UPROUSE', v. a. Up and rouse. To waken from sleep; to excite to action. Thou art uproused by some distemperature. Shaksp. UPSAL, an old town of Sweden, the see of an archbishop, in a district of the same name, province of Upland, is situated on the river Sala, which divides it into two parts. Most of the private houses are of wood; but the public buildings are of stone or brick. The cathedral is large, and was erected in the thirteenth century on the model of Notre Dame at Paris. The university was founded in the fifteenth century, and the number of students at present exceeds 1000. It can boast of Linnæus, Celsus, and a number of distinguished professors; has a valuable library founded by Gustavus Adolphus, and an observatory, botanical garden, cabinets of natural history and mineralogy, &c. The royal castle and gardens, and the residence of the archbishop, are also worth notice. This town was long the residence of the Swedish monarchs, who once bore the title of kings of Upsal. The ceremony of the election and sanction given by the people took place in a neighbouring plain, where are still shown the stones on which were inscribed the name of the sovereign, and the year of his accession. The coronation of the kings of Sweden is still performed here. Population about 5000. Thirty-five miles north of Stockholm. UPSHOT, n. s. Up and shot. Conclusion; end; last amount or event. With this he kindleth his ambitious spighte To like desire and praise of noble fame, The only upshot whereto he doth aim. Hubberd. I cannot pursue with any safety this sport to the upshot. Shakspeare. Upon the upshot, afflictions are but the methods of a merciful Providence,, to force us upon the only means of setting matters right. L'Estrange. UPSIDE DOWN. An adverbial form of speech. UP'SPRING, n. s. Up and spring. This word seems to signify upstart; a man suddenly exalted. Not used. The king doth wake to-night, and takes his rouse ; Out of the well, wherein he drenched lay, Spenser. Mushrooms have two strange properties; the one, that they yield so delicious a meat; the other, that they come up so hastily, even in a night, and yet they are unsown and therefore such as are upstarts in state, they call in reproach mushrooms. Inordinate desires, And upstart passions, catch the governmen. From reason. Bacon. Milton. UPTON (James), was born at Taunton, and educated at Exeter College, Oxon, became rector of Rissington, and prebendary of Rochester He published Epictetus, 2 vols. 4to; Spenser's Faerie Queen, and Observations on Shakspeare, 8vo. UPTON-ON-SEVERN, a market-town in Pershore hundred, Worcestershire, on the banks of the Severn, ten miles south of Worcester, and 109 from London. The town is neat and well built. The church an extremely neat building, with a square tower; erected in 1758. This place carries on a considerable traffic, by barges, on the Severn, over which it has a stone bridge of six arches. Here are two banking houses, and a good charityschool for girls. Market on Thursday. Fairs first Thursday after Midlent, Thursday in Whitsunweek and before St. Matthew's day, and September. UPTRAIN', v. a. Up and train. To bring up; to educate. Not used. King Lear in happy peace long reigned, But had no issue male him to succeed, But three fair daughters, which were well uptrained In all that seemed fit for kingly seed. UPTURN', v. a. Up and turn. To throw up; to furrow. So scented the grim feature, and upturned His nostrils wide into the murky air. Beyond all marks, with many a giddy round Down rushing, it upturns a hill of ground. Svenser. Milton. Pope. UPUPA, in ornithology, a genus belonging to the order of picæ. The beak is arcuated, convex, and something blunt; the tongue is obtuse, triangular, entire, and very short; and the feet are fitted for walking. There are ten species; one of which, the epops, hoopoe, or dung bird, is frequently seen in Britain. It may be readily distinguished from all others that visit this island by its beautiful crest, which it can erect or depress at pleasure. It is in length fifteen inches; the bill is black, two inches and a half long, slender, and incurvated; the irides are hazel: the crest consists of a double row of feathers, the highest about two inches long; the tips are black, their lower part of a pale orange color; the neck is of a pale reddish brown; the breast and belly white; the lesser coverts of the wings are of a light brown; the back, scapulars, and wings, crossed with broad bars of white and black; the rump is white; the tail consists of only ten feathers, white marked with black, in form of a crescent, the horns pointing towards the end of the feathers. The legs are short and black; the exterior toe is closely united at the bottom to the middle toe. According to Linnæus, it takes its name from its note, which has a sound similar to the word; or it may be derived from the French huppe, or crested: it breeds in hollow trees, and lays two ash-colored eggs: it feeds on insects, which it picks out of ordure of all kinds. Dr. Pallas affirms that it breeds in preference in putrid carcases; and that he had seen the nest of one in the privy of an uninhabited house in the suburbs of Tzaritsyn. UP'WARD, adj., n. s., & Up and Saxon UP'WARDS, adv. [adv. peard. ་ Directed to a higher part; the top or highest part; towards a higher place or position; more than; toward the source of a stream. Looking inward, we are stricken dumb; looking up ward, we speak and prevail. Hooker. I have been your wife in this obedience Upward of twenty years; and have been blest With many children by you. Shakspeare. Henry VIII. Dagon, sea-monster! upward man, And downward fish. Milton. A man on a cliff is at liberty to leap twenty yards downwards into the sea, not because he has power to do the contrary action, which is to leap twenty yards upwards, for that he cannot do; but he is therefore free, because he has a power to leap, or not to leap. Locke. Be Homer's works your study; Thence form your judgment, thence your notions bring, And trace the muses upward to their spring. Pope. UPWIND', v. a. Pret. & part. pass. upwound. Up and wind. To convolve. As she lay upon the dirty ground, Her huge long tail her den all overspread, Yet was in knots and many boughts upwound. Spenser. UR, in ancient geography, a town of Mesopotamia, situated between the Tigris and Nisibis; taken by some for Ur of the Chaldees, the residence of Abraham. What seems to confirm this is, that from Ur to Haran, the other residence of the patriarch, the road lies directly for Palestine. And it is no objection that Ur is said to be in Mesopotamia, because the parts next the Tigris were occupied by the Chaldeans, as seems to be confirmed from Acts vii. 2, 4. It is called Orche by Strabo, Orchoe by Ptolemy. The Chaldean philosophers had a kind of university in it, for teaching astronomy, astrology, magic, &c. URANIA, one of the nine Muses. She presided over Astronomy. She was the mother of Hy men the god of marriage, and of the poet Linus. She is represented by painters as very young, dressed in an azure-colored robe powdered with stars, and crowned with stars, and holding a globe in het hands, with mathematical and astronomical instruments around her. URANIA, a name of Venus, as a celestial goddess. URANIA, in astronomy. See HERSCHEL. URANIUM, uranite. This metal was discovered by Klaproth in the year 1789. It exists combined with sulphur, and a portion of iron, lead, and silex, in the mineral termed pechblende, or oxide of uranium. Combined with carbonic acid it forms the chalcolite, or green mica; and mixed with oxide of iron it constitutes the uranitic ochre. It is always found in the state of an oxide, with a greater or smaller portion of iron, or mineralised with sulphur and copper. The ores of uranium are of a blackish color, inclining to a dark iron gray, and of a moderate splendor: they are of a close texture, and, when broken, present a somewhat uneven, and, in the smallest particles, a conchoidal surface. They arefound in the mines of Saxony. Uranium exhibits a mass of small metallic globules, agglutinated together. Its color is a deep gray on the outside; in the inside it is a pale brown. It is very porous; and is so soft that it may be scraped with a knife. It has but little lustre. Its specific gravity is between eight and nine. It is more difficult to be fused than even manganese. When intensely heated with phosphate of soda and ammonia, or glacial phosphoric acid, it fuses with them into a grass-green glass. With soda or borax it melts only into a gray, opaque, scoriaceous bead. It is soluble in sulphuric, nitric, and muriatic acids. It combines with sulphur and phosphorus, and alloys with mercury. It has not yet been combined with other combustible bodies. It decomposes the nitric acid and becomes converted into a yellow oxide. The action of uranium alone upon water, &c., is still unknown, probably on account of its extreme scarcity. In order to obtain uranium the pechblende is the adhering impurities as carefully as possible. It first freed from sulphur by heat, and cleared from is then digested to nitric acid; the metallic matter that it contains is thus completely dissolved, while part of the sulphur remains undissolved, and part of it is dissipated under the form of sulphureted hydrogen gas. The solution is then precipitated by a carbonated alkali. The precipitate has a lemonyellow color when it is pure. This yellow carbonate is made into a paste with oil and exposed to a violent heat, bedded in a crucible well lined with charcoal. Klaproth obtained a metallic globule twentyeight grains in weight by forming a ball of fifty grains of the yellow carbonate with a little wax, and by exposing this ball in a crucible lined with charcoal to a heat equal to 170° of Wedgewood's pyrometer. Richter obtained in a single experiment 100 grains of this metal, which seemed to be free from all admixture. There are probably two oxides of uranium, the protoxide, which is a grayish black, and the peroxide which is yellow. URANOS. See URANUS. URANOSCOPUS, in ichthyology, a genus of fishes belonging to the order of jugulares. The head is large, rough, and depressed, the upper jaw being shorter than the under one; there are six dentated rays in the membrane of the gills; and the anus is in the middle of the body. There are two species; one of which is found in the Mediterranean Sea. VRANTSCHIA, a district of European Turkey, in Moldavia, containing twelve villages and about 2000 farms. URBAN I. (pope) succeeded Calixtus I. A. D. 223. He was beheaded during the persecution under Severus, in 230. URBAN II. succeeded Victor III. in 1088, and promoted the great crusade. He died in 1099. URBAN III. succeeded Lucius III. in 1185. He had great disputes with the emperor Frederick Barbarossa, and died in 1187. URBAN IV. Succeeded Alexander IV. in 1261. He was haughty and superstitious. He died in 1264. URBAN V. succeeded Innocent VI. in 1362. He removed the papal seat from Avignon to Rome; but died on a visit to Avignon in 1370. URBAN VI. was elected in 1378. His severity was so great, that a party of the cardinals chose Robert of Geneva as antipope, by the name of Clement VII. Urban persecuted his opponents violently, but died in 1389. URBAN VII. Succeeded pope Sixtus V. in 1590, but died the same year, twelve days after his election. URBAN VIII. Succeeded pope Gregory XV. in 1623, and died in 1644. URBAN IX., Barberini of Florence, was elected in 1633. He condemned the Jansenists; was a man of genius, and very learned. His Latin poeins were published at Paris in folio; and his Italian poems at Rome in 1640, 12mo. He died in 1649. URBANITY, n. s. Fr. urbanité; Latin urbanitas. Civility; elegance; politeness; merriment; facetiousness. A rustical severity banishes all urbanity, whose harmless condition is consistent with religion. Browne. Moral doctrine, and urbanity, or well-mannered wit, constitute the Roman satire. Dryden. URBINO, a town in the states of the church, Italy, the capital of the delegation of this name, is situated on a mountain, is the see of an archbishop, the seat of a university, and contains a population of 4800. It has likewise a college and an institution under the singular name of Academia Assurditorum ; but being situated at a distance from any great road it is seldom visited. Its only remarkable edifice is the ducal palace. It was the birth-place of Raphael. Forty miles north by west of Ancona, and fifty south by east of Ravenna. URCEUS (Anthony Codrus), a learned Italian, born in 1446. His works, consisting of Letters, Speeches, and Poems, were published after his death. Being disgusted with the world, by various misfortunes, he retired into a wood, where he died in 1500. URCEOLA, a lately discovered genus of the pentandria class, and monogynia order of plants, and belonging to the thirtieth natural order, or class called contortæ, by Linnæus in his natural method. The genus is thus characterised by Dr. Roxburgh :-Calyx beneath five-toothed; coral one-petaled, pitcher-shaped, with its contracted mouth five-toothed; nectary entire, surrounding the germs; follicles two, round, drupacious; seeds numerous, immersed in pulp. There is but one known species, which the same eminent botanist describes thus:-U. elastica; shrubby, twining, leaves opposite, oblong, panicles terminal, is a native of Sumatra, Prince of Wales's Island, and the Malay countries. Stem woody, climbing over trees, &c., to a very great extent; young shoots twining, and a little hairy; bark of the old woody parts thick, dark-colored, considerably uneven, a little scabrous, on which are found several species of moss, particularly large patches of lichen; the wood is white, light, and porous. Leaves opposite, short petiolated, horizontal, ovate, oblong, pointed, entire, a little scabrous, with a few scattered white hairs on the under side. Stipulus none. Panicles terminal, brachiate, very ramous. Flowers numerous, minute, of a dull greenish color, and hairy on the outside. Bracts lanceolate, one at each division and subdivision of the panicle. Calyx perianth, one-leaved, five-toothed, permanent. Corol one-petaled, pitcher-shaped, hairy mouth much contracted, five-toothed, divisions erect, acute, nectary entire, cylindric, embracing the lower twothirds of the germs. Stamens, filaments five, very short from the base of the corol. Anthers arrowshaped, converging, bearing their pollen in two grooves on the inside near the apex; "between these grooves and the insertions of the filaments they are covered with white soft hairs. Pistil, germs two; above the nectary they are very hairy round the margins of their truncated tops. Style single, shorter than the stamens. Stigma ovate, with a circular band, dividing it into two portions of different colors. Per. Follicles two, round, laterally compressed into the shape of a turnip, wrinkled, leathery, about three inches in their greatest diameters, one-celled, two-valved. Seeds very numerous, reniform, immersed in firm fleshy pulp. From wounds made in the bark of this plant there oozes a milky fluid, which, on exposure to the air, separates into an elastic coagulum, and watery liquid, apparently of no use after the separation takes place. This coagulum is not only like the American caoutchouc or Indian rubber, but possesses the same properties. See CAOUTCHOUC. The chemical properties of this vegetable milk, while fresh, were found by Mr. Howison, late surgeon on Prince of Wales's Island, surprisingly to resemble those of animal milk. UR'CHIN, n. s. Arm. heureuchin; Lat. erinaceus. A hedge-hog; any little troublesome thing or person. Thus in the glebe the deadly nightshade grows, Flaunts in the sun, and mingles with the rose, The specious bane the prowling urchin spies; Touch! touch it not! He gorges it, and dies. Whyte. Urchins shall, for that vast of night that they may work, All exercise on thee. Shakspeare. Pleased Cupid heard, and checked his mother's pride: And who's blind now, mamma? the urchin cried. Prior. UREA, a new salt lately discovered, of which Dr. Thomson gives the following account: Urea may be obtained by the following process:- Evaporate by a gentle heat a quantity of human urine, voided six or eight hours after a meal, till it be reduced to the consistence of a thick syrup. In this state, when put by to cool, it concretes into a crystalline mass. Pour at different times upon this mass four times its weight of alcohol, and apply a gentle heat. A great part of the mass will It be dissolved, and there will remain only a number of saline substances. Pour the alcohol solution into a retort, and distil by the heat of a sandbath, till the liquid, after boiling some time, is reduced to the consistence of a thick syrup. The whole of the alcohol is now separated, and what remains in the retort crystallises as it cools. These crystals consist of the substance called urea. was first described by Rouelle the younger in 1773, under the name of the saponaceous extract of urine. He mentioned several of its properties; but very little was known of it till Fourcroy and Vauquelin published their experiments on it in 1799. These celebrated chemists have named it urea, which has been generally adopted. Urea obtained thus has the form of crystalline plates crossing each other in different directions. Its color is yellowish white. It has a fetid smell, somewhat resembling garlic or arsenic; its taste is strong and acrid, resembling that of ammoniacal salts. It is very viscid and difficult to cut, and has a good deal of resemblance to thick honey. When exposed to the open air, it very soon attracts moisture, and is converted into a thick brown liquid. It is extremely soluble in water; and during its evolution a considerable degree of cold is produced. Alcohol dissolves it with facility, but scarcely in so large a proportion as water. The alcohol solution yields crystals much more readily on evaporation than the solution in water. When nitric acid is dropped into a concentrated solution of urea in water, a great number of bright pearl-colored crystals are deposited, composed of urea and nitric acid. No other acid produces this singular effect. The concentrated solution of urea in water is brown; but it becomes yellow when diluted with a large quantity of water. The infusion of nutgalls gives it a yellowish brown color, but causes no precipitate. Neither does the infusion of tan produce any precipitate. When heat is applied to urea it very soon melts, swells up, and evaporates with an insupportably fetid odor. When distilled there comes over first benzoic acid; then carbonate of ammonia in crystals; some carbonated hydrogen gas; with traces of Prussic acid and oil; and there remains a large residuum, composed of charcoal, muriate of ammonia, and muriate of soda. The distillation is accompanied with an almost insupportably fetid alliaceous odor: 288 parts of urea yield by distillation 200 parts of carbonate of ammonia, ten parts of carbonated hydrogen gas, seven parts of charcoal, and sixty-eight parts of benzoic acid, muriate of soda and muriate of ammonia. The three last ingredients Fourcroy and Vauquelin consider as foreign substances, separated from the urine by the alcohol at the same time with the urea. Hence it follows that 100 parts of urea, when distilled, yield 92.027 carbonate of ammonia; 4.608 carbonated hydrogen gas; and 3.225 charcoal. Now 200 parts of carbonate of ammonia, according to Fourcroy and Vauquelin, are composed of eighty-six ammonia, ninety carbonic acid gas, and twenty-four water. Hence it follows that 100 parts of urea are composed of 39.5 oxygen, 32-5 azote, 14.7 carbon, 13.3 hydrogen. But it can scarcely be doubted that the water, which was found in the carbonate of ammonia, existed ready formed in the urea before the distillation. When the solution of urea in water is kept in a boiling heat, and new water is added as it evaporates, the urea is gradually decomposed, a very great quan Uric, or lithic acid, is a substance quite distinct from urea in its composition. VREDEN, a town of Prussian Westphalia, on the small river Brehkels, and the confines of Zutphen. Population 2000. Thirty miles W.S.W. of Munster. URENA, in botany, Indian mallow, a genus of plants in the class of monodelphia, and order of polyandria; ranking acccording to the natural method in the thirty-sixth order, pomaceæ. U'RETHRA, n. s. French uretre; Gr. vpnIpa. The passage of the urine. Caruncles are loose flesh arising in the urethra. URGE, v. a. & v. n. URGENCY, n. s. URGENT, adj. URGER, n. s. Wiseman. Latin urgeo. To incité ; push; press by motives; importune; provoke: as a ward: urgency is pressure: urgent, cogent; presverb neuter to press forsing: the adverb and noun substantive corresponding. The Egyptians were urgent upon the people, that they might send them out in haste. Exodus, xii. 33. He urged sore, With piercing words and pitiful implore, Him hasty to arise. Urge the necessity and state of times, And be not peevish. Spenser. Shakspeare. Richard III. This ever hath been that true cause of more wars than upon all other occasions, though it least partakes of the urgent necessity of state. Raleigh. what urges men most powerfully to forsake their sins. The heathens had but uncertain apprehensions of Tillotson. This urges me to fight, and fires my hand. Dryden. Man! and for ever? wretch! what wouldst thou have? Heir urges heir, like wave impelling wave. Pope. Being for some hours extremely pressed by the necessities of nature, I was under great difficulties between urgency and shame. Gulliver's Travels. URGEL, a strong_town of Spain, in Catalonia, on the river Segre. It is a bishop's see, and has 3200 inhabitants, with manufactures of linen and cotton. There is a vitriol mine in the neighbourhood. Seventy-eight miles N. N. W. of Barcelona, and 296 E. N. E. of Madrid. URGEWONDER, n.s. A sort of grain. This barley is called by some urgewonder. Mortimer. URGUNGE, or URGHENZ, the name given to an extensive tract of territory on the Lower Oxus, near its junction with the Aral, and between that lake and the Caspian. It consists of an immense tract of desert, traversed by wandering and predatory hordes; but a few spots maintain a population collected into fortified towns. The principal of these bears the name of the region, and is about four miles in circuit, surrounded by walls of earth. One long street, covered above, forms a market, at which the little trade of the surrounding country is carried on. URI, a canton in the central part of Switzerland, bounded on the north by Unterwalden, and on the east by the country of the Grisons. Its superficial extent is 640 square miles, but its population does not exceed 14,000, being thinly scattered amidst bleak and barren mountains, some of which attain an elevation of 8000, 9000, or 10,000 feet. This canton is traversed in all its extent by the Reuss: it contains a number of small lakes and mountain streams. The temperature necessarily varies with the degree of elevation. The road from Germany to Italy passing through this canton gives it the benefit of some transit trade. The canton is divided into the districts of Uri and Urseren; its government is democratic, and public business is transacted at the petty town of Altorf. The inhabitants are Catholics. U'RIM, n. s. See below. He in cœlestial panoply all armed, Of radiant urim, work divinely wrought. Milton. Urim and thummim were something in Aaron's breast-plate; but what, criticks and commentators are by no means agreed. The word urim signifies light, and thummim perfection. Newton's Notes on Milton. URIM AND THUMMIM, among the ancient Hebrews, a certain oracular manner of consulting God, which was done by the high priest dressed in his robes, and having on his pectoral or breastplate. Various have been the sentiments of commentators concerning the urim and thummim. Josephus and several others maintain that it meant the precious stones set in the high priest's breastplate, which, by extraordinary lustre, made known the will of God to those who consulted him. Spencer believes that the urim and thummim were two little golden figures shut up in the pectoral as in a purse, which gave responses with an articulate voice. In short there are as many opinions concerning the urim and thummim as there are particular authors that wrote about them. The safest opinion according to Broughton seems to be, that the words urim and thummim signify some divine virtue and power annexed to the breast plate of the high priest, by which an oraculous answer was obtained from God when he was consulted by the high priest; and that this was called urim and thummim to express the clearness and perfection which these oracular answers always carried with them; for urim signifies light,' and thummim 'perfection'; these answers not being imperfect and ambiguous like the heathen oracles, but clear and evident. The use made of the urim and thummim was to consult God in difficult cases relating to the whole state of Israel; and sometimes in cases relating to the king, the sanhedrim, the general of the army, or some other great personage. See HEBREW. URINAL, in chemistry, is an oblong glass vessel, closed for making solutions, and so called for its resemblance to the glasses in which urine is kept. A diver; one who searches under water. U'RINATOR, n. s. Fr. urinateur ; Lat. urinator. Those relations of urinators belong only to those places where they have dived, which are always rocky. Ray. URINE, in its natural state, is transparent, of a yellow color, a peculiar smell and saline taste. Its production as to quantity, and in some measure quality, depends on the seasons and the peculiar constitution of the individual, and is likewise modified by disease. It is observed that perspiration carries off more or less of the fluid which would else have passed off by urine; so that the profusion of the former is attended with a diminution of the latter. From the alkaline smell of urine kept for a certain time, and other circumstances, it was formerly supposed to be an alkaline fluid; but, by its reddening paper stained blue with litmus or the juice of radishes, it appears to contain an excess of acid. The numerous researches made concerning urine have given the following as its component parts:1, water; 2, urea; 3, phosphoric acid; 4, 5, 6, 7, phosphates of lime, magnesia, soda, and ammonia; 8, 9, 10, 11, lithic, rosacic, benzoic, and carbonic acid; 12, carbonate of lime; 13, 14, muriates of soda and ammonia; 15, gelatin; 16, albumen; 17, resin; 18, sulphur. Muriate of potash may sometimes be detected in urine by cautiously dropping into it some tartaric acid; as may sulphate of soda, or of lime, by a solution of muriate of barytes, which will throw down sulphate of barytes together with its phosphate; and these may be separated by a sufficient quantity of muriatic acid, which will take up the latter. Urine soon undergoes spontaneous changes, which are more or less speedy and extensive according to its state as well as the temperature of the air. Its smell, when fresh made and healthy, is somewhat fragrant; but this presently goes off and is succeeded by a peculiar odor termed urinous. As it begins to be decomposed its smell is not very unlike that of sour milk; but this soon changes to a fetid alkaline odor. It must be observed, however, that turpentine, asparagus, and many other vegetable substances taken as medicine, smell of the urine. Its tendency to putrefaction or used as food, have a very powerful effect on the depends almost wholly on the quantity of gelatin and albumen it contains; in many cases, where these are abundant, it comes on very quickly indeed. According to Berzelius, healthy human urine is composed of water 933, urea 30-10, sulphate of potash 371, sulphate of soda 3.16, phosphate of soda 2.94, muriate of soda 4:45, phosphate of ammonia 1.65, muriate of ammonia 1.50, free acetic acid, with lactate of ammonia, animal matter soluble in alcohol, urea adhering to the preceding, altogether 17.14, earthy phosphates, with a trace of |