There are two colleges in Vermont, one at Burlington and the other at Middlebury; and academies have been established at Addison, Arlington, Bennington, Brandon, Burlington, Castleton, Cavendish, Chester, Fairfield, Middlebury, Montpelier, Norwich, Peacham, Randolph, Royalton, Shaftsbury, Shoreham, St. Albans, and Windsor. Common schools are supported throughout the state. The principal denominations of Christians in Vermont are Congregationalists, who had, in 1818, seventy-five ministers and a much larger number of congregations; Baptists, who had, in 1817, 112 congregations. There are also some Methodists, Episcopalians, Friends, Universalists, &c.

The legislative power is vested in a house of representatives. Every town has the right to send one representative. The executive power is vested in a governor, lieutenant-governor, and twelve counsellors. All these officers, together with the representatives, are chosen annually on the first Tuesday in September. The legislature meets on the second Thursday in October. Judges and other officers are appointed for one year.

The west bank of Connecticut River forms the eastern boundary of Vermont. The most considerable rivers within the state are Lamoile, Onion, Otter Creek, Misisque, Deerfield, White, Black, and Pasumsic.

The face of the country is generally uneven, And a great part of it is mountainous. The Green Mountains (in Latin Ver Mons), from which the state takes its name, extend through the whole length of the state nearly north and south, and

are from ten to fifteen miles wide, intersected by valleys. They lie principally on the east side of Bennington, Rutland, and Addison counties. In Chittenden county they appear to divide, the highest chain continuing a northern course through Chittenden county, while the Height of Land, so called from its not being broken through by any river, owing to its uniform elevation, strikes off to the north-east as far as Cabot. The western range presents much the loftiest summits, but has inequalities which afford a passage for Onion and Lamoile rivers. The highest summits of the Green Mountains in Vermont are Killington Peak, Camel's Rump, and Mansfield Mountains. Ascutney is a noted mountain on the east side of the state, south of Windsor.

A large proportion of the soil in this state is fertile, and fitted to the various purposes of agriculture. It is generally deep, of a dark color, rich, moist, warm, loamy, and seldom parched with drought. The low lands on the interval are thought the best: bordering on these is usually a strip one or two miles wide, comparatively poor; beyond which, the land recovers a fertility nearly equal to that on the rivers. Much of the land among the Green Mountains is excellent for grazing, and here are found many fine farms.

Wheat is extensively cultivated, particularly on the west side of the mountains. Barley, rye, oats, peas, and flax, flourish in all parts of the state. Corn thrives best on the intervals, but is also raised in abundance on the uplands. The exports of Vermont consist of pot and pearl ashes, beef, pork, butter, cheese, flax, live cattle, &c. The trade is chiefly with Boston, Hartford, New York, and Montreal.

Iron ore of good quality is found in several places. There are quarries of marble at Middlebury, Bennington, Arlington, Shaftsbury, Pittsford, and Swanton. Porcelain earth is found at Monkton. There are also some lead and copperas mines. There are twelve paper mills in the state. Among the most considerable manufacturing towns are Middlebury, Bennington, Brattleborough, Burlington, and Montpelier. Large quantities of maple sugar are made in this state for home consumption, and some for exportation.

The climate is healthy, but subject to great extremes of heat and cold. Winter in its severity commences about the 1st of December, and continues to about the middle of March. During this season the weather is generally fair, and the cold more uniform and steady than in the other New England states. An extraordinary cave was discovered in the town of Plymouth in this state in 1818.

VERNACULAR, adj. Lat. vernaculus. Native; of one's own country.

Which instances do evidently bring a consumption under the notion of a vernacular disease to England. Harvey.

The histories of all our former wars are transmitted to us in our vernacular idiom. Addison.

11, or Let B contain 10 parts,

10 x 11 10x11

Or if B contains n parts, and A contains

= X 10 11

1

101

040

n

n+1

The most commodious divisions, and their aliquot parts, into which the degrees on the circular limb of an instrument may be supposed to be divided on the radius of that instrument.

Let R be the radius of a circle in inches, and a degree to be divided into n parts, each being -th part of an inch.

1

By altering the number of divisions, either in the degrees or in the vernier, or in both, an angle can be observed to a different degree of accuracy. Thus, to a radius of 30 inches, if a degree be divided into 12 parts, each being 5', and the breadth of the vernier be 21 such parts, 1 1 or 18°, and divided into 20 parts, then X 12 20 1° 240

=

O: 001745329 x R is the length of 1° in inches.

= 15": or taking the breadth of the ver

1

12

But, as every degree contains n times such parts, therefore n = 0·01745329 × R× p. The most commodious perceptible division is th orth of an inch. 10

Example. Suppose an instrument of thirty inches radius, into how many convenient parts may each degree be divided? how many of these parts are to go to the breadth of the vernier? and to what parts of a degree may an observation be made by that instrument? Now 0.01745 x R 0.5236 inches, the length of each degree; and, if p be supposed about one-eighth of an inch for one division, then 0-5236 x p=4-188 shows the number of such parts in a degree. But, as this number must be an integer, let it be 4, each being 15'; and let the breadth of the vernier contain 31 of those parts, or 70, and be divided into 30 parts.

1° 1° = or 10": Or - X = 6′′; 30 360' 50 600 where the breadth of the vernier is 44°. VERNON (Edward), a celebrated English admiral of great bravery, born in Westminster in 1684. He acquired great fame by his exploits in the Spanish West Indies. He bombarded Carthagena and took Porto Bello in 1739. He died in 1757 at an advanced age.

VERONA, a province of Austrian Italy, in the government of Venice, with a superficial extent of 1330 square miles, and a population of 285,000. It is watered by the Adige, and, though mountainous, has an agreeable climate and fertile soil. The principal productions are corn, wine, oil, flax, and silk. The mountains contain quarries of beautiful marble.

VERONA, a city of Austrian Italy, the capita! of the preceding delegation or province, stands in a pleasant and picturesque situation, partly on the border of a large plain. In that direction are the rich tracts extending along the banks of

the Mincio and the Po; to the north the Tyrolese Alps, the first step to the ascent of which may be said to take place in this city.

The form of the city is irregular, the modern buildings extending considerably beyond the old walls. Its circuit is about six miles. It retains its fortification of a moat and earthen mound, and has also two castles on high ground, with a third on the plain; but it is not at present capable of standing a siege. The Adige is crossed by four different bridges which connect the respective divisions of the city. They are all of stone; and one, the bridge of the Castello Vecchio, has an arch somewhat resembling the Rialto of Venice. Verona has five gates, of which one called Porta del Paglio is of elegant architecture.

The streets are mostly narrow and dirty; others, however, are spacious and well paved; in particular that which leads to the Mantua gate, and the Corso, or street where horse-races are held. The houses, though built in general in an antique style, are of good appearance from the quantity of marble employed in their construction. The best buildings are in the principal square. Verona also contains a cathedral and a number of churches, noted for their paintings or architecture. The latter forms the characteristic of the church of St. Zeno, remarkable for its façade, its vast portal, and the rows of columns, each of a single piece of marble, which support its roof. The town-house has on the outside niches containing busts of statues of the distinguished natives of Verona-Pliny the elder, Vitruvius, Cutullus, and Cornelius Nepos. The royal palace has never been completed. The Palazzo Bevilacqua, said to be the oldest building in Verona, is a stately edifice going fast to decay. Opposite to it is the Palazzo Cannosia, admired for its front.

Of all the monuments of Verona the most interesting is the Roman amphitheatre in the spacious square called the Piazza del Bra. This is one of the most magnificant remains of Roman architecture that exists. The arena, situated in the centre, and of an oval form, is 220 feet in length, in breadth 130. The seats rise in successive ranges from the arena to a height corresponding to the top of the second row of outward arches. These seats, as well as the different passages, the stair-cases, and galleries of communication, remain entire. The number of ranges of seats is forty-five; that of spectators which might be contained within them about 22,000; the outward circumference of the amphitheatre 1290 feet. The whole consists of vast blocks of marble, and forms a solid mass resting on a double row of vaults, which, in former ages, were appropriated to the custody of the lions, tygers, and other wild beasts. The Academia Phil-armonica, founded by the celebrated Maffei, and the Philoli, are both remarkable for a number of ancient monuments, not only in Greek and Latin, but in the Punic and Egyptian languages.

Verona is the seat of one of the five sections of the imperial and royal institute of Austrian Italy. It contains, besides, a lyceum or great school, a gymnasium or classical school, an academy of painting, a public library, and several private collections. The population is about

45,000. Its principal manufacture is that of silk. The lesser manufactures are woollens, leather, gloves, and shoes.

Julius Cæsar established a colony here. On the decline of the empire, Verona experienced the fate of the other towns in the north of Italy. It was taken by Charlemagne in 774; became subsequently a free town; fell, in the course of time, under the sway of leading families; and, in 1405, was united to the territorial possessions of Venice. With these it enjoyed many ages of peace and tranquillity until the year 1796, when Italy was invaded by the French. It was then added to the kingdom of Italy. In 1814 it again fell into the hands of Austria. Twenty miles north-east of Mantua, sixty west of Venice, and ninety east of Milan.

VERONICA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class of diandria and order monogynia, arranged in the natural system under the fortieth order, personatæ. There are forty species, fifteen are natives of Britain, only two of which have been applied to any use. 1. V. beccabunga, or common brook-lime, the flowers of which are blue, in loose lateral spikes; leaves sessile, oval, opposite, thick, notched. It was formerly considered as of much use externally in wounds and ulcers; but, if it have any peculiar efficacy, it is to be derived from its antiscorbutic virtue. To derive advantage from it the juice ought to be used in large quantities, or the fresh plant eaten as food. 2. V. officinalis, common male speed-well, or fluellin, a native of Britain, growing on heaths and barren grounds. The blossoms are blue, the leaves elliptical, serrated, and hairy. The leaves have a small degree of astringency. Cows, sheep, goats, and horses, eat it; swine refuse it.

VERRHEYEN (Philip), M. D., an eminent anatomist, born in Holland in 1648. He labored as a farmer till his twenty-second year, when he studied physic at the university of Louvain, where he graduated and became a professor. He died in 1710. He published, 1. De Corporis Humani Anatomia, 2 vols. 4to; 2. De Febribus, 8vo.

VERRMEYEN (John Cornelius), an eminent painter at Haerlem in 1500. He was employed by Charles V. He died at Brussels, in 1559, aged fifty-nine.

VERRNET, an eminent French painter, born at Avignon in 1712. He died in 1789.

VERROCHIO (Andrew), a painter and statuary, born at Florence in 1432. He discovered the art of taking casts in plaster from the faces of the dead or the living. He executed some fine statues in bronze. He died in 1488.

VERSAILLES, a celebrated town of France, twelve miles west by south of Paris, and long the residence of the court. In 1666 it was little more than a village, with a hunting lodge for the royal family, when Louis XIV., desirous of residing out of Paris, began to erect a splendid palace. No expense was spared by him or his successors to render it the most magnificent residence in Europe; and though uninhabited since 1789 it retains almost all its beauty. The situation of the palace is on a rising ground; its front and wings are of polished stone, ornamented with

statues, and a colonnade of the Doric order is in the centre. The great hall is above 220 feet in length, with costly decorations in marble, painting, and gilding. The other apartments are of corresponding size and elegance. This beautiful structure is approached by three great avenues, each lined with a double row of trees, and leading respectively from Paris, St. Cloud, and Sceaux. No city or royal residence can boast a greater display of reservoirs, fountains, and canals. The spacious park and gardens, situated behind the palace, contain parterres, jets d'eau, cascades, and thickets, in pleasant variety; also a magnificent orangery. At some distance, in a retired spot, are the Two Trianons, which may be termed royal residences in miniature; seats to which the king and queen retired when desirous to lay aside their rank and state. The expense thus incurred amounted, from first to last, to many millions sterling; for the attractions of Versailles are principally those of art. The town contains about 30,000 inhabitants. The marketplaces and squares are larger than is common in France; and the avenues leading to the palace divide the town into two parts, of which the one situated to the left is called the Oid, the other the New Town. The latter contains the principal church and the greater proportion of elegant buildings. The removal of the royal residence in 1789 was a great blow to the prosperity of Versailles. A manufacture of fire-arms has been established here. Clocks and watches are also made; and the spinning and weaving of cotton, as well as the bleaching of linen, are carried on on a small scale; and since 1814 the chief benefit to the place has arisen from the visits and residence of English families. Versailles has a cathedral, with eight churches, a high school, several private seminaries of education, a valuable library, a cabinet of natural history, and a botanical garden. It is the chief place of a department (Seine and Oise), and has three annual fairs, viz. in May, August, and October.

VERSCHURING (Henry), a painter born at Gorcum, of which he was chosen magistrate. He was drowned in 1699, aged sixty-eight. VER'SAL, adj. A cant word for universal. Total; whole.

Some, for brevity,
Have cast the versal world's nativity.

Hudibras.

verse or poetically, (disused): to be versed is to be skilled in; acquainted with: a verseman is a poet; writer of verse: versification, the art or practice of making verses: versify, to make verses, or relate in verse: versifier and versificator corresponding.

You would wonder to hear how soon even children begin to versify. Sidney.

To follow rather the Goths in rhyming, than the Greeks in true versifying, were even to eat acorns with swine, when we may freely eat wheat bread among men.

Ascham.

Thou hast by moonlight at her window sung, With feigning voice, verses of feigning love.

Shakspeare.

Playing on pipes of corn, and versing love.
In the shape of Corin sate all day,
Unintermixed with fictions fantasies,
I'll versify the truth, not poetize.

Id.

Daniel.

She might be ignorant of their nations, who was not versed in their names, as not being present at the general survey of animals, when Adam assigned unto every one a name concordant unto its nature.

VERSIFICATION. If the utility of the whole art of poetry may be reduced, as we think with Temple it may, to the hindering some men from becoming very bad poets,' we have the less being very brief on this topic in this place. to regret that our limits impose the necessity of What the hints given in the article QUANTITY will not supply to our readers, as to the classical languages, must be matter of a deeper enquiry than we can here institute: we shall confine ourselves to a few familiar illustrations of the principles of English versification.

All the different feet used in English poetry may be reduced to eight kinds, four of two and four of three syllables; as,

Dissyllabic feet. 1. An iambus, u -; as, bētrāy, consíst. 2. A trochee, - u; as, extort, gu'iltless, 3. A spondee, -- as, the pale mōōn. 4. A pyrric, uu; as, on the tall tree.

Trisyllabic Feet.

5. Ananapæst, v -; as, acquiésce, contrăvēne. 6. A dactyl, - uv; as, lābŏurěr, possible. 7. An amphibrac, u - u; as, doméstic, dělightful. 8. A tribrach, uuu; as, conquerable, numĕrăblě.

The trochee, iambus, dactyl, and anapæst, have been called principal feet; as those of which verse may be wholly or chiefly formed. The others are denominated secondary, because their use in English versification is merely to diversify rhythm or to improve the verse.

I. IAMBIC VERSE.-The shortest form of the English iambic consists of an iambus and an additional short syllable. It is only found in stanzas, and has been called the Iambic Monometer Catalectic: the following are instances

Assailing,

Availing, Rělenting,

Rěpenting.

2. The iambic monometer acatalectic contains an iambic metre, or two iambic feet; as, With raptur'd ears The monarch hears.

3. The iambic monometer hypercatalectic is the same as the former, with an additional short syllable, as,

Upōn ǎ mōuntăin

Beside a fountain.

4. The iambic dimeter brachycatalectic consists of three iambic feet; being one foot less than the iambic dimeter; as,

Though in the utmost peak

A while we do remain,

Amongst the mountains bleak,
Exposed to sleet and rain.

And as the mind of such ă mân, thắt hãth ă long way gone,

And either knoweth nōt his way, or else would lēt ǎlōne. Chapman.

It is usual now to break this verse into a lyric measure, or into two verses, consisting alternately of eight and six syllables; as,

When all thy mērcies, ō my Gōd,
My rising soul surveys,
Transported with the view, I'm lost
In wonder, joy, and praise.

II. TROCHAIC VERSE.-The shortest trochaic verse in the English language consists of one trochee and a long syllable, and is called the trochaic monometer catalectic; as, ōther jōys

Āre but tōys.

4. A trochaic dimeter brachycatalectic contains two syllables, or one foot less than two trochaic metres; i. e. three trochees; as,

Blōōm yě summer rōses!

5. A trochaic dimeter catalectic consists of one syllable less than two trochaic metres; or of three trochees with an additional long syllable; as,

Fairest piece of well-formed earth.

6. The trochaic dimeter acatalectic contains two

Our hearts no longer languish.

6. The iambic dimeter acatalectic contains exactly two iambic metres, or four feet; as, The spacious firmămēnt on high With all the blue ethereal sky.

7. The iambic trimeter brachycatalectic, or heroic measure, contains one foot (or two syllables) less than the iambic trimeter; as,

Defer not till to mōrrow to be wise;
To-morrow's sun to thee may never rise.

In its pure state this verse consists of five iambic feet only. But not only this, but most of the English common measures admit, for the sake of variety, of the occasional introduction of the trochee, dactyl, anapæst, &c.

8. An iambic trimeter acatalectic, or Alexandrine verse, consists of six iambic feet; as, Especial audience craves, offended with the thròng. Drayton.

The Alexandrine verse is only used in modern times (and too often) to diversify the heroic

Round us shine the sūn-beăms brightĕr. 7. A trochaic dimeter hypercatalectic contains a long syllable more than the last verse; as, See yon clouds that now disperse ǎnd clear. 8. A trochaic trimeter brachycatalectic, seldom employed, contains five trochaic feet, and, of course, one foot less than three trochaic metres;