposing it, moistened with oil, in a crucible lined with charcoal, to an intense heat. After two hours a piece of metal weighing forty grains, but slightly agglutinated, was found at the bottom of the crucible. Some have attempted its reduction in vain, but Guyton, Ruprecht, and Messrs. Aikin and Allen, have been more successful. The latter gentlemen produced it from the ammoniuret. From 240 grains of this substance, in acicular crystals, exposed for two hours to a powerful wind-furnace in a crucible lined with charcoal, they obtained a slightly cohering mass of roundish grains, about the size of a pin's head, with a very brilliant metallic lustre, and weighing in the whole 161 grains. Tungsten is said to be of a grayish-white or iron color, with considerable brilliancy, very hard and brittle. Its specific gravity don D'Elhuyarts found to be 17.6; Messrs. Aken and Allen above 17.22. The difference indeed is not great. 14.72 Sir H. Davy found that tungstenum burns with a deep red light when heated in chlorine, and forms an orange-colored volatile substance, which affords the yellow oxide of tungstenum and muriatic acid when decomposed by water. Scheele supposed the white powder obtained by digesting the ore in an acid, adding ammonia to the residuum and neutralising it by nitric acid, to be pure acid of tungsten. In fact it has a sour taste, reddens litmus, forms neutral crystallisable salts with alkalies, and is soluble in twenty parts of boiling water. It appears, however, to be a triple salt, composed of nitric acid, ammonia, and oxide of tungsten, from which the oxide may be obtained in a yellow powder, by boiling with a pure concentrated acid. In this state it contains about twenty per cent. of oxygen; part of which may be expelled by a red heat, when it assumes a green color. Tungsten is insoluble in the acids, and its oxide is nearly the same. It appears to be capable of uniting with most other metals, but not with sulphur. Guyton found that the oxide gives great permanence to vegetable colors. TUNGSTIC ACID, in chemistry, a new acid extracted from the new metal called tungsten. Of this acid Dr. Thomson gives the following account in his System of Chemistry, vol. ii. p. 87, 88 :-'The substance called tungstic acid by Scheele and Bergman was discovered by Scheele in 1781. This philosopher obtained it from tungstat of lime, by treating it with nitric acid and with ammonia alternately. The acid dissolves the lime, and the ammonia combines with the tungstic acid. The ammoniacal solution, when saturated with nitric or muriatic acid, deposits a white powder, which is the tungstic acid of Scheele. This powder has an acid taste, it reddens vegetable blues, and is soluble in twenty parts of boiling water.' But the D'Elhuyarts have demonstrated that this pretended acid is a compound of yellow oxide of tungsten, the alkali employed to dissolve it, and the acid used to precipitate it. Thus, when prepared according to the above process, it is a compound of yellow oxide, ammonia, and nitric acid. Their conclusions have been more lately confirmed by the experiments of Vauquelin and Hecht. This substance must therefore be erased from the list of acids, and placed among the salts. The real acid of tungsten is a yellow powder; the method of procuring which and its properties are thus described by Dr. Thomson, vol. i. p. 215 :-The black oxide of tungsten, which contains the smallest proportion of oxygen, may be obtained by heating the yellow oxide for some hours in a covered crucible. The yellow oxide, known also by the name of tungstic acid, is found native in wolfram, and may be obtained from it by boiling three parts of muriatic acid in one part of wolfram. The acid is to be decanted in about half an hour, and allowed to settle. A yellow powder gradually precipitates. This powder is to be dissolved in ammonia, the solution is to be evaporated to dryness, and the mass kept for some time in a red heat. It is then yellow oxide in a state of purity. This oxide has no taste. It is insoluble in water, but remains long suspended in that liquid, forming a kind of yellow milk, which has no action on vegetable colors. When heated in a platinum spoon it becomes dark green; but before the blowpipe on charcoal it acquires a black color. It is composed of eighty parts of tungsten and thirty of oxygen. Its specific gravity is 6.12. TUNGUSES, a wandering native race of Asiatic Russia, who cover nearly the whole south-eastern portion of that territory. They are first found on the banks of the Yenisei, whence they extend all the way eastward to the sea of Okhotsk. In the more southerly districts, however, they are mixed with the Mongols and Burats. Although a few also reach to the borders of the northern ocean, yet in general they give place there to the Yakoutes and Samoyedes. To the west of the Yenisei a few are mixed with the Tartars and Ostiaks; but in general the province of Irkoutsk proper is that of which they may be considered as the denizens. The Tunguses are of a middle size, of a robust constitution, and endowed with the greatest agility. Their countenance bears a considerable resemblance to that of the Mongols, though it is larger and still more flattened. TU'NIC, n. s. Fr. tunique; Lat. tunica. TU'NICLE. Part of the Roman dress; any natural covering or integument: this last is also the sense of tunicle. The dropsy of the tunica vaginalis is owing to a preternatural discharge of that water continually separating on the internal surface of the tunic. Shakspeare. Lohocks and syrups abate and demulce the hoarseness of a cough, by mollifying the ruggedness of the intern tunick of the gullet. Harvey on Consumption. The humours and tunicles are purely transparent, let in the light and colour unsoiled. Ray. Their fruit is locked up all winter in their gems and well fenced with neat and close tunicks. Derham's Physico-Theology. One single grain of wheat, barley, or rye, shall contain four or five distinct plants under one common tunicle; a very convincing argument of the providence of God. Bentley. The tunicks of the Romans, which answer to our waistcoats, were without ornaments, and with very short sleeves. Arbuthnot on Coins. TUNICA, a kind of waistcoat or under garment in use among the Romans. They wore it within doors by itself, and abroad under the gown. The common people could not afford the toga, and so went in their tunics; whence Horace calls them populus tunicatus. TUNICA, in anatomy, is applied to the membranes which invest the vessels, and divers others of the less solid parts of the body; thus the intestines are formed of five tunics or coats. TUNICA ARACHOIDES. See ANATOMY, Index. TUNING OF KEYED INSTRUMENTS. The method of tuning any instrument by means of the monochord is as follows: First you must tune the C of the monochord to the concert pitch by means of a tuning fork; next you are to put the middle C of your instrument in perfect unison with the C of the monochord: then move the sliding fret to the next division on the scale, and proceed in the same manner with all the several notes and half notes within the compass of an octave. When this is done with accuracy, the other keys are all to be tuned, by comparing them with the octave which is already tempered. The monochord is here supposed to be made to the pitch of C; but this may be varied at the will of the constructor. TUNIS, a territory of Northern Africa, one of the most powerful of the Barbary states, consists chiefly of a large peninsula, stretching into the Mediterranean in a north-easterly direction, and coming within less than 100 miles of the coast of Sicily. Beginning at Cape Jerbi, the frontier point of Tripoli, the coast extends northerly with a slight declination to the east; but after turning Cape Bon, its general direction is easterly, with a slight declination to the south. It terminates at Cape Roux, in lat. 37° N., and the whole extent is about 500 miles. The cultivated part reaches from 200 to 250 miles into the interior, till it terminates with the chain of Atlas and the vast dry plains of the Bled el Jereede. There are few countries more highly favored as to natural beauty. It is watered by the river Mejerdah, celebrated by the ancients under the name of Bagrada, and which contains on its banks many towns and large villages, with from 5000 to 15,000 inhabitants. Its banks, and the country to the eastward, are the best cultivated parts of the regency. That on the west side, being exposed to the inroads of the Algerines, is more thinly inhabited. The tracts to the south called Bled el Jereede, or the country of dates, though not presenting the same rich aspect as those on the sea coast, yield in plenty not only the date, but grain of different kinds, and contain a number of large villages. The inhabitants are almost exclusively governed by chiefs of their own, the Tunisians collect the tribute, rather in the form of military merely sending once a year a flying column to exaction than of voluntary gift. The mountains near Tunis contain mines of silver, copper, and lead; and there is one of quicksilver near Porto Tarina; but these sources of national wealth are not turned to any account. |