siderable care, and perhaps one of the most pleasingly written of any one of that extensive work. The same authority will be generally resorted to in the further delineations of this county. The soil is thus described by Mr. Tuke, in his Agricultural Survey: The level land near the Tees consists, in general, of a rich gravelly loam upon the high ground; and on the west side of the road, leading from Catterick to Piersebridge, the soil is for the most part strong and generally fertile; but in some places cold and spongy: some fine hazel loam is also to be met with. On the east of the road leading from Gretabridge to Catterick is much fine gravelly soil, with a considerable quantity of clay, and some peat; and on the north of Richmond a mixed loamy soil, in most places upon limestone, but in some upon a freestone most excellent for building. On the east side of the road between Catterick and Piersebridge there is some cold thin clay, upon what is here called a moorland, consisting of a stratum from six inches to a foot thick. It is of a ferruginous, ochreous appearance, and probably contains much iron, as wherever found it is attended with great sterility: there is also some gravelly and some clayey loam. About Barton, Melsonby, and Middleton Tyas, the soil is loamy upon limestone; about Halnaby, and thence in an easterly direction to the edge of Cleveland, and betwixt the Wiske and the eastern moorlands, as far south as Burrowby and Thornton-le-Moor, the soil for the most part is a cold clay; though in some places less tenacious soils, mixed with considerable quantities of large cobble stones, or pebbles, of various kinds, are to be met with. On the west side of the road between Rich mond and Leeming a good gravelly soil prevails; towards Hornby a good gravelly clay; at Langthorn a good sand loam and some peat. The land on both sides of the Brook which runs from Constable Burton past Bedale consists for the most part of a rich loam, but in some places intermixed with a large quantity of cobble stones and coarse gravel. The country betwixt the above-mentioned brook and the west riding, and on the west side of the rode from Boroughbridge to Leemin, is generally a turnip soil, though of various qualities, consisting of a loamy soil upon limestone, a gravelly loam, and a rich hazel ioam, except that in some parts there are patches of swampy ground and cold clay land. That corner of the vale east of Middleton Tyas, west of the Wiske, and north of a line drawn from Scorton to Danby Wiske, is mostly cold and wet, some of which has a moorland under it; but on the west side of this tract there is some clayey loam, and a little excellent gravelly loam. Along the banks of the Swale, and parts adjacent, the soil is generally very good, consisting of a rich gravelly loam and some fine sandy soil. There are, however, some patches of cold clay soil, and also a little peat here and there. The Howardian Hills form a high and bold range, running from west to east, and separating the vale of York from Rydale. The soil is mostly a good strong loam upon clay mixed with cobble stones; about Gilling and towards Barnsley it is thin and poor, in most places near to a grit, though in some to a limestone rock; but on the northern side of these hills a good clay and sandy loam prevail. Rydale is in general extremely fertile. In the marishes which skirt the north side of the Derwent the soil is chiefly clay with some sandy loam, gravel, and peat. There

is a material difference between the eastern and western moorlands, these latter being generally calcareous; and, although their altitude is considerably greater, they are much more fertile than the former. The dales by which the western moorlands are intersected are very rich and fruitful. Of these Wensleydale may be ranked as the first, both in extent and fertility. The river Ure winds through it; and the soil along its banks is generally a rich loamy gravel. The soil in the lower parts of Swaledale consists chiefly of a rich loam, though clay and peat moss appear in some places in ascending the hills. The smaller dales, which are very numerous, are similar to these, and have the same general appearance of fertility. The rivers have already been mentioned in the general description. The canal from York to Stillington is the only navigable water that penetrates this riding: with this single exception, all the advantages which it derives from navigation are owing to waters that flow on and constitute its boundary. Of the productions of this riding those of a mineral kind are among the chief. These, though very numerous, are not generally of superior quality; except indeed the alum rock on the edge of the Eastern Moorlands, which is perhaps the richest and most extensive in Europe, and the lead in the district of Richmond. A mine of very fine copper near Middleton Tyas was formerly wrought, but is now neglected. Veins of this metal are supposed to be scattered in various parts of the Western Moorlands. Iron-stone is found in great quantities in several parts of the Eastern Moorlands. Free-stone, lime-stone, marble, and coal, are found in various places throughout the riding. This riding is said to produce the largest horned cattle in England; and the breed has within these few years been greatly improved. The horses of this district are also singularly fine. In other respects it does not appear that the north riding has any peculiar character in regard to its productions.

West Riding. This riding, as its name imports lies on the Western borders of the county; and is bounded on the east by the ainsty of York and the river Ouse; on the north by the north riding; on, the west by Lancashire; and on the south by Cheshire, Derbyshire, and Nottinghamshire. It is about ninety-five miles in its greatest length from east to west, and forty-eight miles in its greatest breadth, from north to south, containing about 2500 square miles, or 1,568,000 statute acres.

The climate of this portion of the county is extremely various. In the eastern parts, towards the banks of the Ouse, it resembles that of the east riding on the opposite side of the river; and damps and fogs are somewhat prevalent. In the middle district the air is sharper, clearer, and considered as much more healthful. In the western parts the climate is cold, tempestuous, and rainy. At Sheffield the average gauge of rain is thirty-three inches annually, being about a medium between the quantities that fall in Lancashire and on the eastern coasts of the kingdom. Blackstone Edge, and the Craven Hills, are the most foggy, rainy, and stormy districts in England; although, from the frequent high winds which purify the atmosphere and keep it in a state of agitation, the climate is reckoned salubrious to sound constitutions; and the inhabitants have a robust and healthful appearance. The soil. of this district admits of every variety; from the deep strong clay and rich loam, to the worst kind

of peat earth. In the eastern parts clay and loam predominate, but are intermixed with some sandy and moorish tracts. The middle is chiefly a loam upon a limestone bottom; and this kind of soil, with a similar basis, although intermixed in many places with tracts of moor of different qualities, prevails to the western extremities of the riding. Mr. Browne, in his Agricultural Survey, says that the prevailing soil (keeping off the moors) is loam. The face of the country is very irregular; but, in general terms, may be divided into three large districts gradually varying from a level and marshy to a rocky and mountainous region. The flat and marshy part of the riding lies on the eastern side along the banks of the Ouse, and extends to the westward, in some places to a greater and in others to a less distance; but generally to within three or four miles of an imaginary line drawn from Doncaster to Sherburn. The middle part, as far to the westward as Sheffield, Bradford, and Otley, rises gradually into hills, and is beautifully variegated. Further to the west the surface becomes rugged and mountainous. Beyond Sheffield scarcely any thing is seen but black moors, which running north-west unite with the lofty hills of Blackstone Edge on the borders of Lancashire. The western part of Craven presents a confused heap of rocks and mountains, among which, Pennygant, Whamside, and Ingleborough, are particularly conspicuous; the two last being considered as the highest hills in either England or Wales, not excepting even Skiddaw, Helvellyn, or Snowdon. Amidst the hilly and mountainous tracts of this riding, however, are many romantic valleys, presenting the most beautiful scenery. The most extensive of these are Netherdale, or Niddersdale, watered by the Nid; Wharfdale, and the vale of Aire, which in many places afford views the most delightful that can be imagined. Many valleys of less extent vie with these in picturesque beauty; and the greatest part of them being inclosed, well wooded, and thickly spread with almost continuous villages, present, when viewed from the neighbouring eminences, the resemblance of a terrestrial paradise. From many points are seen the most enchanting prospects, in which beauty and sublimity are pleasingly combined. In travelling from Knaresborough, or Rippon, to Pately bridge, from Tadcasser to Otley and Skipton, from Bradford to Halifax, or by Keighley to Skipton from Halifax, by Dewsbury to Wakefield, and some other roads that might be mentioned, the tourist has an opportunity of contemplating some of the finest scenery in England. Mr. Bigland remarks that in travelling these roads he could not but observe, that, in the whole space between York and London, and between London and Dover, no part of the road, excepting Blackheath and Shooter's Hill, displays such beautiful prospects.

This riding is well provided with the convenience of inland navigation. The Leeds-and-Liverpool Canal issues out of the river Mersey at low water, at the lower extremity of Liverpool, by Bank-Hall, and goes over the river Alt to Millhouse; it then takes a large half-circle about the town of Ormskirk, and crosses Toadbrook near Newborough, whence it proceeds by the Douglas navigation to Wigan, thence, in a circular course, through Red Moss, by Blackrod, north for some way parallel with the Lancaster canal, near Chorley, and by Heapy to Blackburn; thence, with a bend

round Church, it passes Burnley and Coln to Foulbridge, where a basin is cut to supply the canal, of which it is the head. The canal here begins to fall to Leeds, and goes from Foulbridge, by Satterford, East Morton, and crosses the river Aire near Gargrave, by Thorlby, Sturtore, and the town of Skipton, by Bradley, Kildwick, Silsden, gear the town of Keighley and by Bingley; a little below which it crosses the river Aire again, passes Shipley, and takes a semi-circular course round the Idle, near Apperton Bridge, Horsforth, Kirkstall Abbey, by Burley and Holbeck, to the town of Leeds, making in the whole a course of 130 miles, with 838 feet fall. Thence to Liverpool, thirty-five miles, fall thirty feet. There is also a collateral cut from near Shipley to Bradford.-The Barnsley Canal joins the river Calder below Wakefield, and passes Crofton, Falkirk, Royston, and arrives at Barnsley, whence it makes a bend to Barnby-Bridge, near Cawthorn; the length about fourteen miles. There are several railways to the canal from Barnsley, and others from Barnby-Bridge. The fall, from the junction with the Deane and Dove Canal, is 120 feet to the river Calder.-The Deane-and-Dove Canal commences from the cut which has been made for the accommodation of the river Dun navigation, between Swinton and Mexbrough, and proceeds by Wath, Wombwell, and Ardsley, to near Barnsley, there to form a junction with the Barnsley Canal, which joins the river Calder. There are two small branches, one parallel with KnolbeckBrook, to the iron-works at Cob-car-Ing, the other along the head stream of the river Dove to Worsbrough-bridge; with a proposed extension of this branch nearly one mile and a half further. Rockliffe-bridge, adjoining the grounds of earl Strafford, at Wentworth-Castle. The whole length of this canal, from the junction of the river Dun to Barnsley, is nine miles and a quarter, with 125 feet rise from the river Dun to Barnsley. The branch to Cob-car-Ing is one mile and three-quarters, and is level, by means of some deep cutting at the extremity. The branch to Worsbrough is one mile five furlongs in length.-The Stainforth-and-Keadley Canal commences at the river Dun, about a mile to the west of Fish lake, and runs parallel with the river, opposite to Thorn; whence, in a line nearly due east, it passes Crowle and Keadley, where it joins the river Trent. There is a branch, about a mile across Thorn's Common, to a place called Hangman-Hill, which joins the river Dun. The total length of this canal is between fourteen and fifteen miles; and, running through a fenny part of the country, has little elevation, and no lockage, except at the extremities.-The Huddersfield Canal joins Sir John Ramsden's Canal on the south side of Huddersfield, and taking a westerly course runs parallel with the river Colne, which it crosses twice, passing Longwood, Staithwaite, and Marsden: from Marsden, under Pule-moss and BrunnTop, there is a tunnel of nearly three miles and a half long, which brings the canal to Raspmill, on the Digglewater, and within about two miles from Dubcross; passing which, it takes the route of the river Tame, the windings of which it frequently intersects, and passes within one mile of Lydgate, by Mossley, Steyley-Bridge, and joins the Ashton-andOldham Canal on the south side of Ashton, being a course of nineteen miles and five furlongs, with 770 feet lockage. This riding produces corn and cattle of all sorts; and its mineral productions are

YOUNG (Dr. Edward) was the son of a clergyman of the same name, and was born about the year 1679. When sufficiently qualified he was matriculated into All Souls' College, Oxford; and, designing to follow the civil law, he took a degree in that profession. In this situation he wrote his poem called the Last Day, published in 1704, which, coming from a layman, gave universal satisfaction; this was scon after followed by another, entitled The Force of Religion, or Vanquished Love. These productions gained him a respectable acquaintance; he was intimate with Addison, and thus became one of the writers of the Spectator; but, the turn of his mind leading him to the church, he took orders, was made one of the king's chaplains, and obtained the living of Welwyn in Hertfordshire, worth about £500 per annum, but he never rose to higher preferment. For some years before the death of the late prince of Wales, Dr. Young attended his court pretty constantly; but upon his decease all his hopes of church preferment vanished; however, upon the death of Dr. Hales, he was taken into the service of the princess dowager of Wales, and succeeded him as her privy chaplain. When pretty far advanced in life, he married the lady Elizabeth Lee, daughter of the late earl of Lichfield. This lady was a widow, and had an amiable son and daughter, who both died young. What he felt for their loss, as well as for that of his wife, is finely expressed in his Night Thoughts, in which the young lady is characterised under the name of Narcissa; her brother by that of Philander; and his wife, though nameless, is frequently mentioned; and he thus, in an apostrophe to death, deplores the loss of all

the three:

Insatiate archer, could not one suffice!

Thy shaft flew thrice, and thrice my peace was slain,

And thrice ere thrice yon moon renewed her horn. He wrote three tragedies, The Revenge, Busiris, and The Brothers. His satires, called Love of Fame the universal Passion, are by many esteemed his principal performance, though Swift said the poet should have been either more angry or more merry; they have been characterised as a string of epigrams written on one subject, that tire the reader before he gets through them. His Complaint, or Night Thoughts, exhibits him as a moral and melancholy poet, and are esteemed his master piece. They form a species of poetry peculiarly his own, and in which he has been unrivalled by all those who have attempted to write in this manner. They were written under the recent pressure of his sorrow for the loss of his wife, daughter, and son-in-law; they are addressed to Lorenzo, a man of pleasure and the world, and who, as it is insinuated by some, is his own son, but then laboring under his father's displeasure. As a prose writer, he arraigned the prevailing manners of his time, in a work called The Centaur not Fabulous; and, when he was above eighty years of age, published Conjectures on Original Composition. He published some other pieces; and the whole of his works are collected in four or five volumes, 12mo. Dr. Young's turn of mind was naturally solemn;

and he usually, when at home in the country, spent many hours of the day walking in his own churchyard among the tombs. His conversation, his writings, had all a reference to the life after this; and this turn of disposition mixed itself even with his improvements in gardening. He had, for instance, an alcove with a bench so painted, near his house, that at a distance it looked as a real one which the spectator was then approaching. Upon coming up near it, however, the deception was perceived, and this motto appeared, Invisibilia non decipiunt, The things unseen do not deceive us. Yet, notwithstanding this gloominess of temper, he was fond of innocent sports and amusements; he instituted an assembly and a bowling green in the parish of which he was rector, and often promoted the gaiety of the company in person. His wit was generally poignant, and ever levelled at those who testified any contempt for decency and religion. His epigram spoken extempore on Voltaire is well known; who happening in his company to ridicule Milton, and the allegorical personages of Death and Sin, Young thus addressed him :Thou art so witty, profligate, and thin,

You seem a Milton with his Death and Sin.

One Sunday, preaching in office at St. James's, be found that, though he strove to make his audience attentive, he could not prevail. Upon which his pity for their folly got the better of all decorum, and he sat back in the pulpit and burst into a flood his own infirmities, and suffered himself to be in of tears. Towards the latter part of life he knew pupilage to his house keeper; for he considered that, at a certain time of life, the second childhood of age demanded its wonted protection. His son, ternal severity, was at last forgiven in his will; whose boyish follies were long obnoxious to pa and our poet died extremely regretted in 1765.

YOUNG (Patrick), M. A., a learned Scottish writer, educated at St. Andrew's, and graduated at Oxford, in 1605. He became keeper of the king's library at St. James's, and published St. Clement's Epistle to the Romans, Greek and Latin, in 1637. From his deep skill in the Greek language, he was employed to print the Septuagint from the Alexandrian MS. presented to king Charles I. by bishop Cyril Lucar; but did not live to execute it. He died in 1652.

YOUR pron. ? Sax. eopen. The possessive YOURSELF', n. s. of you; belonging to you. Used properly when we speak to more than one, and ceremoniously and customarily when to only one: when placed after the substantive it becomes yours: yourself (of your and self) means your, emphatically; and has a reciprocal sense in oblique, and sometimes in nominative, cases.

Either your unparagoned mistress is dead, or she's outprized by a trifle. Shakspeare.

He is forsworn, if e'er those eyes of yours
Behold another day break in the east.
If it stand, as you yourself still do,
Within the eye of honour, be assured
My purse, my person, my extremest means,
Lie all unlocked to your occasions.

Id.

Id.

Id.

The bravest men are subject most to chance. Dryden.
Impute your danger to our ignorance;
My wealth, my city, and myself are yours.
There is a great affinity between coins and poetry,
and your medallist and critic are much nearer related

than the world imagine.

Addison.

A disagreement between these seldom happens, but among your artiquaries and schoolmen. Fentes

It is my employment to revive the old of past ages to the present, as it is yours to transmit the young of the present to the future. Pope. Ye dauntless Dardans hear, Think on the strength which once your fathers bore. Id.

Be but yourselves.

Id.

Whenever you are more intent upon adorning your persons than upon perfecting of your souls, you are much more beside yourselves than he that had rather a laced coat than a healthful body. Law.

YOUTH, n. s. Sax. yeogu. The part YOUTH'FUL, adj. of life succeeding to childYOUTH FULLY, adv.hood and adolescence; a YOUTH LY, adj. young man; young men YOUTH'Y. collectively youthful is young; vigorous; suitable to the early part of life: the adverb corresponding: youthly and youthy (obsolete) synonymes of youthful.

True be thy words, and worthy of thy praise,
That warlike feats dost highest glorify,
Therein have I spent all my youthly days,
And many battles fought, and many frays. Spenser.
Siward's son,

And many unrough youths even now,
Protest their first of manhood.

Shakspeare.

vantage of water communication, by a canal with Bruges, Ostend, and Nieuport; it is fortified, and, on the whole, well built. Its chief structures are the town hall, built in the Gothic style, an elegant cathedral, and other churches, which contain, as usual in Belgium, good paintings. The other buildings are the exchange, the chamber of commerce, and the college or public school. Ypres has a population of 15,500.

YRIARTE (Don John De), a learned Spaniard, born in the Isle of Teneriffe, and educated at Rouen and Paris. After his return to Madrid, he became librarian to the king; member of the academy, and interpreter to the secretary of state. He wrote, 1. Paleographia Græca; 2. A Catalogue of Greek MSS. in the Royal Library; 3. A Catalogue of Various Tracts in Spanish; 2 vols. 4to. He died Arabic MSS. in the Escurial; 2 vols. folio; 4.

in 1771.

YUCATAN, the most easterly province of New Spain, is in the form of a peninsula, jutting out into the gulf of Mexico from the mainland of the isthmus. It is surrounded on the north-west by the waters of the Mexican Gulf, by the bay or gulf of Honduras on the south-east, the province of Vera Cruz bounds it on the south-west, and Vera Paz in Guatimala on the south. Here it is connected with the continent of North America, by an isthmus of about 120 miles in breadth. The English have settlements extending a short distance along the east coast of Yucatan, opposite Ambergris Key. See AMERICA, BRITISH.

YUCCA, Adams's needle, in botany, a genus of plants of the class hexandria, and order monogynia. The corolla is campanulate and patent, there is no style, the capsule is trilocular. There are four species, none of which are natives of Britain. All of them are exceedingly curious in their growth, and are therefore much cultivated in gardens. The Indians make a kind of bread from the roots of this plant.

YVICA, or IVICA, or IBICA, an island of the Mediterranean, belonging to Spain, the principal of the group called the Pithyusæ. Its extent is 190 square miles; its population 15,200. It is divided into five parts, which are called respectively, the Plain of the Town, St. Eulalia, Balanzar, Pormany, and Las Salinas. Ivica is of considerable elevation, and full of mountains covered with verdure, which presents at sea a grand and agreeable picture. The figs of Ivica were celebrated even in the time of Pliny. It is about sixty-one miles east from Cabozdi St. Anton, a cape near Denia, on the coast of Valencia, in Spain, fifty-two miles from Majorca, and 147 from Cape Tenez, on the coast of Africa.

Yviça, the capital of the island, is situated on a hill on the coast. It is a bishop's see, is well fortified, and has a good harbour, which, though somewhat encumbered by mud, is still capable of containing a considerable squadron. It lies under the cannon of a fort erected by the emperor Charles V. The public buildings are the cathedral, six churches, an hospital, several chapels, monasteries, and barracks. Population 2700.

YUCK. See ITCH, ITCH INSECT, and MEDICINE. YULE, YOOL, or IUL. See IUL.

YURE, a river in Yorkshire, rising at the north