TYRA, or TYRAS, a river of European Sarmatia, which runs into the Euxine Sea, between the Danube and the Borysthenes; now called Dniester. Ovid.

TYRANNION, a celebrated grammarian in Pompey's time, was a native of Amisus in Pontus. He was the scholar of Dionysius of Thrace at Rhodes. He fell into the hands of Luculias, when that general defeated Mithridates VII. and seized his dominions. This captivity of Tyrannion was no disadvantage to him, as it procured him an opportunity of being illustrious at Rome and raising a fortune. He spent it, among other things, in making a library of above 30,000 volumes. He died very old, being worn out with the gout. His care in collecting books contributed very much to the preservation of Aristotle's works.

Greek τυραννος;

TYRANT, n. s. TYR'ANNESS, n. s. fem. Sax. top; Lat. tyTYRAN NIC, adj. rannus; Goth. tur, TYRAN'NICAL, thor; Swed. toin; TYRAN'NICALLY, adv. Danish taarn, all TYRAN'NICIDE, N. S. signify elevation; TYR'ANNISE, V. n. strength; empire TYR'ANNOUS, adj. An absolute moTYR'ANNY, n. s. narch governing imperiously; cruel, despotick, or severe master: tyranness is the feminine: tyrannic, tyrannical, and tyrannous, like or befitting a tyrant; the adverb corresponding: tyrannicide, the act of killing a tyrant: tyrannise is to play the tyrant: tyranny, absolute, imperious power or government; rigorous and cruel command; inclemency.

It is strange to see the unmanlike cruelty of mankind, who, not content with their tyrannous ambition to have brought the others virtuous patience under them, think their masterhood nothing without doing injury to them. Sidney.

Love to a yielding heart is a king, but to a resisting is a tyrant.

They were, by law of that proud tyranness, Provoked with wrath and envy's false surmise.

Id.

Spenser.

Lately grown into a loathing and detestation of the unjust and tyrannous rule of Harold, an usurper.

Id.

While we trust in the mercy of God through Christ Jesus, fear will not be able to tyrannise over Hooker.

us.

Roscommon.

The cities fell often under tyrannies, which spring naturally out of popular governments. Temple. He does violence to his own faculties, tyrannises over his own mind, and usurps the prerogative that belongs to truth alone, which is, to command by its own authority.

Locke. When tyrant custom had not shackled man, But free to follow nature was the mode. Thomson. TYRANT, among the ancients, denoted simply invested with that character made of it has altered a king or monarch; but the ill use which many the import of the word, and tyrant now carries with it the idea of an unjust or cruel prince, who invades the people's liberty, and rules in a more despotic manner than the laws of nature or of the

country allow.

TYRE, n. s. Properly tire. See TIRE.

I have seen her beset and bedecked all over with of her head. emeralds and pearls, ranged in rows above the tyre Hakewill.

TYRE, a celebrated ancient city of Asia, on the coast of Syria. It was built, according to some writers, 2760 years before the Christian era. There were two cities of that name; the one called Palætyrus, situated on the continent; and the other the city of Tyre, built on an island about half a mile from the shore. It was about nineteen miles in circumference, including Palætyrus; the town on the island was about four miles round. The buildings of Tyre were very magnificent; the walls were 150 feet high, and broad in proportion. This city was at one period the most famous commercial city in the world. It resisted Nebuchadnezzar king of Babylon for thirteen years; at the end of which, wearied with endless efforts, the inhabitants resolved to place the sea between them and their The new city stood out against Alexander the enemy, and passed accordingly into the island. Great for seven months; and before he could take it he was obliged to fill up the strait which separated the island from the continent. MACEDON. It was repaired afterwards by Adrian, and became the metropolis of the province. It afterwards fell into the hands of the Arabs; and after being taken by Baldwin II., king of Jerusalem, it was destroyed by the sultan of Egypt in 1289, and abandoned, never more to rise from its ruins. An excellent account of Volney's Travels, vol. ii. It now consists of a its situation and modern state may be found in small village, composed of wretched huts, containing about fifty or sixty poor families. Its harbour is now almost choked up. It is called Sour or Tsour by the Orientals. See SUR.

See

TYRE, or SOUR, a sea-port of Syria, occupying the site of the most celebrated commercial city of antiquity, the ancient Tyre. This was first built on the continent; but, being taken,

and in a great measure destroyed, by the kings of Assyria, a new city was founded on an island at a little distance. In the time of the Romans, Tyre old and new, including the suburbs, were stated to have a circumference of nineteen miles. During the first centuries it was distinguished for its zeal in the cause of Christianity, and was made the first archbishopric under the patriarchate of Jerusalem. During the crusades, it became the subject of frequent contest. For some centuries this once magnificent place has presented to the traveller, only the aspect of a ruined village. It appears to be beginning somewhat to revive. The peasantry are coming down from the neighbouring mountains, to carry on the trade for which it affords opportunity it contains, however, at most 200 inhabited houses, two-thirds of which are occupied by the people called Mutualis, while the rest consist of Greek Catholics. There are twelve Maronite families, but not a single Jew. The chief staple is tobacco, sent to Cairo and Damietta, where it is sold at from £20 to £24 a cantar. To the same places are sent charcoal, a number of dried figs, and large faggots of wood. There is a large pottery and a fishery, which together are farmed for 1400 piastres (about £115). Mr. Turner does not mention the corn, of which, in Pococke's time, great quantities are said to have been exported to Malta. The old walls may still be traced, forming an irregular square of about a mile. In many places they are mended with large columns of red and gray granite, and two or three rusty old cannon are mounted upon them. On the south and east they are thirty feet high; but on the west the sand reaches almost to their top. At the south-west and south-east corners are remains of ancient niches. The only gate is one of wood on the eastern side; while on the north, part of the wall is broken down, to allow a passage. The harbour will now admit only boats, stretching eighty feet along the shore, and 150 along banks that run into the sea. Near the walls, at the east end, are the ruins of two square Arab towers, one thirty-five, and the other sixty feet high, which Pococke supposes to have served as reservoirs of water from the aqueduct, and for its distribution over the city. He observed remains of a thick wall from one to the other, which probably belonged to the aqueduct itself. The houses are all built from ruins. Without the walls are ruins of a very large church, built of hewn stone, in the Syrian style; also very perfect remains of several buildings to the north, which probably belong to the archiepiscopal palace. There are remains of several other churches. At Seyd Mr. Turner picked up a medal of ancient Tyre. Long. 35° 20′ E., lat. 33° 10′ N.

TYRNAU, or Nagy-Szombath, a town in the west of Hungary, on the Tyrna. It stands in a fertile but rather unhealthy district: it has been the seat of the chapter of Gran since 1543, and contains so many churches and monasteries that it has got the name of Little Rome. It is the seat of the court of appeal for the circle on the north of the Danube, and contained the national university until its removal to Buda in 1777.

TYRO, in fabulous history, a daughter of Salmoneus, king of Elis, who, being harshly treated by her step-mother Sidero, was removed by her uncle Cretheus to the banks of the Enipeus; where Neptune, assuming the form of that rivergod, had two sons by her, the celebrated Pelias and Neleus, who, being exposed, were preserved by shepherds, and avenged their mother's injuries on Sidero. She afterwards married her uncle Cretheus, by whom she had son, Amythaon, and Pheres. Hom. Od. 11, 234.

TYROL, a province of the Austrian empire, bounded by Bavaria, Salzburg, Carinthia, Austrian Italy, and Switzerland, and lying between Long. 10° 2′ and 12° 20′ E., and lat. 45° 46′ and 47° 46′ N. Its form approaches to the circular, but its boundary is marked by frequent projections. Its area is about 11,000 square miles, and its population about 720,000, thinly scattered. It is divided into seven districts or circles, viz.

The Tyrol is the most mountainous of all the countries of Europe. A chain of primitive formation, containing mountains of the greatest height (the Orteles of 14,000 feet, the Glokner of 12,000, and the less elevated, but still lofty mass of Mount Brenner), traverses its whole extent, entering from Switzerland on the west, and terminating in the east, at the Kahlenberg, near Vienna. On each side of this is a secondary chain, one of which separates Tyrol from Bavaria, the other from Italy. These divide Tyrol into more than twenty valleys, the most remarkable of which are the three which contain the large rivers of the Inn, the Eysach, and the Adige. The Adige in the south of Tyrol, like the Rhone in the south of Switzerland, is the recipient of all the mountain streams on one side of the country; while the Inn, having, like the Rhine, a longer course, and a greater volume of water, absorbs all those in the central and northern parts of the country. No country has a more romantic road than that over Mount Brenner along the Adige. It is indeed sometimes attended with danger, from the rapid increase of the mountain streams, or from the falls of rocks, or snow after thaws; but accidents are rare.

The climate of the Tyrol is of course cold, not only in winter, but in spring: but in sum

mer the valleys are hot, particularly when open to the south. The most pleasant season is au

tumn.

Most of the minerals from gold to coal are found here; but the only mines that have been worked with advantage are those of salt, iron, copper, and calamine. Mineral springs are also abundant. The Tyrolese raise corn and vegetables in spots of very difficult access, but the quantity produced is inadequate to their wants, which are supplied by the import of corn in exchange for the wine and silk raised in the southern valleys, and of the cattle exported from the smaller vales of the north. The farther products are flax, hemp, and tobacco. Among the wild animals is the chamois, marmotte, and Alpine goat.

During winter the women spin flax, knit caps and stockings, or weave baskets and straw hats. The men are employed in making wooden utensils or toys, and in some places in the singular occupation of training canary birds for sale. The streams from the mountains are made to turn a number of wheels, which drive the machinery necessary for their labors. They associate less in towns, or even in villages, than is common in less mountainous countries: hence the limited population of their low towns,

In a country which so much resembles Wales, and the Highlands of Scotland, it is natural to anticipate a similar emigration in the summer season. Suabia and Bavaria are the chief outlets of the Tyrolese. The young men go there to sell their petty wares, or to act as shepherds during summer; others go to a much greater distance.

The inhabitants of the southern confines of Tyrol partake of the character of their Italian neighbours. It is after passing Trent, and penetrating into the heart of the Alpine territory, that the traveller finds himself among a people religiously attached to their ancient usages, to domestic affections, and to the unostentatious manners and frugal mode of living of their forefathers. The dress of the peasantry is here peculiar: its principal embellishment consists in a straw hat ornamented with ribbons and nosegays: that of the women, far from elegant, and even ridiculous in the eye of a foreigner, is composed of a gown both thick and short, of stockings with cross stripes, and of a cap tapering like a sugar-loaf. There necessarily prevails a considerable diversity of language. That of the north of Tyrol is the Bavarian dialect of German; that of the south is also German, but mixed with a number of words which are obsolete in that country. In particular villages, foreign languages are understood, in consequence of the inhabitants having directed their emigration to the countries where they are spoken: thus, in the village of Greden, Portuguese is spoken with considerable accuracy. The music of the Tyrolese has a very simple and frequently plaintive character, and every parish has its haunted spot. The sides of the bridges and fronts of the houses are covered with images and other objects of devotion.

The Tyrol has a representative body on the plan of our German ancestors, composed of four orders, the clergy, nobility, deputies of the

towns, and deputies of the peasants. No new tax can be imposed without the consent of this body; and, when it is granted, the sovereign is bound to make an explicit acknowledgment that the states might have refused it. In addition there exists a permanent deputation and tribunal, in which the peasantry are represented. The only imposts are a land tax payable indiscriminately by all classes, and a charge on the higher classes, consisting of a per centage on pensions, tithes, and rents. The militia duty is light, the time of muster and exercise not exceeding forty days in the year. A desire, or rather a tenacity, of personal independence, is a conspicuous feature in the character of the Tyrolese. Though fond of the chase, and excellent marksmen, they are averse to compulsory service in the field. The Austrian cabinet in vain endeavoured in 1785 to enforce a conscription. In the defence of their country, however, they display the greatest alacrity.

The Tyrol formed in early ages a part of the ancient Rhotia, a country which, from its difficulty of access, and the independent spirit of its inhabitants, so long offered resistance to the Romans. In the disorders that followed the downfall of the Roman empire, it became divided into a number of petty lordships, which all acknowledged the supremacy of the ancient princes and dukes of Bavaria. On the fall of the house of Guelf, the Tyrolese became immediate subjects of the empire, and the petty lordships were some time after absorbed under two heads, the dukes of Meran, and the counts of Tyrol. These families being united by marriage, the whole country was governed after 1288 by a single sovereign; and the last of the race, Margaret Maultasche, presented the succession to the dukes of Austria, who were her nearest relations. In their hands Tyrol has since remained.

TYRONE (the ancient Tir-yn-fail) is a county in the province of Ulster and kingdom of Ireland: it is bounded on the north by Londonderry county; on the south by Monaghan county; on the east by Lough-Neagh and a part of Antrim ; and on the west and south-west by parts of Donegal and Fermanagh. Its area measures fifty-four miles in length by forty-two in breadth, It is divided into four baronies, viz. Clogher, Dungannon, Omagh, and Strahane; thirty-five parishes; has one borough town, Dungannon, and returns, in all, three members to the imperial parliament. The chief towns are Ballygawley, Fintona, Five-mile-town, Dungannon, Moy, Caledon, Aughnacloy, Armagh (the assize town of the county), Dromore, Newtown Stewart, Claudy, and Strahane, besides the city of Clogher, where the bishop of this rich see resides. Ballygawley is remarkable for its manufacture of excellent gloves, and near it is an ancient castle, the scene of the narrative of the Spectre that appeared to the lady of Sir Tristram Beresford. At Dungannon is a richly endowed classical school, and in its vicinity the linen manufacture flourishes happily. Caledon gives title of viscount to the family of Alexander, and Strahane is a flourishing little town.

There are about sixty schools in this county, supported either wholly or in part by charitable

funds. Sir Erasmus Smyth's charities, the London Hibernian Society, Lady Caledon's bounty, Sunday School Society, and parochial contributions, are their chief, though not their only sources of support. Tyrone anciently gave the title of earl to the illustrious house of O'Neal; but, after the attainder of the chieftain called the Great O'Neal, the family of Le Poer enjoyed that dignity: the title is now merged in the houses of the Beresfords, marquisses of Waterford. The face of this county, though not picturesque, is a good deal varied. The mountains of Curragh, Longfield, and Mounterlony, are prominent features; and the rivers of the Blackwater, Lookstown, and Cannon, while they sufficiently irrigate, afford some pleasing scenery. This latter is called, as it passes along towards the sea, the Mourne and the Toyle. There are besides many streams, but they are tributary to the rivers enumerated. Bog also, as in almost all counties in Ireland, is found in this, amounting to about 4000 acres in the part already surveyed. South-west of Lough-Neagh is School land bog,' which might be drained by a deep cut communicating with the navigable rivers Bann and Blackwater. In the same manner the bogs of Newton Glens and Duncrow might be converted into profitable land. Few counties in Ireland present greater difficulties to the practical geologist or miner than Tyrone; limestone, ironstone, and sulphureous coal, exist here in abundance: but so numerous are the dislocations, slips, or faults, as they are called, so well known to practical men, that shafts are sunk or levels driven at very great hazard of ultimate loss. The Tyrone colliery, at Coal Island, however, is at full work. A navigation extends from Coal Island to the Blackwater, a distance of three miles, and thence by a short cut across the isthmus of Maghuy into Lough-Neagh, by which the bar of the river Blackwater, on which there are but twenty-two inches of water in summer time, is avoided. From the colliery basin a railway is carried to the mines. The success of this undertaking will of course justify speculations in other parts of the Tyrone coal district; this will lead to a more accurate geological knowledge of the district, and hence the working of coal mines here will be a work of greater profit and more certainty.

TYRRHENI, the ancient inhabitants of

Etruria.

TYRRHENIAN SEA, TYRRHENUM MARE, that part of the Mediterranean which washes the coast of Etruria.

TYRTÆUS, an Athenian general and musician. He was called to the assistance of the Lacedæmonians in the second war with the Messenians, about 685 B. C.; and a memorable victory which they obtained over that people is attributed to the animating sound of a new military flute or clarion, invented and played upon by Tyrtæus. Fragments of his poetry, in elegiac verse, are preserved in Stobæus, Lycurgus Orat. in Fulvius Ursinus, and in the Oxford edition of Eleg. et Lyric Frag. et Scholia, 1759. Ea Συζόμενα, &c.

TYRWHITT (Thomas), a learned writer, born in 1730, and educated at Eton and Queen's Col

lege, Oxford. In 1755 he was elected a fellow of Merton, which he afterwards resigned. In 1761 he became clerk of the House of Commons. He published an edition of Aristotle's Poetics, and also of Chaucer. He also wrote Notes on Shakspeare, &c. He died in 1786.

TYSILIO, a Welsh poet, historian, and divine, who flourished in the end of the sixth and beginning of the seventh century. He wrote a Chronicle of Britain; from which Geoffry of Monmouth compiled his Fabulous History of Britain.

TYSON (Edward), M. D. and F. R. S., a learned physician, born at Bristol, in 1650, and educated at Magdalen Hall, Oxford, where he studied physic, and graduated. He settled in London, and became F. R. S. He wrote many useful papers in the Society's Transactions, was appointed physician to Bethlehem and Bridewell, and published Phocoena, or the Anatomy of a Porpoise; 4to. Ephemeridis Vita, or the Natural History and Anatomy of the Ephemeris. Orang Outang, or the Anatomy of a Pigmy, compared with that of a Monkey, an Ape, and a Man; 4to. He died suddenly, in 1708.

TYTLER (William), esq., an able writer, was born at Edinburgh in 1711. He was the son of Mr. Alexander Tytler, a writer. He was educated at the High School and the university of Edinburgh. In 1747 he was admitted into the Society of Writers to the Signet, and he honorably exercised this profession till his death in 1792. He was the author of an Historical Enquiry into the Evidence against Queen Mary, and Dissertation on her Marriage with the Earl of Bothwell; in which works he vindicated her character. He collected the Poetical remains of James I., King of Scotland; and wrote a Dissertation of Scottish Music; Observations on the Vision, a poem ; and a treatise on the Fashionable Amusements in Edinburgh during the last Century.

TYTLER (Alexander Fraser), lord Woodhouselee, son of the former. This elegant and accomplished scholar died suddenly at Edinburgh on the 5th of January 1813. He formerly held the important situation of deputy judge advocate for Scotland, and professor of universal history in the university of Edinburgh. He published a Treatise on Military Law; and Elements of General History, in 2 vols. 8vo., which has run through several editions. He published also a very valuable Essay on Translation, in 1 vol. 8vo., and An Historical and Critical Essay on the Life and Character of Petrarch, 8vo. He was appointed a senator of the College of Justice in 1802, and, according to the custom of the Scottish judges, assumed the title of lord Woodhouselee. He was made a commissioner of justiciary in 1811. He was a respectable and upright judge, and particularly distinguished as a polite scholar and an elegant writer. His Memoir of the Life of Lord Kames, 2 vols. 4to., and his Critical Essay on the Life of Petrarch, will long perpetuate his name.

TZETZES (John), grammarian, was born at Constantinople in the twelfth century. He wrote Commentaries upon Lycrophon's Cassandra, and a work entitled Chiliades. His works were printed at Oxford, by Potter, in 1697, folio.