lished in his magazine. Among his works are Lectures on the Prophecies that Remain to be Fulfilled, 1790, 4 vols. 8vo.; and the Universal Restoration, exhibited in a Series of Dialogues between a Minister and his Friend, 1788, 8vo., of which a fourth edition, with notes by W. Vidler, appeared in 1799. In consequence of some domestic misfortunes Mr. Winchester returned in 1792 to his native country, where he died. WINCKELMAN (abbé John) was born at Stendall, in Brandenburgh, in 1718. His father was a shoemaker. After having been seven years professor in the college of Seehausen near Salfwedel, he went into Saxony, where he resided seven years, and was librarian to count Bunau at Nothenitz. When he left this place, in 1754, he went to Dresden. In 1755 he went to Rome. His principal object was to see the Vatican library, and to examine the ruins of Herculaneum. In 1756 he planned the Restoration of Ancient Statues, and the Taste of the Greek Artists. He also designed an account of the galleries of Rome and Italy. He also intended a history of the corruption of taste in art, the restoration of statues, and an illustration of the obscure points of mythology. All these different essays led him to his History of Art, and his Monumenti Inediti. Mr. Winckelman's Monumenti Inediti, of which he had begun the third volume in 1767, seem to have secured him the esteem of antiquaries. Had he lived we should have had a work long wished for-a complete collection of the bas-reliefs discovered from the time of Bartoli to the present, the greater part of which are in the possession of cardinal Albani. When cardinal Albani succeeded to the place of librarian of the Vatican, he endeavoured to get a place for the Hebrew language for Winckelman, who refused a canonry because he would not take the tonsure. The elector of Saxony gave him, in 1761, unsolicited, the place of counsellor Richeter, the direction of the royal cabinet of medals and antiquities at Dresden. Upon the death of the abbé Venuti, 1762, he was appointed president of the antiquities of the apostolic chamber, with power over all discoveries and exportations of antiquities and pictures. This is a post of honor, with an income of 160 scudi per annum. He had a prospect of the place of president of antiquities in the Vatican, going to be created, at sixteen scudi per month, and was named corresponding member of the Academy of Inscriptions. The king of Prussia offered him the place of librarian and director of his cabinet of medals and antiquities, void by the death of M. Gantier de la Croze, with a handsome appointment. He made no scruple of accepting the offer; but when it came to the pope's ears he added an appointment out of his own purse, and kept him at Rome. In April, 1768, he left Rome to go with M. Cavaceppi over Germany and Switzerland. On his return to Italy he was assassinated for the purpose of robbery, by a miscreant with whom he had formed an acquaintance on the road. WIND, v. a., v. n.,& n. s. Preter, wound, in WIND ́EGG, n. s. Pope winded; part. wound. Sax. pinban; Teut. and Belg. winden; Goth. and Swed. winda. Το WIND'ER, WIND'ING, WIND'INGSHEET, WIND'LASS. blow; sound by inflation; turn round; twist; direct or regulate in motion; enfold; insinuate ; change; taking up as a verb neuter, to turn; change; be convolved; proceed in flexures: a windegg is an egg not impregnated: a winder, any thing or person by which something is turned round; plants that twist round others: winding is, flexure; meander: windingsheet, a sheet in which the dead are wound: windlass, an instrument for turning or winding up tackle. The squire 'gan nigher to approach, And wind his horn under the castle wall, That with the noise it shook as it would fall. Spenser. He vaulted with such ease into his seat, As if an angel dropt down from the clouds, To turn and wind a fiery Pegasus. Shakspeare. Edmund, seek him out, wind me into him; frame the business after your own wisdom. Id. King Lear. Sleep thou, and I will wind thee in my arms. Shakspeare. These arms of mine shall be thy windingsheet; My heart, sweet boy, shall be thy sepulchre, For from my heart thine image ne'er shall go Thus do we of wisdom and of reach, With windlass, and with assays of bias, By indirections find directions out. Id. Henry VI. Id. Hamlet. Nero (could touch and time the harp well; but in government sometimes he used to wind the pins too high, and sometimes let them down too low. Bacon. Plants that put forth their sap hastily, have their bodies not proportionable to their length; and therefore they are winders and creepers, as ivy and bryony. Id. Natural History. The figure of a sturdy woman, done by Michael Angelo, washing and winding of linen cloaths; in which act she wrings out the water that made the fountain. Wotton. The winder shows his workmanship so rare As doth the fleece excel, and mocks her looser clew; As neatly bottomed up as nature forth it drew. Drayton. To keep troublesome servants out of the kitchen, leave the winder sticking on the jack, to fall on their heads. Swift. Is there a tongue, like Delia's o'er her cup, That runs for ages without winding up? Young. WIND, n. s. Saxon pind; Teut. Belg. WIND BOUND, adj. and Dan. wind; Welsh WIND DRIVEN, gwynt. Air in motion; a WIND FALL, n. s. flux, effusion, or stream of WIND'GALL, air; direction of such flux; WIND'GUN, breath; any thing light or WIND'INESS, [v.a. trifling: to take the wind', WIN'DOW, n. s. & is to take the upper hand: WINDOW ED, adj. windgall is explained beWIND PIPE, n. s. low: window seems origiWINDWARD, adj. nally winddoor: to window, WIN'DY. J to furnish with, place at, or break into, openings like a window. Being one day at my window all alone, Many strange things happened me to see. Spenser. From this his modest and humble charity, virtues which rarely cohabit with the swelling windiness of much knowledge, issued this. Why should calamity be full of words? The worthy fellow is our general. the oak, not to be wind shaken. Brerewood. Shakspeare. He's the rock, Id. Coriolanus. If my wind were but long enough to say my prayers, I would repent. Shakspeare. His horse infected with the fashions, full of windgalls, and sped with spavins. Id. Taming of the Shrew. Poor naked wretches, whereso'er you are, How shall your houseless heads, and unfed sides, Your looped and windowed raggedness, defend you From seasons such as these? Id. King Lear. Let gallows gape for dogs, let man go free, And let not hemp his windpipe suffocate. Id Henry V. Where the air is pent, there breath or other blowing, which carries but a gentle percussion, suffices to create sound; as in pipes and wind intruments. Bacon. Subtile or windy spirits are taken off by incension or evaporation. Id. Between these half columns above, the whole room was windowed round. Wotton's Architecture. Falmouth lieth farther out in the trade way, and so offereth a sooner opportunity to wind-driven ships than Plymouth. Carew. Yet not for this the windbound navy weighed; Slack were their sails, and Neptune disobeyed. Dryden. Id. Juvenal. Exchanging solid quiet to obtain The windy satisfaction of the brain. Because continual respiration is necessary for the support of our lives, the windpipe is made with annulary cartilages. Ray. Gather now, if ripe, your winter fruits, as apples, to prevent their falling by the great winds; also gather your windfalls. Evelyn's Kalendar. Look, here's that windy applause, that poor transitory pleasure, for which I was dishonoured. South. His fancy has made a giant of a windmill, and he's now engaging it. F. Atterbury. In such a windy colic, water is the best remedy after a surfeit of fruit. Arbuthnot on Aliments. Forced from windguns, lead itself can fly, And pond'rous slugs cut swiftly through the sky. Pope. When you leave the windows open for air, leave books on the window-seat, that they may get air too. Swift. WINDS. Under the article PNEUMATICS our readers will find a very full illustration of the theory of the winds, and the local operation of land and sea in destroying the aërial equilibrium. Our space will now only permit a brief notice of the effect of air in motion in producing changes in the baro meter. About the beginning of the last century Mr. Hawksbee proposed the following experiment to explain the descent of the barometer during a storm: Having connected the cisterns of two barometers by a horizontal pipe of three feet, he inserted in the side of one of them a pipe opening outwards, and connected the other side with a large receiver, into which three or four charges of atmosphere had been compressed: on opening the cock, the air rushed with vehemence over the mercury in the cistern and effected its escape, while both columns fell simultaneously about two inches, and rose again as the force of the blast diminished;" from this experiment he derives four corollaries, the first two of which are, 1. That we have here a clear and natural account of the descent and vi brations of the mercury during a storm.' And, 2. That not only the different forces but also the different directions of the wind are capable of producing a difference of subsidence of the mercury." Upon this professor Leslie remarks, This experiment has a specious appearance, and might seem to warrant the conclusions drawn from it; but a closer examination dispels the illusion; since the air had been condensed four times, it must issue from the vessel with the velocity of 2700 feet in a second; this is a rapidity, however, twenty times greater than the most tremendous hurricane; the very small change of the 400th part of an atmosphere would hence have been sufficient to produce the strongest wind ever known, and therefore its influence in passing over the mercurial column must have been quite insignificant. But the experiment itself is absolutely fallacious; the peculiar result proceeded from a casual circumstance, the exit-pipe being larger than the pipe which introduced the air; for the air being previously condensed, and still restrained in its passage through the induction pipe, on entering the cavity of the box immediately expands beyond the limit of equilibrium, and, finding an easy escape through the exit-pipe, allows that state of dilatation over the mercury during the time of the horizontal flow, but the air contained in the other cistern must, from its communication by the pipe, suffer a like expansion, and the columns will subside equally.' That this reasoning is also fallacious may be thus shown:-That the air, even after its 'dilatation' in its passage through the cistern, is still considerably denser than the surrounding air (otherwise the blast would cease) is beyond dispute; whence then the fall of the mercury? it should rather rise; this explanation is evidently inadequate. That the difference of size in the induction and exit-pipes will effect the result is admitted: indeed it is evident; and I am inclined to think that, if in the above case, the blast had been equally swift and less confined, the result would have been more striking, and therefore that the influence of the strongest wind ever known would not be quite insignificant. The professor continues, Such is unquestionably the true explication of the fact,' and confirms it by an experiment. The reason given in the latter case is undoubtedly just, but not so in the former; for to produce a rarefaction of the air in the cylinder it is necessary that more air should pass out through the external aperture than is injected at the other, an incident which we cannot look for. The learned professor proposes a new theory of the variations of the barometer, the principle of which is, 'That as a horizontal current of air must, from the form of the earth, continually deflect from its rectilineal course, such a deflection being of the same nature as a centrifugal force, must diminish the weight or pressure of the fluid.' This may be sufficient to account for the fall of the barometer in high winds, but it necessarily ascribes the rise of it to a cause merely negative, viz. the absence of wind, yet the rise of the barometer in a north-east wind is often very considerable. On the other hand, if we consider the north wind as blowing downwards (which we may perhaps do as coming from a colder region) the fact accords with Mr. Hawksbee's theory. WINDAGE of a gun, mortar, or howitzer, in military affairs, the difference between the diameter of the bore and the diameter of the shot or shell. In England the diameter of the shot is supposed to be divided into twenty equal parts, and the diameter of the bore into twenty-one of those parts. The French divide the shot into twenty-six, and the bore into twenty-seven. The Prussians divide the shot into twenty-four, and the bore into twentyfive. The Dutch nearly the same as the English. The general windage of shells in England is onefourth of an inch, let them be large or small, which is contrary to all reason. It is evident that the less windage a shot or shell has, the farther and truer it will go; and, having less room to bounce from side to side, the gun will not be spoiled so soon. It is true that some artillery officers say that the windage of a gun should be equal to the thickness of the ladle; because, when it has been loaded for a while, the shot will not come out without being loosened thereby, in order to unload it; and when this cannot be done it must be fired away, and so lost: but, in our humble opinion, the most advantageous windage would be in dividing the shot into twenty-four equal parts, and the bore into twenty-five, on account of the convenient scale it affords, not only to construct guns thereby but VOL. XXII. also their carriages. Hence, agreeably to this plan the windage of a nine-pounder will be 166 of an inch, consequently a sufficient thickness for a ladle; and those of a higher calibre become still thicker in proportion. WINDFLOWER. See ANEMONE. WINDHAM (William), a modern statesman of eminence, was the son of colonel Windham of Felbrigge in Norfolk. He was born in London in 1750, and educated at Eton, whence he was removed to Glasgow, and subsequently to University College, Oxford. He came into parliament in 1782 as member for Norwich, being then also secretary to the earl of Northington, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. He sided with the opposition until the celebrated secession from the whig party in 1793, when he followed Mr. Burke and was appointed secretary at war. This office he retained until the resignation of Mr. Pitt in 1801, and much distinguished himself by his opposition to the treaty of Amiens. On Mr. Addington's being driven from the helm a new administration was again formed by Mr. Pitt, which terminating at his death, in 1806, lord Grenville, in conjunction with Mr. Fox, made up the administration so well known by the designation of All the Talents. In this short-lived cabinet Mr. Windham held the post of secretary of war and colonies, in which capacity he carried his bill for limited service in the regular army. His death took place May 17th, 1810, in consequence of a contusion of the hip, produced by a fall while exerting himself to save from the flames the library of his friend Mr. North. The eloquence of Mr. Windham was forcible, pointed, and peculiar, and he was a sound scholar." WINDHATCH, in mining, a term used to express the place at which the ore is taken out of the mines. A WINDLASS is a machine used for raising huge weights, as guns, stones, anchors, &c. It is very simple, consisting only of an axis or roller supported horizontally at the two ends by two pieces of wood and a pulley; the two pieces of wood meet at top, being placed diagonally so as to prop each other; the axis or roller goes through the two pieces and turns in them. The pulley is fastened at top where the pieces join. Lastly, there are two staves or handspikes which go through the roller, whereby it is turned, and the rope which comes over the pulley is wound off and on the same. In a small ship the windlass is placed upon the deck, just abaft the foremast. A WINDMILL is a kind of mill, the internal parts of which are much the same with those of a water-mill; from which, however, it differs in being moved by the impulse of the wind upon its sails or vanes, which are to be considered as a wheel in axis. WINDOW (vindue, Danish some imagine it to have been originally wind-door), in architecture. This word has various derivations. Perhaps the most direct is the Danish one first cited; but there can be little doubt that the original meaning of the word was, like the Welsh term wynt dor, a passage for the wind. In fact it is still provincially denominated windor in Lancashire, as it is (though with no such retrospective intention) among the citizens of Cockaigne. Windows are an essential part of every building, since light is one of the principal 2 T necessaries of existence. At the same time they may be so introduced as to contribute to ornamental as well as useful purposes; and the architect who thoroughly understands his profession will take especial care that they do so contribute. Nothing can be more tasteless and ugly than the hole in the wall' which is commonly denominated a window. Grace may be displayed not only in their number, size, and disposition, but in their shape and ornaments. The proportions of windows should of course vary according to the usages of different countries, and these usages are influenced by divers causes, such as climate, degrees of temperature, length of days, clearness of sky, &c., &c. In countries where, as in our own, the sun has seldom any very fierce sway, even in summer, and where the winter is long and dreary, the windows should be large and numerous, in order to convey to the interior of the house as much as possible of the light and heat that nature affords. On the other hand, in hot climates, they may be fewer and of less extent. Thus, then, it is impossible to lay down precise rules for the construction of these portions of architecture; but nevertheless there are rules springing out of the principles of solidity, convenience, agreement of parts, and the pleasure which arises from an harmonious combination. See PROPORTION. In the most ancient eras, the windows of habitations were very small and narrow; and the same remark obtains with regard to the castles and other edifices constructed during the middle ages. In the painting on the Greek vase which represents Jupiter about to scale the window of Alcmena, the opening is exceedingly small. According to Seneca those of the baths of Scipio were so little that they merited not the name, and might rather be denominated crevices. As the Romans improved, however, in the elegant arts, this particular was not overlooked, and both their town and country houses were decorated with numerous and ample windows. It was not customary, though, to have them overlooking the street; and they were in the majority of instances confined to the interior court of the house. The windows of the temple of Jerusalem were larger withinside than without; and appear to have served the double purpose of admitting light and giving vent to the fumes of the incense which was so plentifully burned. The ancient temples had not generally windows; some exceptions, however, exist to this observation. Before the use of glass became common, which was not till towards the end of the twelfth century, the windows in this country seem generally to have been composed of paper; which, properly prepared with oil, forms no contemptible defence against the intrusions of the weather. WINDPIPE. See ANATOMY, Index. WIND-SAIL (wind and sail), a sort of wide tube or funnel of canvas, employed to convey a stream of fresh air downward into the lower apartments of a ship. This machine is usually extended by large hoops situated in different parts of its height. It is let down perpendicularly through the hatches, being expanded at the lower end like the base of a cone, and having its upper side open on the side which is placed to windward, so as to receive the full current of wind; which, entering the cavity, fills the tube, and rushes downwards into the lower regions of the ship. There are generally three or four of these in our capital ships of war, which, together with the ventilators, contribute greatly to preserve the health of the crew. WIND-SHOCK (wind and shock), a name given by farmers to a disteinper to which fruit trees, and sometimes timber trees, are subject. It is a sort of bruise and shiver throughout the whole substance of the tree; but, the bark being often not affected by it, it is not seen on the outside, while the inside is twisted round and greatly injured. It is by some supposed to be occasioned by high winds; but others attribute it to lightning. Those trees are most usually affected by it whose boughs grow more out on one side than on the other. The best way of preventing this in valuable trees is to take care in the plantation that they are sheltered well, and to cut them frequently in a regular manner while young. WINDSOR, NEW, a borough and market town in Berkshire, situated on the Thames, twenty-two miles west by south of London; containing 677 houses and 4288 inhabitants; viz. 1964 males, and 2324 females. This town has belonged to the crown ever since the conquest, and has of late been much improved; it consists of six principal streets, and several inferior ones. The former are well paved and lighted. The parish church, which has recently been rebuilt, is a neat, handsome, Gothic structure. In the High Street stands the Guildhall, or Town House, a neat structure, supported by columns and arches of Portland stone. north side is a statue of queen Anne, and on the south side that of prince George of Denmark; the inside is adorned with the portraits of many royal personages. On the Windsor contains many handsome buildings, but its chief pride is its castle, which for more than 700 years has been a favorite residence of the British kings. It was first erected by William the Conqueror, soon after the conquest, received additions from many succeeding monarchs, and under Edward III. was almost entirely rebuilt: during the mischief and plunder of the civil war it became in some degree dilapidated; but it was restored to its ancient state and splendor by Charles II. This noble edifice is situated on a high hill, having a beautiful command of the Thames. On the declivity is a terrace, faced with a rampart of freestone, being 1870 feet long; at the end of this walk is a gate leading into the parks, which are several miles in circumference, and surrounded by a brick wall. The castle is divided into two courts or wards, with a large round tower or keep between them, the whole occupying about twelve acres of land; and having many batteries and towers for its defence. The upper court consists of a spacious square, bounded on the west by the round tower, on the north by the royal apartments, St. George's Hall, and the royal chapel; and on the east and south by the chambers appropriated for the officers of state. In the centre of this square is an equestrian statue of king Charles II. in the habit of a Roman Cæsar; underneath is a curious engine to raise water for the castle. The keep or tower is the lodging of the constable or governor, built in the form of an amphitheatre, ascended to by a flight of stene steps. Here is the guard room or magazine for arms, curiously arranged. Over the chimney is carved in lime wood the star and garter, encompassed with daggers and pistols. The lower court is larger than the upper, and is divided into two parts by St. George's Chapel, which stands in the middle, and is reckoned one of the finest Gothic structures of the kind in being; on the north side of this court are the houses and apartments of the dean and canons, and other officers; and on the west side are the houses of the poor knights of Windsor. These poor knights, eighteen in number, have a premium of £18 per annum, and annually a gown of scarlet cloth, with a mantle of blue or purple cloth, on the sleeve of which is embroidered the cross of St. George. The royal apartments are on the north side of the court, called the star building, from having the star and garter in gold on the outside. The entrance is from the upper ward, through a handsome vestibule, which has undergone a total alteration from designs by Mr. Wyattville. Almost every room in this division of the castle is ornamented with paintings executed by masters of the greatest celebrity. Many of them, however, are not originals; and others are of inferior merit. The principal rooms of this splendid suite of apartments are the queen's guard chamber, the queen's presence chamber, the queen's audience chamber. The ball room, the queen's drawing room, the queen's bed chamber, the room of beauties, the queen's dressing room, queen Elizabeth's or the picture gallery, the king's bed-chamber, the king's drawing-room, the king's public dining-room, the king's audience-chamber, the king's presencechamber, and the king's guard room. A grant of £500,000 was made by parliament in 1824 for repairing and embellishing this magnificent castle, which is now nearly finished. St. George's hall is set apart entirely to the honor of the most illustrious order of the garter. The length of this supurb chamber is 108 feet. The chapel of St. George was originally a chapel dedicated to Edward the Confessor, wherein Henry I. placed eight secular priests, pensioners. It was rebuilt by Edward III., and established as a collegiate church, having a dean, twelve canons, thirteen minor canons, four clerks, six choristers, and twenty-six poor alms knights. This structure owes its present form to Edward IV., and its completion to Henry VII. Here lie interred, under the choir, the bodies of Henry VIII. and Jane Seymour, Charles I. and a daughter of queen Anne; adjoining the east end is a neat building erected by Henry VII. as a burial place for himself and suc cessors; a most sumptuous monument was afterwards erected here by Cardinal Wolsey, but he dying at Leicester was there privately buried. This chapel lay neglected until the reign of his late majesty, by whom it was completely repaired, in 1790; and adorned with rich carvings in wood, and a new altar-piece, organ, and gallery. The ceremonies of the installation of the knights of the garter are performed in this chapel with great state and solemnity. In the tower is a neat free-school for thirty-six boys and twenty-four girls; and an hospital for sick soldiers. Windsor was made a free borough by Edward I., and sent members to parliament in the thirteenth year of the same reign (which it has continued to do except from 14th of Edward III. until 25th of Henry VI.), who are chosen by the inhabitants of the borough paying scot and lot, the number of voters being about 400. The corporation consists of a mayor, two bailiffs, twenty-eight burgesses, thirteen of whom are called fellows or benchers of the Guildhall; of these, ten, besides the mayor and bailiffs, are styled aldermen. A neat theatre has heen lately erected, but it is only opened during the vacations at Eton College. Here are extensive barracks for horse and foot soldiers. On the south side of this town is Windsor Great Park, well stocked with deer, fourteen miles in circumference; the entrance is by a road called the Long Walk, nearly three miles in length, through a double plantation of trees on each side, leading to the Ranger's Lodge; on the north and east side of the castle is the Little Park, about four miles in circumference: Queen Elizabeth's Walk herein is much frequented. At the entrance of this park is the Queen's Lodge, of recent erection. This building stands on an easy ascent opposite the upper court, on the south side, and commands a beautiful prospect over the surrounding country. The gardens are elegant, and have been much enlarged by the addition of the gardens and house of the duke of St. Alban's, purchased by his late majesty. In this park his present majesty has erected a most beautiful Cottage Ornée, as a place of occasional retirement. Windsor Forest, being a circuit of fifty-six miles, was originally formed for the exercise of the chase by our ancient sovereigns; and was also a favorite amusement of his late majesty. Market on Saturday. WINDSOR, OLD, a parish lying to the east of New Windsor, and adjoining thereto. This was anciently the residence of the Saxon kings, that part called New Windsor having chiefly risen since the time of William I. Here are several elegant houses situated on the banks of the Thames. Near the church is a mineral spring, called St. Peter's Well. WINDSOR, a county on the east side of Vermont, bounded north by Orange county, east by Connecticut River, south by Windham county, and west by Rutland and Addison counties. Chief towns Windsor and Woodstock. WINDSOR, a post town of Windsor county, Vermont, on the west bank of the Connecticut, eighteen miles south of Dartmouth College, sixty-one south of Montpelier, and 112 north-west of Boston. It is a very pleasant, handsome, and flourishing town, one of the largest in the state, and has considerable trade. It contains a court house, a state prison, and an academy for young ladies, two handsome houses of public worship, one for Congregationalists, and one for Baptists. An Episcopal church is about to be erected. The state prison usually contains upwards of 100 prisoners. The academy is a respectable institution, and has from seventy to 100 pupils. The building is of brick, two stories high. WIND-TAUGHT (wind and taught, for tight), in sea-language, denotes the same as stiff in the wind. Too much rigging, high masts, or any thing catching or holding wind aloft, is said to hold a ship windtaught; by which they mean that she stoops too much in her sailing in a stiff gale of wind. Again, when a ship rides in a main stress of wind and weather, they strike down her topmasts, and bring her yards down, which else would hold too much wind, or be too much distended and wind taught. WINDWARD, in the sea language, denotes any thing towards that point whence the wind blows, in respect of a ship: thus windward tide is the tide which runs against the wind. WINDWARD ISLANDS, in opposition to Leeward. These islands, in the West Indies, extend from Martinico to Tobago. |