VAVASSOR (Francis), a Jesuit, was born in 1605. He taught rhetoric and theology at Paris, where he died in 1681. He wrote two Latin poems on the Burlesque, and epigrams, and a life of Jesus.

VAUBAN (Sebastian le Prestre), lord of, a celebrated engineer. He displayed his knowledge of fortification in the course of many sieges, and his services were rewarded with the first military honors. He was made governor of Lisle in 1668, commissary general of the fortifications of France in 1678, governor of the maritime parts of Flanders in 1689, and a marshal of France in 1703. He died in 1707. He wrote, 1. The French Engineer, 8vo. 2. Treatise on the Attack and Defence of places. 8vo. 3. Essays on Fortification, 12mo. 4. Political Testament of M. Vauban.

VAUCLUSE, a department of France, in Provence, bounded on the south by the department of the Mouths of the Rhone. Its extent is about 1400 square miles; its population about 210,000. The surface in the north-east is traversed by branches of the Alps, some of which, such as Monts Ventoux, Lure, Leberon, Bluys, &c., rise to a considerable elevation: the west part consists of a broad valley extending along the Rhone. It is also watered by the Durance. The soil is rich in the low grounds; in the mountains stony and unproductive. The climate is suitable to the culture of silk, olives, and vines, maize and wheat. The manufactures consist of silk, and, on a small scale, linen, leather, and paper. The department belongs to the diocese of Avignon, and to the jurisdiction of the royal court of Nismes. It is divided into four arronssements, viz. Avignon the capital, Orange, Seli-atras, and Apt.

Vary

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CLUSE, the remarkable fountain in the ast of France, which gives name to the department, issues from an immense caOpe overhung and surrounded by huge rocks Variountains, and is remarkable chiefly for the ity of water discharged. This forms at tior a river, the Sorgues, capable of driving nal and bearing boats. In summer, and during timeasons, the pure and limpid water issues Quilly from the cavern by subterraneous chanthe; but in spring, and after heavy falls of rain, in overflow the basin and precipitate thempe's among the rocks in a number of beautiful ades. This fountain is celebrated for the s of Petrarch and Laura, whose residence in the vicinity. ar AUD, PAYS DE, a canton in the west of tzerland, bounded on the west by France, and Erhe south by the lake of Geneva; on the north cludes part of the lake of Neufchatel. Its seerficial extent is nearly 1500 square miles, du its population about 150,000. It is in geneess mountainous than other parts of Swittund, consisting of beautiful valleys and plains, the sected by small hills, appropriated to the ing ire of corn and vines. The climate, comtively mild in the west of the canton, bewhes colder towards the east: part of the arable wind is applied to the culture of hemp and other districts to pasturage, plantations, &c. wi mineral products are iron, salt, coal, lead,

and gypsum. The chief exports wine, cattle, leather, and cheese. The inhabitants are strict Calvinists, and remarkable for the careful education of their youth. Geneva is in its vicinity; and its chief town, Lausanne, is a seminary for theological study. At another of its towns, Yverdun, is the well known institution of Pestalozzi. The current language is French. After the decline of the Roman empire the Pays de Vaud formed a part of the kingdom of Burgundy, and was afterwards annexed to Savoy. It was conquered from the last by the Swiss, and was annexed to that country as a dependency of the canton of Berne; but was acknowledged as a separate canton in 1803 and 1814.

VAUDOIS, VALDENSES, or WALDENSES, in ecclesiastical history, a name given to a sect of reformers. The origin of this famous sect, according to Mosheim, was as follows:-Peter, an opulent merchant of Lyons, surnamed Valdensis, or Valdisius, from Vaux or Waldrum, a town in the marquisate of Lyons, being struck with the glaring contradiction between the doctrines of the pontiffs and the truths of the Gospel, abandoned his mercantile vocation, distributed his riches among the poor (whence the Waldenses were called poor men of Lyons), and, forming an association with other pious men who had adopted his sentiments and his turn of devotion, he began in the year 1180 to assume the quality of a public teacher. Soon after the archbishop of Lyons, and others, vigorously opposed him, but without success; for the number of his followers daily increased. They formed religious assemblies, first in France, and afterwards in Lombardy, whence they propagated their sect throughout the other provinces of Europe with incredible rapidity, and with such invincible fortitude that the most cruel inventions of merciless persecution could not damp their zeal, nor entirely ruin their cause. They did not attempt to introduce new doctrines into the church. They only wanted to reduce the form of ecclesiastical government, and the manners both of the clergy and people, to that amiable simplicity and primitive sanctity that characterised the apostolic ages. They denied the supremacy of the Roman pontiff, and maintained that the rulers and ministers of the church were obliged, by their vocation, to imitate the poverty of the apostles. They considered every Christian as, in a certain measure, qualified and authorised to instruct, exhort, and confirm the brethren in their Christian course, and demanded the restoration of the ancient penitential discipline of the church, i. e. the expiation of transgressions by prayer, fasting, and alms, which the new-invented doctrine of indulgences had almost totally abolished. They at the same time affirmed that every pious Christian was qualified and entitled to prescribe to the penitent the kind or degree of satisfaction or expiation that their transgressions required; that confession made to priests was by no means necessary; and that the power of delivering sinners from the guilt and punishment of their offences belonged to God alone. They looked upon the prayers and other ceremonies that were instituted in behalf of the dead as vain, useless, and absurd, and denied the existence of departed

souls in an intermediate state of purification; affirming that they were, immediately upon their separation from their body, received into heaven, or thrust down to hell. Their rules of practice were extremely austere. They prohibited all wars, and suits of law, and all attempts towards the acquisition of wealth, the inflicting of capital punishments, self-defence against unjust violence, and oaths of all kinds. During the greatest part of the seventeenth century, those of them who lived in the valleys of Piedmont, and who had embraced the doctrine, discipline, and worship of the church of Geneva, were oppressed and persecuted, in the most barbarous and inhuman manner, by the ministers of Rome. This persecution was carried on with peculiar marks of rage and enormity in the years 1655, 1656, and 1696, and seemed to portend nothing less than the total extinction of that unhappy nation. See WALDENSES.

VAUGELAS (Claude Favre), lord de, was born at Bourg, in Bresse, in 1585. He was Chamberlain to the duke of Orleans, and member of the French academy. He contributed to the Encyclopedie; and wrote Remarks on the French language, and a translation of Quintus Curtius. He died poor in 1650.

VAUGHAN (Sir John), chief justice of the common pleas under Charles II. He died in 1674, and his reports were published posthumously.

VAULT, n. s., v. a., & v. n.
VAULT'AGE, n. s.
VAULTED, adj.
VAULT'Y.

Fr. voulte; Ital. volta; low Lat. voluta. A continued arch;

This warlike captain daily attempting the vanmures, in the end by force obtained the same; and, so possessed of the place, desperately kept it till greater help came running in; who, with wonderful expedition, clapt up a strong covering betwixt the wall and the vanmure Knolles.

VA'WARD, n. s. Van and ward. Forepart. Obsolete.

He desired nothing more than to have confirmed his authority in the minds of the vulgar, by the present and ready attendance of the vayvod.

Knolles's History of the Turks. Since we have the raward of the day, My love shall hear the musick of my hounds.

Marcius Their bands i' th' vaward are the Antiates Of their best trust.

Shakspeare.

Id. Coriolanus.

UBAY, a considerable river of Peru, has its source in a lake formed by the river Parapiti, or Apere, in the territory of Isoso, and runs to the north and N. N. W. more than seventy leagues. It crosses the country of the Chiquitos Indians, and the province of Los Moxos in Quito, which it enters much increased by the waters it has received from that of Itenes, opposite the entrenchment of Santa Rosa. This river is also called Magdalena San Miguel, and formerly Los Chiquitos. Its mouth is in lat. 11° 57'S.

UBEDA, a large inland town of Spain, in Andalusia, in the province of Jaen. All kinds of fruit, grapes, olives, and, above all, figs of excellent quality, and a good breed of horses, are found in the vicinity. The population amounts to 16,000, of whom part weave common woollen stuffs; but manufactures do not thrive in general in Andalusia, and Ubeda has the disadvantage of standing on no great road. Like most towns in Spain it contains a number of religious houses, having eleven churches, great and small, several monasteries, and a large hospital. Thirty miles north-east of Jaen, and fifty-eight N. N. E. of Granada.

4

UBICATION, n. s. Į UBIETY. scholastic term. Relations, ubications, duration, the vulgar philosophy admits to be something; and yet to enquire in what place they are were gross.

Lat. ubi. Local reSlation; whereness. A

Glanville.

UBIQUITARIANS, formed from ubique, every where,' in ecclesiastical history, a sect of Lutherans which rose and spread itself in Germany; and whose distinguishing doctrine was, that the body of Jesus Christ is every where, or in every place. Brentius, one of the earliest reformers, is said to have first broached this error, in 1560.

UBIQUITY, n. s. } Latin ubique. UBIQUITARY, adj. & n. s. Omnipresence; existence at the same time in all places: existing every where one who exists every where.

In the one there is attributed to God death, whereof divine nature is not capable; in the other, ubiquity unto man, which human nature admitteth Hooker.

not.

Pem she hight,

A solem wight,

As you should meet,

In any street,

In that ubiquity.

Ben Jonson.

At

cas, in lat. 13° 10′ S., from the west. The Vilcamayo, nearly equal in size to the Apurimac, here falls into it at lat. 12° 15′ S., and the Rio Jauja, of Mantaro, in lat. 12° 6' S. At the junction of this stream with the Apurimac the current which had before run from north-west changes to the north-east. The Perene at 11° 13′, and the Ynambari, or Paucartambo, at 10° 45′, augment its waters; after which, from hence to lat. 8° 26' S., it receives forty large streams, but none so considerable as the Beni, whose sources lie in the province of Sicasica, in lat. 19° S. At its confluence with this river the Apurimac is called the Grand Para, and is two miles in width; at lat. 8° 26' S. the Pachitea throws in its waters. Northward of this the Piachiz joins it, and here the river changes from north to north-east. lat. 7° 35′ S. the Aguaytra falls into it, and in lat. 7° S. the Manoa, or Cuxniabatay, the Sariacu at lat. 6° 45' S., and the Tapichi at lat. 5° S. The stream has now borne for some time the name of Ucayale, and proceeding under this appellation, with an immense volume, it receives, at lat. 4° 55′ S., the Tunguragua, Lauricocha, or False Maranon. The Ucayale, or True Maranon, is navigable at all seasons; it was explored in 1794 by father Girval, who ascended it from St. Regis to the river Pachitea, and found its current gentle, abounding with fish, and its banks crowned with superb forests stored with wild animals. The native tribes on its shores were generally of a pacific nature; and in the course of 300 leagues he found 132 islands. From the confluence of the Ucayale and Tunguragua the river decidedly receives the name of AMAZONS, or MARANON, which see.

UD'DER, n. s. Sax. uden; Belg. uder; Lat. uber. The breast or dugs of a cow, or other large animal.

ubiquitaries.

Hall.

For wealth and an ubiquitary commerce, none can exceed her. Howel.

Could they think that to be infinite and immense, the ubiquity of which they could thrust into a corner of their closet? South.

UCAYALE, a large river of South America, enters the Amazons in lat. 4° 25' S. Near its supposed sources this noble stream is called the Apurimac, and rises to the south of the mountains of Cailloma, between lat. 16° and 17° S., near the city of Arequipa, where it is joined by the Monigote, or Panguana, and is so deep that on entering the province of Canes a rope bridge becomes necessary. Eight miles below this bridge it passes through the Andes, amid awful precipices, and is joined by the Pampas or Char

Udina, is situated in the middle of an extensive plain, on the banks of the Lisonzo, and the canal of Roja. It is about nineteen miles from the sea, and covers a considerable space of ground, having a circuit of four miles; but its population is not in proportion, hardly exceeding 17,000. It contains a cathedral, with several churches and convents.

VEAL, n. s. Old Fr. veel, a calf, veeler, vesler, to bring forth a calf; Lat. vitellus. The flesh of a calf killed for the table.

Wouldst thou with mighty beef augment thy meal, Seek Leadenhall; St. James's sends thee veal. Gay. VECTION, n. s. VECTITATION, VEC'TURE.

Lat. vectio, vectito, vectura. The act of carrying, or being carried: carriage.

Three things one nation selleth unto another; the commodity as nature yieldeth it, the manufacture, and the vecture or carriage. Bacon's Essays. Enervated lords are softly lolling in their chariots; a species of vectitation seldom used amongst the antients. Arbuthnot.

VEDAS, the sacred books of the Hindoos, believed to be revealed by God, and called immortal. They are considered as the fountain of all knowledge, human and divine, and have been said to be four in number. The rigveda consists of five sections; the yajurveda of eighty-five; the samaveda of 1000; and the at' harvaveda of nine; with 1100 sac'ha's, or branches, in various divisions and subdivisions. The vedas in truth are infinite, but have been long reduced to this number and order: the principal part of them is that which explains the duties of man in a methodical arrangement; and in the fourth is a system of divine ordinances. From these are reduced the four upavedas, the first of which was delivered to mankind by Brahma, Indra, Dhanwantari, and five other deities; and comprises the theory of disorders and medicines, with the practical methods of curing diseases. The second consists of music, invented for the purpose of raising the mind, by devotion, to the felicity of the divine nature; the third treats of the fabrication and use of arms; and the fourth of sixty-four mechanical arts.

VEDETTE, in war, a sentinel on horseback, with his horse's head towards the place whence any danger is to be feared, and his carabine advanced, with the butt end against his right thigh. When the enemy has encamped, there are vedettes posted at all the avenues, and on all the rising grounds, to watch for its security.

VEER, v. n. & v. a. Fr. virer. To turn about: turn; change; vary; let out sail.

I see the haven nigh at hand,

To which I mean my weary course to bend;
Veer the main sheet, and bear up with the land.

Spenser.

As it is a great point of art, when our matter requires it, to enlarge and veer out all sail; so, to take it in and contract it, is of no less praise when the arBen Jonson. gument doth ask it.

Nigh river's mouth, where wind
Veers oft, as oft he steers and shifts her sail.

If a wild uncertainty prevail,

Milton.

less fair. Thus it is said to veer aft and to haul forward.

VEERING, OF WEARING, the operation by which a ship, in changing her course from one board to the other, turns her stern to windward. Hence it is used in opposition to tacking, wherein the head is turned to the wind, and the stern to leeward. See SEAMANSHIP.

VEGA (Lopes Felix de), a Spanish poet, was born at Madrid of a noble family, in 1562. He became secretary to the duke of Alva, and afterwards served on board the armada, destined for the invasion of England. After having lost two wives, he entered into orders. Pope Urban VII. created him D. D., and bestowed on him the cross of the order of Malta, and a place in the apostolic exchequer. He died in 1635. His principal performances are comedies, which were acted with great success, and procured him a considerable fortune. His invention was so fertile that he sometimes wrote a comedy in a single day. He wrote several poems;-all his works make twenty-five volumes. VEGETATE, v. n. VEGETABILITY, N. S. VEGETABLE, n. s. & adj. VEGETATION, n. s. VEGETATIVE, adj. VEGETE',

Το

Lat. vegeto. grow as plants; shoot out; grow without sensation: vegetability is vegetable nature; growth like VEG'ETIVE, adj. & n. s.) a vegetable (which has been defined as that which has growth without sensation); a plaut: as an adjective, belonging to or resembling a plant: vegetation is vegetable growth: vegetative, having the growth of vegetables, or power to produce growth in plants: vegete is an obsolete word for vigorous; active vegetive for vegetable.

Nor rent off, but cut off ripe bean with a knife, For hindering stalke of hir vegetive life.

Tusser.

Sandys.

Hence vegetives receive their fragrant birth, And clothe the naked bosom of the earth. Plants, though beneath the excellency of creatures endued with sense, yet exceed them in the faculty of Hooker. vegetation and of fertility. Creatures vegetative and growing have their seeds in themselves. Raleigh's History of the World. The nature of plants doth consist in having a vegetative soul, by which they receive nourishment and growth, and are enabled to multiply their kind.

Amidst them stood the tree of life, High eminent, blooming ambrosial fruit Of vegetable gold.

Wilkins.

Milton's Paradise Lost. The coagulating spirits of salts, and lapidifical juice of the sea, entering the parts of the plant, overcome its vegetability, and convert it unto à lapideous subBrowne.

stance.

That vegetative terrestrial hath been ever the standing fund out of which is derived the matter of all animal and vegetable bodies. Id. Natural History. Let brutes, and vegetables that cannot think, So far as drought and nature urges, drink. Wall. The faculties in age must be less vegete and nimble than in youth.

See dying vegetables life sustain :
See life dissolving vegetate again.

The sun, deep-darting to the dark retreat
Of vegetation, sets the steaming power
At large.

Wallis.

Pope.

Thomson's Spring. Other animated substances are called vegetables, which have within themselves the principle of another sort of life and growth, and of various productions of leaves, flowers, and fruit, such as we see in plants, herbs, trees. Watts.

VEGETABLES. The principles of which vege tables are composed, if we pursue their analysis chemically as far as our limits will allow, are chiefly, says Dr. Ure, carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Nitrogen is a constituent principle of several, but for the most part in small quantity. Potash, soda, lime, magnesia, silex, alumina, sulphur, phosphorus, iron, manganese, and muriatic acid, have likewise been reckoned in the number; but some of these occur only occasionally, and chiefly in very small quantities; and are scarcely more entitled to be considered as belonging to them than gold, or some other substances, that have been occasionally procured from their decomposition.

The following are the principal products of vegetation:

1. Sugar.-Crystallises. Soluble in water and alcohol. Taste sweet. Soluble in nitric acid, and yields oxalic acid.

2. Sarcocol.-Does not crystallise. Soluble in water and alcohol. Taste bitter sweet. Soluble in nitric acid, and yields oxalic acid.

3. Asparagin.-Crystallises. Taste cooling and nauseous. Soluble in hot water. Insoluble in alcohol. Soluble in nitric acid, and converted into bitter principle and artificial tannin.

4. Gum.-Does not crystallise. Taste insipid. Soluble in water, and forms mucilage. Insoluble in alcohol. Precipitated by silicated potash. Soluble in nitric acid, and forms mucous and oxalic acids.

5. Ulmin.-Does not crystallise. Taste insipid. Soluble in water, and does not form mucilage. Precipitated by nitric and oxymuriatic acids in the state of resin. Insoluble in alcohol.

6. Inulin.-A white powder. Insoluble in cold water. Soluble in boiling water, but precipitates unaltered after the solution cools. Insoluble in alcohol. Soluble in nitric acid, and yields oxalic acid.

7. Starch.-A white powder. Taste insipid. Insoluble in cold water. Soluble in hot water; opaque and glutinous. Precipitated by an infusion of nutgalls; precipitate redissolved by a heat of 120°. Insoluble in alcohol. Soluble in dilute nitric acid, and precipitated by alcohol. With nitric acid yields oxalic acid and a waxy matter.

8. Indigo.-A blue powder. Taste insipid. Insoluble in water, alcohol, ether. Soluble in sulphuric acid. Soluble in nitric acid, and converted into bitter principle and artificial tannin. 9. Gluten.--Forms a ductile elastic mass with water. Partially soluble in water; precipitated by infusion of nutgalls and oxygenised muriatic acid. Soluble in acetic acid and muriatic acid. Insoluble in alcohol. By fermentation becomes viscid and adhesive, and then assumes the properties of cheese. Soluble in nitric acid, and yields oxalic acid.

10. Albumen.-Soluble in cold water. Coagulated by heat, and becomes insoluble. Insonutgalls. Soluble in nitric acid. Soon putrefies. luble in alcohol. Precipitated by infusion of

and alcohol. Soluble in diluted alkalies, and in 11. Fibrin.-Tasteless. Insoluble in water nitric acid. Soon putrefies.

12. Gelatin.- Insipid. Soluble in water. Does not coagulate when heated. Precipitated by infusion of galls.

13. Bitter principle.-Color yellow or brown. Taste bitter. Equally soluble in water and alcohol. Soluble in nitric acid. Precipitated by nitrate of silver.

14. Extractive.-Soluble in water and alcohol. Insoluble in ether. Precipitated by oxygenised muriatic acid, muriate of tin, and muriate of alumina; but not by gelatin. Dyes fawn color.

15. Tannin.-Taste astringent. Soluble in water and in alcohol of 0.810. Precipitated by gelatin, muriate of alumina, and muriate of tin.

16. Fixed oils.-No smell. Insoluble in water and alcohol. Forms soaps with alkalies. Coagulated by earthy and metallic salts.

17. War.-Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and oils. Forms soap with alkalies. Fusible.

18. Volatile oil.-Strong smell. Insoluble in water. Soluble in alcohol. Liquid. Volatile. Oily. By nitric acid inflamed, and converted into resinous substances.

19. Camphor.-Strong odor. Crystallises. Very little soluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, oils, acids. Insoluble in alkalies. Burns with a clear flame, and volatilises before melting.

20. Birdlime.-Viscid. Taste insipid. Insoluble in water. Partially soluble in alcohol. Very soluble in ether. Solution green.

In

21. Resins.-Solid. Melt when heated. soluble in water. Soluble in alcohol, ether, and alkalies. Soluble in acetic acid. By nitric acid converted into artificial tannin.

22. Guaiacum.-Possesses the character of resins, but dissolves in nitric acid, and yields oxalic acid and no tannin.

23. Balsams.-Possess the characters of the resins, but have a strong smell; when heated benzoic acid sublimes. It sublimes also when they are dissolved in sulphuric acid. By nitric acid converted into artificial tannin.

24. Caoutchouc. Very elastic. Insoluble in water and alcohol. When steeped in ether, reduced to a pulp, which adheres to every thing. Fusible and remains liquid. Very combustible.

25. Gum resins. Form milky solutions with water, transparent with alcohol. Soluble in