western extremity of the county, Cotter Mountain, and passing Middleham, Ripon, and Boroughbridge, where it is joined by the Swale, and then constitutes the river Ouse; on this river is the magnificent cataract called Aysgarth-Force, rec

koned by some to exceed most of the cataracts abroad.

YUX. See HICCOUGH.
YZQUACHTLI. See FALCO.
YZQUIEPATL.

See VIVERRA.

Z is found in the Saxon alphabet, but is read in no word originally Teutonic: its sound is uniformly that of a hard s. No word of English original begins with it.

Z is used, 1, as a letter; 2. as an abbreviation; and, 3. anciently as a numeral. I. As a letter: Z is the twenty-fourth and last, and the nineteenth consonant of our alphabet, though it is, only the sixth in the Greek. The sound is formed by a motion of the tongue from the palate downwards and upwards to it again, with a shutting and opening of the teeth at the same time. This letter has been reputed by Roman and Grecian grammarians a double consonant, having the sound ds; but some think with very little reason; and, as if we thought otherwise, we often double it, as in puzzle, muzzle, &c. II. In abbreviations, Z formerly stood as a mark for several sorts of weights; sometimes it signified an ounce and a half; and very frequently it stood for half an ounce; sometimes for the eighth part of an ounce, or a drachm Troy weight; and it has in earlier times been used to express the third part of an ounce or eight scruples. ZZ were used by some of the ancient physicians to express myrrh, and at present are often used to signify zinziber or ginger. III. Among the ancients, Z was a numeral letter, signifying 2000; and, with a dash added a top, Z signified 2000 times 2000, or 4,000,000.

ZAAB, a district of Algiers, in Africa, south of the province of Constantia, and consisting of a narnow track of land, under the Atlas. It formed anciently part of the Mauritania Sitifensis, and the Roman masonry may often be traced.

ZAANDAM, or SAARDAM, a town of the Netherlands, in North Holland, on the Zaan, near its junction with the Y. It consists properly of two great villages, called East and West Zaandam, containing together 10,700 inhabitants. The houses are for the most part of wood. Its manufactures of ropes, tobacco, and paper are extensive; but the most important branch of its industry is, and has long been, ship-building. Here the czar Peter the Great, under the name of Peter Michailov, studied that art. The house which he occupied, is still pointed out. Five miles north by west of Amsterdam.

ZABARELLA (Francis), a learned cardinal, born at Padua, in 1339. He became professor of canon law in different universities, and was made a cardinal by pope John XXI., who sent him ambassador to the emperor Sigismund. He assisted at the council of Constance, where he advised to depose the pope, whom he accused of forty notorious crimes. He died there in 1417. He wrote A Treatise on Schism, and other tracts..

at Padua in 1533, was well versed in Aristotle's phi losophy, and became professor of it at Padua. He wrote Commentaries on Aristotle, and a treatise on the Perpetuum Mobile, De inventione æterni motoris, 4to. He died in 1589. ZABIANS. See SABIANS. ZABIISM, or SABIISM, the doctrine of the Sabians. See MYTHOLOGY, POLYTHEISM, and S

BIANS.

ZABULON, Heb. 1ɔ, i. e. a dwelling place, or ZEBULON, one of the twelve patriarchs of Israel; the tenth son of Jacob, and the sixth by Leah.

ZABULON, in ancient geography, the territory of one of the twelve tribes; bounded on the north by that of Ashur and Naphthali; on the east by the sea of Galilee; on the south by the territory of Is sachar, or the brook Kison, which ran between both; on the west by the Mediterranean; so that it touched two seas.

ZABULON, a very strong town in the above territory, on the Mediterranean, surnamed of men, near Ptolemais, its vicinity to which makes it probable that it was also Chabulon, unless either name is a faulty reading in Josephus; about sixty stadia from Ptolemais.

ZACCHEUS, a publican or Roman tax-gatherer, at Jerusalem, who, indulging in a natural curiosity to see our Saviour, was happily called and converted by him, of which he gave immediate proof by offering to restore all his fraudulent extortions four fold. Luke xix. 1-10.

ZACCHO, in architecture, the lowest part of the pedestal of a column.

ZACHARIAH, the son of Jeroboam II., a shortlived king of Israel. See ISRAEL.

ZACHARIAH. See ZecHARIAH.

ZACUTUS, or Lusitanus, a Jewish physician of Portugal, who retired to Amsterdam when Philip IV. issued his edict against the Jews. His Introitus ad Praxam, and other medical works, have been collected and published in 2 vols. folio. lle died in 1641.

ZACUTUS (N.), a grandson of the above, became eminent in mathematics, and published a book entitled Juchasin, a Jewish Chronology from the creation to the year 1500.

ZACYNTHUS, an ancient island, south of Cephalonia, sixty stadia, but nearer to Peloponnesus, in the Ionian Sea, formerly subject to Ulysses, in compass above 160 stadia; woody and fruitful. It lies over against Elis, and had a colony of Achaans from Peloponnesus, over against the Corinthian Gulf. It is now called Zante.

to lead them to Thebes. On the road he was bitten by a serpent, and died. His companions buried him in the above island, and gave it his name. ZADOK, the son of Ahitub, high priest of Israel, appointed by Saul, and continued conjunctly with Abiathar during all the reign of David, to whom he was a steady friend, in all his distresses. His colleague, Abiathar, having forfeited Solomon's favor, by joining in the conspiracy of Adonijah, Zadok was appointed sole high priest. He was succeeded by his son Ahimaaz.

ZADOK, another Jewish high priest, whose daughter Jerusha was married to king Uzziah.

ZADOK, or SADOC, a Jewish sceptical philosopher, who flourished about A. A. C. 260., and founded the sect of the Sadducees.

ZAFFIR, ZAFFRE, in metallurgy, is the oxyd of cobalt employed for painting pottery ware and porcelain of a blue color. See CHEMISTRY, COBALT, METALLURGY, and MINERALOGY. The method of preparing it is as follows:-The cobalt taken out of the mine is broken with hammers into pieces about the size of a hen's egg; and the stony involucrum, with such other heterogeneous matters as are distinguishable by the eye, are separated as much as possible. The mineral is then pounded in stamping mills, and sifted through brass wire sieves. The lighter parts are washed off by water, and it is afterwards put into a large flat-bottomed arched furnace, resembling a baking oven, where the flame of the wood reverberates upon the ore; which is occasionally stirred and turned with long handled iron hooks or rakes; and the process is continued till it ceases to emit any fumes. The oven or furnace is terminated by a long horizontal gallery, which serves for a chimney, in which the arsenic, naturally mixed with the ore, sublimes. If the ore contains a little bismuth, as this last metal is very fusible, it is collected at the bottom of the furnace. The cobalt remains in the state of a dark gray oxyd, called zaffre: 100lbs. of the cobalt ore lose twenty or thirty per cent. during this operation, which is continued four or nine hours, according to the quality of the ore. The roasted ore being taken out from the furnace, such parts as are concreted into lumps are pounded and sifted afresh. Zaffre, in commerce, is never pure, being mixed with two or three parts of powdered flints. A proper quantity of the best sort of these, after being ignited in a furnace, are thrown into water to render them friable, and more easily reduced to powder; which, being sifted, is mixed with the zaffre, according to the before-mentioned dose; and the mixture is put into casks, after being moistened with water. This oxyd, fused with three parts of sand and one of pot-ash, forms a blue glass; which, when pounded, sifted, and afterwards ground in mills, included in large casks, forms smalt. The blue of zaffre is the most solid and fixed of all the colors that can be employed in vitrification. It suffers no change from the most violent fire. It is successfully employed to give shades of blue to enamels, and to the crystal glasses made in imitation of some opaque and transparent precious stones, as the lapis lazuli, turquois, &c.

ZAKKOUN, a plant that grows at Raha, the ancient Jericho, and affords a sweet oil famous for healing wounds. The zakkoun resembles a plumtree; it has thorns four inches long, with leaves like those of the olive-tree, but narrower, and greener, and prickly at the end; its fruit is a kind of acorn, without a calyx, under the bark of which is a pulp, and then a nut, the kernel of which gives an oil that the Arabs sell at a very high price. See JERICHO.

ZALEUCUS, a famous legislator of the Locrians, and the disciple of Pythagoras, flourished 500 years B. C. He made a law, by which he punished adulterers with the loss of both their eyes; and his son, offending, was not absolved from this punishment; yet, to show the father as well as the just lawgiver, he put out his own right, and his son's left eye. This example of justice and severity made so strong an impression on the minds of his subjects, that no instance was found of the commission of that vice during the reign of that legislator. It is added that Zaleucus forbad any wine being given to the sick on pain of death, unless it was prescribed by the physicians; and that he was so jealous of his laws, that he ordered, that whoever was desirous of changing them, should be obliged, when he made the proposal, to have a cord about his neck, that he might be immediately strangled, if those alterations were esteemed no better than the laws already established. Diodorus Siculus attributes the same thing to Charondas, legislator of the Sybarites. Zaleucus also enacted some humorous sumptuary laws. See SUMPTUARY.

ZAMA, in ancient geography, a town of Numidia, it was one of the royal residences of the kings of Numidia, hence called Zama Regia. It stood in a plain; was stronger by art than nature; richly supplied with every necessary; and abounding in men, and every weapon of war. This is the famous Zama, remarkable for the decisive battle fought between the two greatest commanders in the world, Hannibal the Carthaginian and Scipio Africanus. Of this engagement, the most important perhaps that ever was fought, Mr. Hooke gives us the following account :-Scipio drew up his army after the Roman manner, except that he placed the cohorts of the Principes directly behind those of the Hastati, so as to leave sufficient space for the enemy's elephants to pass through from front to rear. C. Lælius was posted on the left wing with the Italian horse, and Masinissa with his Numidians on the right. The intervals of the first line Scipio filled up with his Velites, or light-armed troops, ordering them, upon a signal given, to begin the battle; and in case they were repulsed, or broke by the elephants, to run back through the lanes before mentioned, and continue on their flight till they were got behind the Triari Those that were wounded, or in danger of being overtaken, were to turn off to the right and left through the spaces between the lines, and escape to the rear. The army thus drawn up, Scipio went from rank to rank, urging his soldiers to consider the consequences of a defeat, and the rewards of victory; on the one hand, certain death or slavery (for they had no town in Africa strong enough to protect them); on the other, not only a lasting superiority over Carthage, but the empire of the rest of the world. Hannibal ranged all his elephants, to the number of above eighty, in one front. Behind these he placed his mercenaries, consisting of 12,000 men, Ligurians

Gauls, Baleares, and Mauritanians. The new levies of Carthaginians and other Africans, together with 4000 Macedonians, under a general named Sopater, composed the second line. And in the rear of all, at the distance of about a furlong, he posted his Italian troops, in whom he chiefly confided. The Carthaginian horse formed his right wing, the Numidians his left. He ordered their several leaders to exhort their troops not to be discouraged by their own weakness, but to place the hope of victory in him and his Italian army; and particularly directed the captains of the Carthaginians to represent to them what would be the fate of their wives and children if the event of this battle should not prove successful. The general himself, walking through the ranks of his Italian troops, called upon them to be mindful of the seventeen campaigns in which they had been fellow-soldiers with him; and of that constant series of victories by which they had extinguished in the Romans all hope of ever being conquerors. He urged them to remember, above all, the battles of Trebia, Thrasymenus, and Cannæ; with any of which the approaching battle was in no wise to be compared, either with respect to the bravery or the number of the enemy. The Romans were yet unfoiled, and in the height of their strength, when you first met them in the field: nevertheless you vanquished them. The soldiers now before us are either the children of the vanquished, or the remains of those whom you have often put to flight in Italy. Maintain therefore your general's glory and your own, and establish to yourselves the name of invincible, by which you are become famous throughout the world. When the Numidians of the two armies had skirmished a while, Hannibal ordered the managers of the elephants to drive them upon the enemy. Some of the beasts, frightened at the noise of the trumpets, immediately ran back amongst the Numidians of the Carthaginian left wing, and put them into confusion; which Masinissa taking advantage of, entirely routed them. Great destruction was made of the Velites by the rest of the elephants, till these also being terrified, some of them ran through the void spaces of the Roman army which Scipio had left, others, falling in among the cavalry of the enemy's right wing, gave Lælius the same opportunity against the Carthaginian horse. After this, the infantry of the foremost lines joined battle. Hannibal's mercenaries had the advantage at first; but the Roman Hastati sustained the attack, and at length gained ground. The mercenaries, thinking themselves betrayed, fell furiously upon the Africans; so that these were obliged to fight for some time both against their own mercenaries and the enemy. When the two Carthaginian lines had ceased their mutual rage, they joined their strength; and, though now but a mere throng of men, broke the Hastati; but the Principes advancing restored the battle; and most of the Africans and mercenaries were cut off. Then followed a sharp engagement, in which victory was long and eagerly disputed. The Romans, though superior in number, were once upon the point of losing the day; but Masinissa and Lælius came very seasonably to their assistance. These generals, being returned from the pursuit of the cavalry, fell suddenly upon the rear of Hannibal's men, most of whom were cut off in their ranks; and, of those that fled, very few escaped the horse, the country all round being a plain. There

fell of the Carthaginians above 20,000, and as many were taken prisoners. The loss on the side of the Romans amounted to about 2000 men. Hannibal escaped with a few horse to Adrumetum, having performed every thing in the engagement which could be expected from a great general. His army (says Polybius) could not have been more skil fully drawn up. For, as the order of the Roman battalions makes it extremely difficult to break them, the Carthaginian wisely placed his elephants in the front, that they might put the enemy in confusion before the armies should engage. In his first line he placed the mercenaries; men bold and active, but not well disciplined, that by their impetuosity he might give a check to the ardor of the Romans. The Africans and Carthaginians, whose courage he doubted, he posted in the middle be tween the mercenaries and his Italian soldiers, that they might be forced to fight, or at least the Romans, by slaughtering them, might fatigue themselves, and blunt their weapons. Last of all he drew up the troops he had disciplined himself, and in whom he chiefly confided, at a good distance from the second line, that they might not be broken by the route of the Africans and mercenaries, and kept them in reserve for a vigorous attack upon a tired and weakened enemy.'

ZAMIA, in botany, a genus of plants in the class of cryptogamia, and order of filices; ranking according to the natural method in the first order, palmæ.

ZAMINY, in the language of Bengal, security. ZAMORA, a province in the north-west of Spain, formed of a part of the great province of Leon, and lying to the south and north of the Douro, on the frontiers of Portugal. Its area is 1650 square miles; its population, far more thinly scattered, is only between 70,000 and 80,000. Its surface is in general hilly, and ill adapted to tillage. It is built near the north bank of the Douro, and to the east of an angular district, formed by a projection of the Portuguese territory. The height it stands on commands the river, and gives it, from a distance, a good appearance; but the houses are old fashioned, the streets narrow, and the appearance of the interior in general gloomy. It is the residence of a bishop, contains a number of churches and chapels, and has about 9000 inhabitants. In the eleventh century it was demolished by a Moorish force, but rebuilt by the Spanish government and fortified. The walls are still kept up. The environs are adapted to pasturage. Thirty-three miles north of Salamanca.

ZAMORANO (Roderick), a Spanish navigator, who published A Compendium of Navigation, in 1585, which contributed much to the improvement of the art. He was the first who published sea charts. See NAVIGATION.

ZAMOSKI (John), the son of Stanislaus Zamoski, castellan of Chelm in Red Russia, was a man of great talents and virtue. He studied at Paris, and afterwards at Padua, of which last university he was chosen rector. At Padua he published two tracts De Senatu Romano, and De Senatore. On his return to Poland, king Stephen Battori gave him his niece in marriage, made him grand chancellor, and general of the army. He delivered Poland from the Russian yoke. On the death of Stephen, the nobles offered him the crown; but he refused, and advised them to elect Sigismund prince of Sweden. He died in 1605.

ZANCHIUS, or ZANCHY (Jerome), a learned reformer, was born at Alzano, in Italy, in 1516, and entered among the canons regular of Lateran; but, becoming intimate with Peter Martyr, he turned Lutheran, and left Italy. He went to Strasburg in 1553 and then became professor of divinity at Heidelberg, where he died in 1590. He was a man of great piety and moderation. His works were published in 8 vols. folio, 1613.

ZANCLE, an ancient town of Sicily, on the strait between that island and the continent of Italy. It was so named from its resembling Layrλov, a scythe. It was founded about A. A. C. 1058, by the pirates of Cuma in Italy, and peopled by Samians, Ionians, and Chalcidians.-Strabo 6. Diod. 4. Ital. 1. About 497 B. C. it was taken by the Samians, but in three years was recovered by Anaxilaus, the Messenian tyrant of Rhegium, who named it Messana from his native country. See MESSANA. It is now called Messina.

ZANICHELLI (John Jerome), a learned Italian physician and botanist, born at Modena in 1662. He settled at Venice with great reputation. He wrote, 1. Catalogus Plantarum terrestrium marinarum, &c. 8vo. 2. Promptuarium remediorum Chymicorum, 8vo. 3. De Myriophillo Pelagico. 4. Lithographia 2m. montium Veronensium, &c. 5. De Rusco ejusq. præparatione, 8vo. 6. Opuscula Botanica, 4to. 7. History of Plants growing round Venice, folio. He died in 1729.

ZANICHELLIA, in botany, triple-headed pondweed, a genus of plants, in the class of monoecia, and order of monandria; and by the natural method ranking in the fifteenth order, inundatæ. These plants have no hermaphrodite flowers, but bear both male and female flowers distinct on the same plant; whence they are styled androgynous plants. Their male flowers are furnished with only one stamen.

ZANNONI (James), M. D. and botanist of Bologna. He discovered many plants, and wrote, 1. Historia Botanica, folio, 1675. 2. Rariorum Stirpium Historia, folio. He died in 1682.

ZANNONIA, in botany, a genus of plants of the class diœcia, and order of pentandria. The characters are these:-They produce separate male and female flowers; in the male flower the cup is a perianthium, composed of three leaves of an oval figure, expanding every way, and shorter than the flower; the flower is monopetalous, but divided into five segments, and has an open mouth; the segments are jagged, and are equal in size, and bend backwards; the stamina are five filaments of the length of the cup, standing open at their ends, and terminated by simple apices; the female flowers grow in separate plants, and have the cup and flower the same as in the male, only that the cup stands upon the germen of the pistil; this germen is oblong, and from it are propagated three reflex conic styles; the stigmata are bifid and curled ; the fruit is a long and very large berry, truncated at the end, and very small at the base; it contains three cells, and has a curled suture near the apex; the seeds are two; they are of an oblong figure, and flat. There is only one species, viz. Z. Indica, the Indian zannonia, a native of India.

ZANOTTI (Francis Maria Gazazzoni), an eminent philosopher, born at Bologna in 1692. He was educated among the Jesuits, studied the law, and at last mathematics under Beccari. In 1716 he became secretary to the senate of Bologna, and, in 1718, professor of mathematics. He introduced the Newtonian system instead of the Cartesian.

He was made librarian to the Institute, and compiled two catalogues of its books. In 1766 he was president. He wrote various philosophical works; and died in 1777.

ZANTE, the ancient Zacynthus, an island of the Mediterranean, forming a part of the Ionian republic, and situated at a short distance to the south of Cephalonia, and to the west of the ancient Elis, in the Morea or Peloponnesus. Its form is irregular; its length fifteen miles; its breadth above eight; its circumference more than thirty; its area about 160. In its aspect it is the finest of the Ionian islands; has no large rivulets; but in summer, considerable inconvenience is experienced, from the drying up of the springs and wells. Springs of petroleum and mineral tar are worked here to advantage. Like the neighbouring islands, Zante is subject to frequent shocks of earthquakes. The chief products of Zante are currants, olives, and other fruits of a warm latitude (38° N.). Cotton and silk are also cultivated.

ZANTE, the Zacynthus of the ancients, the capital of the foregoing island, is situated on the eastern coast, about twelve miles nearly west of Cape Tornese, in Morea. It is the largest town of the republic, containing between 16,000 and 18,000 inhabitants.

ZANTHOXYLUM, the tooth-ache tree, in botany, a genus of plants of the class of diœcia, and order of pentandria; natural order forty-sixth, hederaceæ: CAL. quinquepartite: COR. none: the female flower has five pistils and as many monospermous capsules. They bear male and female flowers on distinct plants. The male flowers have five stamina. There are two species viz. 1. Z. clava Herculis, the Hercules's club toothache tree; and, 2. Z. trifoliatum, the three-leaved toothache tree. They are both foreign plants.

ZA'NY, n. s. From zanei, the contraction of Giovanni: or, according to Skinner, from sanna, a scoff. One employed to raise laughter by gestures, actions, or speeches.; a merry andrew; a buffoon. Some carrytale, some pleaseman, some slight zany, Some mumblenews, some trencher knight, some Dick, Told our intents before. Shakspeare.

Then write that I may follow, and so be
Thy echo, thy debtor, thy foil, thy zuny.
I shall be thought, if mine like thine I shape,
All the world's lion, though I be thy ape.

Oh, great restorer of the good old stage,
Preacher at once, and zany of thy age.

Donne.

Pope.

ZAPATA, a feast or ceremony held in Italy, in the courts of certain princes, on St. Nicholas's day; wherein people hide presents in the shoes or slippers of those they would do honor to, in such a manner as may surprise them on the morrow when they come to dress; being done in imitation of the practice of St. Nicholas, who used in the night-time to throw purses of money in at the windows to marry poor maids withal.

ZAPIZ. See MORLACHIANS.

ZARATE (Augustin), a Spanish historian. In 1543 he was sent to Peru, as treasurer of the Indies, and on his return was employed in the Netherlands. He wrote a History of the Discovery and Conquest of Peru; Antwerp, 8vo. 1555. A French translation was printed at Amsterdam in 1700, 2 vols. 12mo.

ZARERTHAH, or SAREFTA, an ancient city of Sidon, where Elijah lodged with a widow; now called Sarfand. It is still of some note, and its wines are excellent.

ZAROT (Anthony), a celebrated printer of Milan, who, in 1470, first introduced signatures. ZASLAUS, duke of Kiovia. See POLAND. ZEA, Indian corn, in botany, a genus of plants of the class monccia; order triandria. The male flowers are placed on distinct spikes; the calyx is biflorous, beardless glume; the corolla a beardless glume; the female calyx is a bivalve glume, as is the corolla. There is one filiform, pendulous style; the seeds are solitary and buried in an oblong receptacle. There is only one species, viz. Z. mays, maize. The Indians in New England, and many other parts of America, had no other vegetable but maize or Indian corn for making their bread. They call it weachin; and in the United States of America there is much of the bread of the country made of this grain, not of the European corn. In Italy and Germany also there is a species of maize which is the food of the poor inhabitants. The ear of the maize yields a much greater quantity of grain than any of our corn ears. There are commonly about eight rows of grain in the ear, often more, if the ground be good. Each of these rows contains at least thirty grains, and each of these gives much more corn than a grain of any of our corn. The grains are usually either white or yellowish; but sometimes they are red, bluish, greenish, or olive-colored, and sometimes striped and variegated. This sort of grain, though so essentially necessary to the natives of the country, is yet liable to many accidents. It does not ripen till the end of September; so that the rains often fall heavy upon it while on the stalk, and the birds in general peck it when it is soft and unripe. To defend it from these accidents, it is covered with a thick husk, which keeps off slight rains very well; but the birds, if not frighted away, often eat through it, and devour great quantities of the grain. There are three or four varieties of maize in America. That of Virginia is very tall and robust, growing to seven or eight feet high; that of New England is shorter and lower. And the Indians, farther up in the country, have a yet smaller kind in common use. The stalk of the maize is jointed like the sugar cane; it is very soft and juicy, and the juice is so sweet and saccharine, that a syrup, as sweet as sugar, has often been made of it; and things sweetened with it have been found not distinguishable from those done with sugar. It has not been tried yet whether it will crystallise into sugar; but in all probability it will. The Americans plant this corn any time from the beginning of June, but the best season is the middle of April. The uses of this plant among the Indians are very many. The great article is the making their bread of it. The stalks, when cut up before they are too much dried, are also an excellent winter food for cattle; but they usually leave them on the ground for the cattle to feed on. The husks about the ear are usually separated from the rest, and make a particular sort of fodder, not inferior to our hay. The Indian women have a way of slitting them into narrow parts, and they then weave them artificially into baskets and many other toys. The original way of eating the grain among the Indians was this: --they boiled it whole in water till it swelled and became tender, and then they fed on it, either alone, or ate it with their fish and vension instead of bread. After this, they found the way of boiling it into a sort of pudding, after bruising it in a mortar; but the way of reducing it to flour is the best of all. They do this by parching it carefully in the fire,

without burning, and then beating it in mortars and sifting it. This flour they lay up in bags as their constant provision, and take it out with them. when they go to war, eating it either dry or with water. The English have contrived, by mixing it into a stiff paste, either by itself, or with rye or wheat meal, fermenting it with leaven or yeast, and baking it in a hot oven, to make good bread of it. They have likewise found out a method of making good beer, either of the bread or by malting the grain. ZEAL, n. s. ZEALOT, ZEALOUS, adj. ZEALOUSL ad used in a bad sense: respond with zeal.

Greek Enλog; Latin zelus. Passionate ardor for any

person or cause: he who manifests such ardor; often the adjective and adverb cor

In this present age, wherein seal hath drowned charity and skill, meekness will not now suffer any man to marvel, whatsoever he shall hear reproved by whomHooker.

soever.

pious, if we act our temporal affairs with a desire no Our hearts are right with God, and our intentions greater than our necessity, and in actions of religion we be zealous, active, and operative, so far as prudence will permit. Tayler.

Milton.

This day at height of noon, came to my sphere A spirit zealous, as he seemed, to know More of the Almighty's works. Seriousness and seal in religion are natural to the English. Tillotson.

When the sins of a nation have provoked God to forsake it; he suffers those to concur in the most pernicious counsels for enslaving conscience, who pretend to the greatest seal for the liberty of it. Stillingfeet.

She with such a seal the cause embraced, As women, where they will are all in haste; The father, mother, and the kin beside, Were overborne by the fury of the tide.

Dryden.