A London Encyclopaedia, Or Universal Dictionary of Science, Art, Literature ...

Some have a violent and turgid manner of talking and thinking; whatsoever they judge of is with a tincture of this vanity. Watts's Logick. Where humours are turgent, it is necessary not only to purge them, but also to strengthen the infested parts. Government of the Tongue.

The forerunners of an apoplexy are dulness, slow ness of speech, vertigos, weakness, wateriness and turgidity of the eyes. Arbuthnot on Diet.

The clusters clear,

White o'er the turgent film the living dew.

Thomson.

TURGOT (Anne Robert James), the famous financier, was born at Paris May 10, 1727, of a very ancient Norman family. His father was long provost of the merchants. M. Turgot, at the age of twenty-three, took his degree, and was elected prior of the Sorbonne, and afterwards master of requests. About this period he wrote some articles for the Encyclopedie. In 1761 he was appointed intendant of Limoges, in which office he did much good. At the death of Louis XV. the public voice called M. Turgot to the first offices of government, as a man who united the experience resulting from habits of business to all the improvement which study can procure. After presiding in the marine department a short time he was, August 24th, 1774, appointed comptroller-general of the finances. During his discharge of this important office the beneficial objects he accomplished are almost incredible. In the more immediate department of financier he found the public borrowing at five and a half per cent. and reduced the rate to four. He lessened the public engagements 84,000,000. He found the revenue 19,000,000 deficient, and left a surplus of 3,500,000. His merits, however, only served to inflame the envy of courtiers. He was obliged to resign within twenty months. In retirement his intellectual attainments effectually prevented the intrusion of ennui. He died March 20, 1781.

Castello Reale. On three of the sides of the square are arcades. The piazza di St. Carolo, though smaller, is also entitled to notice.

Perhaps the finest of the streets is the di Po, which stretches from the central square called the Piazza Reale, to the banks of the river. It is straight, broad, and bordered on each side with arcades. The Contrada di Dora Grande extends from the opposite side of the central square; it is equally straight as the Strada di Po, and considerably longer, but neither so spacious nor so handsome. The houses are in general built of brick, and the best are plastered in front with stucco. Like most towns which have been rebuilt, Turin has an old quarter, but it is very inconsiderable. It is called Torino Vecchio; and its streets, though less wide and handsome than those of the new town, are in general regular. Of the public walks the most frequented are the royal gardens, and the terrace on the other side of the river. The Rondo, extending between the city walls and the banks of the Po, is also resorted to as an evening walk; while the Valentina, another promenade along the Po, about a mile from the town, is little visited.

The cathedral is an old Gothic edifice, remarkable for nothing but its marble cupola. The church of Corpus Domini is loaded with ornaments. Other churches claim attention only from their size, their pillars, or the variety of marble employed in their construction. The royal palace consists of three wings, surrounded by a court. Its extent is great, but in other respects it resembles the mansion of a rich individual, being of brick covered with tiles. Its interior, however, is not without magnificence, and the galleries contain a number of fine paintings, Italian and Flemish. The Castello Reale, situated in the midst of the square, has an elegant façade of the Corinthian order. The university contains a court surrounded with arcades, covered with inscriptions and antique bas reliefs. The arsenal has a large room for containing arms, and work-shops of some extent for the manufacture of fire-arms. The town contains other buildings of large size, but disfigured in general by misplaced ornaments and grotesque architecture. The opera, or principal theatre, may be compared to DruryLane. In hospitals Turin is richly endowed; the principal one affording both employment and support to its inmates, with education to the children. The city gates, four in number, were demolished by the French. In the vicinity, about a mile beyond the eastern ramparts, is the ancient Queen's chateau, situated at the foot of a hill. At a greater distance, about five miles from the city, stands the royal mausoleum and church, on the summit of a mountain. TURKEY, n. s. Lat. gallina turcica. A large domestic fowl, supposed to be brought from Turkey.

TURIN, a large city of Piedmont, the capital of the Sardinian monarchy, stands in a beautiful plain, on the west bank of the Po, which here receives the waters of the Dora Ripuaria, and flows with a copious stream at a short distance from the walls. The country is luxuriant; on one side beyond the river rises a beautiful range of hills; on the other a plain strewed with villas and gardens, extends as far as the base of the Alps. The town is of an oblong form, and includes, with the ramparts, a circuit of about four miles. Its citadel and other fortifications placed it at one time in the rank of the strongest places in Europe; but they were demolished by the French after the battle of Marengo. The streets are in general wide and straight, intersecting each other at right angles, and running in direct lines from one extremity of the city to the other; several of them have at the sides arcades or piazzas; the whole kept clean by means of streams of clear running water. The principal square, the Piazza Reale, is near the centre of the town, and ranks, both for its size and beauty, among the most elegant squares of Europe. On one of its sides stands the royal palace; in the centre is the structure erected by Who lately filched the turkey's callow care. the dukes of Savoy, and commonly called the

Here he comes swelling like a turkey-cock.

Shakspeare. The turkey-cock hath swelling gills, the hen less. So speeds the wily fox,

Bacon.

Gay.

TURKEY.

Modern TURKEY embraces a multiplicity of ancient states, in Europe, Asia, and Africa, and receives its name from the Turks or Turkumans, a wandering horde, by whom it was conquer ed, and is at present possessed. With all the fury of Moslem conquerors, they over-ran some of the finest countries in the west of Asia and the east of Europe, and laid the foundation of their empire amidst the wreck of some of the finest monuments of ancient greatness and wisdom.

TURKEY IN EUROPE occupies the south-east portion of that continent, extending from about 36° 20′ to 45° 40′ N. lat., where Moldavia and Walachia form a projecting point, as far as 48°. It is chiefly comprised between 16° and 30° of E. long., and is bounded by the Russian and Austrian dominions on the north; by the Black Sea, Propontis, the Hellespont, and the Archipelago, on the east; by the Mediterranean on the south; and by the same sea, the Adriatic, and the Austrian territories, on the west. Its shape, exclusively of the north-eastern projection, is that of a triangle with very crooked and indented sides, of which the northern may be considered as the base, and the southern extremity of the Morea the vertex. Estimated at 45° of lat., the base will be nearly 680 English miles in length, and the least distance from the southern point to this line 570 miles; but from the northern extremity of Moldavia to the southern point of the Morea the distance is 870 miles. It has therefore about 195,000 English square miles of superficial extent, the population of which has been variously estimated; the mean is about 8,000,000, or nearly forty-one persons to each square mile.

European Turkey may be divided into northern and southern. The latter contains ancient Greece, and forms a peninsula bounded on the west by the Adriatic, on the south by the Mediterranean, and on the east by the Archipelago, while it borders upon Romelia, Servia, and Bulgaria on the other side. These are subdivided into provinces, which, with their chief towns and their inhabitants, are,

ver them into peninsulas, promontories, and capes. The gulf of Lepanto, in the Ionian Sea, is the chief inlet on the west, and peninsulates the southern part of Greece or the Morea; for Greece is yet nominally Turkish. On the eastern coast of this celebrated country the gulfs of Coron, Napoli, and Athens, present themselves. The large gulf of Salonica makes a deep opening into ancient Macedonia, while several others indent the upper part of the Archipelago. The most noted cape is that of Matapan, which forms the southern point of the European continent. Besides this, Cape St. Angelo, Cape Colonni south of Athens, and Cape Europa, near the entrance of the Dardanelles, from which some authors have derived the name of Europe, are all distinguished points. Having passed the Dardanelles, the sea of Marmora forms a part of the southern boundary. The Hellespont then intersects the isthmus between that sea and the Euxine, which thence forms a large convex sweep to the mouth of the Danube, and washes the eastern limits of these dominions. The boundary then follows that river to the influx of the Pruth, which it ascends north-west to the confines of Moldavia. There winding to the south, it reaches the Carpathian chain, and with it descends to the Danube, which with the Save then divide the Austrian from the Turkish territories to the western limits of Croatia, where, suddenly turning to the south, it joins the Adriatic. Many parts of the coast are composed of rocky promontories and inaccessible precipices, but others form inlets, creeks, and excellent harbours.

Long mountain ranges intersect this division of Turkey in various directions, and their lateral branches, with several detached hills and groups, diversify many of the other districts. These elevations, which often pierce the clouds, and are covered with perpetual snow, are separated by beautiful valleys and plains, and sometimes by extensive tracts of level country, watered by noble rivers, and smiling with spontaneous vegetation. The description which Mr. Thornton gives of two of the northern provinces may be applied to many other parts. The attention of the traveller is wholly absorbed in contemplating the Population. beauty of the varied landscape, and the fertility of the soil which is improved by a rich though 40,000 80,000 very inadequate cultivation. I have traversed 6,000 both principalities in every direction, and re9,000 trace with the greatest pleasure the impressions 12,000 left on my memory by their grand and romantic 25,000 scenery; the torrents rushing down the preci70,000 pices and winding through the valleys, the de400,000 lightful fragrance of the lime flower, and the herbs crushed by the browzing flock, the solitary hut of the shepherd on the brow of the mountain, 60,000 the mountain itself rising far above the clouds, 30,000 covered over its whole surface, except the snowy Livadia Setines (ancient Athens) 10,000 region, with the finest vegetable earth, and every

NORTHERN DIVISION. Chief Towns. Moldavia Yassi .

Provinces.

Walachia

Croatia

Bucharest

Bihatsh

Dalmatia Mostar

Bosnia

Servia

Bulgaria. . Sophia

Romelia.

Bosna-Serajo

Belgrade

Constantinople.

SOUTHERN DIVISION.

Macedonia. Salonica.

TURKEY.

TURKEY IN EUROPE occupies the south-east portion of that continent, extending from about 36° 20′ to 45° 40′ N. lat., where Moldavia and Walachia form a projecting point, as far as 48°. It is chiefly comprised between 16° and 30° of E. long., and is bounded by the Russian and Austrian dominions on the north; by the Black Sea, Propontis, the Hellespont, and the Archipelago, on the east; by the Mediterranean on the south; and by the same sea, the Adriatic, and the Austrian territories, on the west. Its shape, exclusively of the north-eastern projection, is that of a triangle with very crooked and indented sides, of which the northern may be considered as the base, and the southern extremity of the Morea the vertex. Estimated at 45° of lat., the base will be nearly 680 English miles in length, and the least distance from the southern point to this line 570 miles; but from the northern extremity of Moldavia to the southern point of the Morea the distance is 370 miles. It has therefore about 195,000 English square miles of superficial extent, the population of which has been variously estimated; the mean is about 8,000,000, or nearly forty-one persons to each square mile.

NORTHERN DIVISION.
Chief Towns.

Long mountain ranges intersect this division of Turkey in various directions, and their lateral branches, with several detached hills and groups, diversify many of the other districts. These elevations, which often pierce the clouds, and are covered with perpetual snow, are separated by beautiful valleys and plains, and sometimes by extensive tracts of level country, watered by noble rivers, and smiling with spontaneous vegetation. The description which Mr. Thornton gives of two of the northern provinces may be applied to many other parts. The attention of the traveller is wholly absorbed in contemplating the Population. beauty of the varied landscape, and the fertility of the soil which is improved by a rich though 40,000 80,000 very inadequate cultivation. I have traversed both principalities in every direction, and re6,000 9,000 trace with the greatest pleasure the impressions 12,000 left on my memory by their grand and romantic 25,000 scenery; the torrents rushing down the precipices and winding through the valleys, the de400,000 lightful fragrance of the lime flower, and the herbs crushed by the browzing flock, the solitary hut of the shepherd on the brow of the mountain, 60,000 the mountain itself rising far above the clouds, 30,000 covered over its whole surface, except the snowy Livadia Setines (ancient Athens) 10,000 region, with the finest vegetable earth, and every The Morea. Misitra..

Provinces.

Moldavia Yassi .

Walachia

Bucharest