Group 2. Papiones of Erxleben. Simiæ nasu in signiores caudâ quam corpore breviore. They have the abagones or cheek-pouches and gluteal callosities like the guenons, but their mouth is more prominent, and their last grinder below has a tubercle more unequal. They vary in the length of the tail and muzzle. The prinipal part of them are more or less savage; and they all have a sac that communicates with the larynx above the thyroid cartilage, which is filled with air when they cry. Gen. 1. Magotus.-Cauda jam nascente: Have the muzzle thick and moderately long, a small tubercle in place of a tail. The Magot. Simia sylvanus of Linné, pithecus of Gmelin, musco of Schroeber. Covered with hair of a clear gray-brown color. An animal which best endures our climate. It is a native of Bombay, whence it is often brought to Europe, breeds sometimes with us, and is naturalised in the most inaccessible parts of the rock of Gibraltar. Gen. 2. Macacus.-Cauda, naribus resupinis. Are distinguished from the magots by a tail more or less long, and from the cynocephali by their nostrils being oblique at the upper surface of the muzzle. Ooandrou of Buffon, simia silenus of Linné, lenina of Gmelin. Black; the mane ash-colored; beard and round its head, whitish. It appears that there are some individuals which are fawn colored either wholly or in part, and others of different tints of brown and fawn color. From Ceylon. Bonnet. Simia sinica. Fawn color above, white beneath, the face of a flesh color. The hairs upon the crown of the head dispersed like rays, and forming a kind of hat. Aigrette of Buffon. Simia aygula of Linné. Olivegray above, fawn color beneath. A tuft of hair upon the top of the head. The macaque of Buffon, simia cynomolgus. Green above, yellowish or whitish beneath. Guinea, and the interior of Africa. The maimon. Simia nemestrina of Linné. Platipygos of Schroeber. Deep brown above; a black band commencing upon the head, and growing weaker and weaker the whole length of the back; yellowish about the head and the extremities; a thin tail hanging only half way down the thighs. The rhesus. Grayish; a stain of pale brown upon the head and the rump, sometimes upon the whole of the back. Gen. 3. Cynocephalus of Cuvier.-Simiæ ore canuin. They have a muzzle which is elongated and as it were truncated at the end, where it is perforated by the nostrils; this is what makes it resemble that of a dog more than of the rest of the monkeys. Tail of various lengths. Papion of Buffon, simia sphynx of Linné. With a yellow greenness, approaching more or less to a brown; face black, tail long. They appear to differ in size according to their age. The full grown animal is frightful by its ferocity and brutish propensity. Papion noir. Simia porcaria of Bodd. Ursina of Pennant. Of a black color; glace, with yellow or green upon the whole forehead. Cape of Good Hope. Tartarin of Belon. Simia hamadryas of Linné. Baboon with a short tail. Simia leucophaea of Cuvier. Gray-yellow; face black, tail very short and thin. Gen. 4. Mandrils.-Simiæ ore in longitudinem porrecto. They have the nose longer than the rest of this order; facial angle being about 30°. Their tail is very short. They are very wild and fierce. Only one species known. Gen. 5. Pongos.-Simiæ fronte in longitudinem porrecto. They have the long arms of the orangsand are like them deprived of a tail, with the cheek pouches of the baboons and guenons. The head is of a very peculiar form; the forehead is very receding; the cranium is small and compressed; the face of a pyramidal form on account of the ascending branches of the lower jaw, which indicate in the organs of voice some analogous disposition to that which has been observed in the alouatte. They possess the membranous pouch adhering to the larynx like the baboons. We are acquainted with only one species. Color brown, face and hands black. Borneo. Sect. II. Monkeys of the NEW CONTINENT. Simiæ molarium numero abundantes. The sapajous. Cebus of Erxleben. They have four grinders more than the rest, there being thirty-six teeth in all. Tail long; without cheek-pouches, nates clothed and without callosities. Nostrils lateral or on the side of the nose. All the large quadrumana of the New Continent belong to this division. Their large intestines are less tinged, and the cœcum is longer and thinner than in those of the preceding section. Tail prehensile. Gen. 1. Myotes of Iliger.-Simiæ capite arguto. The alouatte. Distinguished by a pyramidal head. Upper jaw descends down much lower than the cranium, since the lower has its branches ascending very high, in order to lodge a bony drum formed by a vesicular swelling of the os hyoides, which communicates with the larynx, and gives an enormous volume and a frightful sound to their voice. . Common alouatte. Simia seniculus. Of a lively red brown; about the size of a fox. From the woods of Guiana. Live in troops. Ouarino; simia beelzebub. Common in Brasil and Paraguay. The male is black above and red beneath; female brown. Common sapajous have the head very flat. The muzzle rather prominent. Facial angle 60°. Gen. 2. Ateles of Geoffroy.-Simia pollice manca. Thumbs concealed under the skin. Tail naked underneath. The chamek; ateles pentadactylus of Geoffroy. Differs from the rest in having a thumb with one of the phalangial bones, but destitute of a nail. The coaita; simia paniscus of Linné. Completely covered with black hair; not even the rudiments of a thumb. White-faced coaita; ateles marginatus of Geof froy. Black; a border of white hairs round about the face. White-bellied coaita; simia beelzebub of BrisBlack; white beneath; a flesh-colored circle round the eyes. son. Yellow coaita; ateles arachnoides of Geoffroy. All these animals come from Guiana and Brasil. Their arms are very thin. Progression very slow. Gen. 3. Cebus of Geoffroy.-Simiæ quæ ope caudæ conscendunt, pollice gaudentes. The sajou; simia apella of Linné. Black round the face. All the shades of the body vary between the black, brown, and the fawn color, even some times white. The ajou; simia capucina of Linné. Distinguished from the preceding by a small crest of hairs on each side of the forehead. The sajou; simia fatuellus of Gmelin. Gen. 4. Callitriche of Geoffroy.-Simiæ quarum oauda minus apta ad prehendum est. Tail ceasing to be prehensile. The saimiri; simia sciurea. About the size of a squirrel; of a gray yellow; fore-arms, the legs and the four hands yellowish fawn color. Gen. 5. Pithecia of Desmerest and Iliger.Simiæ vulpium caudâ. Pennant. The sakis. Tail not prehensile, tufted with hair; whence they are called fore-tailed monkeys. Yake; simia pithecia of Linné. Blackish; around the face white. Saki Humb.; simia satanas of Hoffmansegger. Quite black. Red bellied saki; pithecia rufi ventuis of Geoffroy. From Guiana and Brasil. Family 2.-UNGUIBUS COMPRESSIS. Simiæ pollice vix libero. Gen. Hapale of Iliger; arctopithecus of Geoffroy.-The Ouistiti. Head round, face flat, nostrils lateral, nates clothed, destitute of cheek pouches. Tail not prehensile; grinders in number twenty, like the monkeys of the old continent. All the nails compressed and pointed, except those of the hind thumbs. The fore thumbs possess so little freedom of independent motion, that the tittle of quadrumanous is bestowed upon them with some hesitation. Common ouistiti; simia jacchus of Linné. Body black; two tufts of hair before the ears. Tamarin; simia midas of Linné. Pinche; simia œdipus of Linné. Black; four hands yellow; gray with long white hairs upon the head, hanging down behind the ears. Guiana. Midas ursula of Geoffroy. Black striated ape. Lion monkey. Marakin; simia rosalia. White head surrounded with a fawn colored mane; tail brown at the tip. Surinam. The mico; simia argentata of Linné. Gray silvery black; sometimes all white; tail brown, from the banks of the Amazons. Family 3.-INCISORIBUS à PREScripto The makis, lemur of Linné, according to Linné comprehend all those quadrumana which either in the upper or under jaw have more incisors than four, or at least they are otherwise directed than in the monkeys. Gen. 1. Lemur.-Caudâ longâ. Makis proper Six lower insisors compressed and leaning outwards; four above straight; intermediate pair crossing; canine teeth long. Molar those of monkeys. Tail long, nail of the index pointed, all the rest flat. Madagascar. The moccoco; lemur catta of Linné. Ash gray, tail tinged with black and white. Venei; lemur macaco of Linné. Variegated with large black and white spots. The mongoas; lemur mongos of Linné. All brown, face and hands black. Gen. 2. Lichanotus of Iliger.-Simiæ hujus familia caudâ nudatæ The indri Teeth like those of the preceding, except that they have but four below. Madagascar. Gen. 3. Sterops of Iliger.-Simiæ molaribus paulo horrentibus candâ nudate. The loris; sloth monkeys. Teeth and nails of the makis; grinders rough with points; the short muzzle of a mastiff; body slender; without tail. These animals feed upon insects, and some of the small birds and quadrupeds. Approximating to the sloths in haying the extreme branches of their arteries divided in the same manner. Loris. Sloths of Bengal; lemur tardigradus. Gray fawn, a brown line running along the back. Slender loris; lemur gracilis. Of the same color as the last, without the dorsal line. Nose raised by an elevation of the intermaxillary bone. Gen. 4. Otaclinus of Iliger.-Simiæ auribus e membranâ efformatis. The galago of Geoffroy. They have the teeth, nails, and the insectivorons regimen of the former; elongated tarsi which give to the hind feet a disproportioned length; tal long and tufted; ears large and membranous; eyes large. To this tribe Cuvier would assign the lemur potto of Gmelin. Gen. 5. Tarsius of Cuvier.-The tarsiers. The long tarsi, and all the detail of the preceding; but the interval between the incisors and the molar teeth, is replenished with numerous small canine Nocturnal animals. Food consisting of insects. teeth. Incisores four above, only two below. Inhabit the Moluccas. Lemur spectrum. Series ORDINUM PLERUMQUE CARNIVORA. amussim cardinis motu gaudentibus. This series Feræ of Linné. Compagines maxillarum, ad of mammiferous animals have three sorts of teeth like man. They subsist upon animal food, by so far more exclusively as their grinders are better calculated for tearing. Those which have their grinders in whole or in part tuberculous Others which have them rough with conical points feed more or less upon vegetable substances. feed upon insects. The articulation of the lower jaw is directed crosswise, and confined like a hinge, tion. That is to say, they can only open and so as not to allow any degree of horizontal moother animals do, by a lateral movement of the shut the mouth, and not grind the morsel, as many under jaw, in masticating their food. Their cranium is narrower, and the zygomatic arches wide and elevated, in order to give room for the muscles of the jaws. Their foramen possesses a capability of being moved circularly, but with less facility than that of the quadrumana. Olfactory bones variously ramified and lamellated, in order to amplify the extent of pituitary membrane, which renders the sense of smelling so wakeful to the impression made upon it by odorous particles. ORDER III.-CHEIROPTERA. Cute pedum in alas extensâ. They exhibit some affinities with the quadrumana, in having the male organ of generation pendant, and in the nipples being placed upon the breast. Their distinctive character consists in having the integuments of the legs and feet expanded, by the elongation of some of the phalanges into broad membranous wings. This disposition of structure requires strong clavicles and large scapula, in order that the shoulder may possess a commensurate firmness and solidity; whilst the rotation of the fore arm is prevented, as it would be incompatible with the active force necessary for soaring in the air. All these animals have four large canine teeth, except in one species found by the writer in the Bonin Islands; but the number of their incisors varies. They were long ago divided into two genera, vespertilio and galeopithecus, with reference to the extent of their organs of flight. Family 1.-VESPERTILIONES. BATS. Ossibus digitorum in longum deductis. They have the arm, forearm, and the fingers extremely elongated, and form true wings by the membrane, which fills up the intervals. Bats fly very high, and with great celerity. Their pectoral muscles have a thickness proportioned to the motions they are obliged to perform, and the sternum has in its middle a ridge to afford them a line of attachment, like that of birds. The thumb is short, and armed with a crooked nail; which serves them for the double purpose of climbing and suspension. Their hind feet are weak, divided into five equal toes, and are all furnished with nails. The intestines are without a cœcum. Their eyes are excessively small; their ears are often very large, and form with the wings an enormous extent of membranous surface almost naked, and generally endued with sensation to enable the bats, in making their way among the turns and windings of their labyrinths, to direct themselves by their various impressions which the air makes them, when darkness has rendered eye-sight useless. Bevy 1. Vespertiliones ungue de medio digito. Gen. 1. Pteropus of Brissius. The rosetta; frugivorous bats. They have four sharp incisors in each jaw; their grinders have a flat crown. They derive their nourishment chiefly from fruits: they can however pursue the small birds and quadrupeds. The membrane is deeply notched between their legs, and they are nearly or wholly deprived of a tail. Their index, and the shorter half of the medius, has the third phalangial bone, which is wanted in the other bats. Ears small; tongue beset with the recurved points. This genus may be divided into two sub-genera: a. Sine caudá. Rosettes without tail. Black rosette; pteropus edulis of Geoffroy. Black brown, deepened above: nearly four feet in extent. Found in Sunda and the Moluccas. Its flesh is very delicate food. Rosette of Edwards; pteropus Edwardsii of Geoffroy. Fawn color, back of a deep brown. Madagascar. Rosette of Buffon, pteropus vulgaris of Geoffroy. Brown; face and sides of the back brown and fawn color. Collared rosette. Pteropus rubricollio. GrayDrown; neck red. Found in the same islands; lives in hollow trees. The moping rosette; pteropus pselaphon of Lay. Brownish black; back sprinkled with hoary hairs. The following account of this new species of pteropus was written by us while at Bonin, a small cluster of islands lately made known to the English, where we had, during the short stay of four days, several opportunities of noting its habits and propensities. We entertained some doubts at first of the difference of its species, and were inclined to esteem it as a variety of the edulis, with which it agrees in its fructivorous habit; but the uniformity of color, and the comparative smallness of the canine teeth, induce us, with the concurrence of several other naturalists, to consider it as a distinct species. Alar web, or the membranous expansion of the integuments which cover the toes of the fore-feet, black; assuming a brownish hue in VOL. XXII. drying. Interfemoral web, or under prolon gation of the meninges, which invest the leg and thigh of the hind quarters, about half an inch in width, and partly clothed with hair. Claws trenchant; the large one upon the medial phalangial bone, often used in dressing the hair of the head. Teeth; primores, four above and four beneath; but they are various, the canine often supplying the place of the incisors, and vice versâ. Canine, small. Tongue proportionably large, with a fleshy pavement. Form of the nasal apertures an incipient volute. Stomach, a loose membranous bag, which, when opened, was found to contain a small portion of acid pulp. Intestinal canal long; diameter equal, without cœcal appendages. It sucks the juices of the fruit of the sapota and pandanus, rejecting the fibrous part; but since, in feeding, a certain portion must necessarily enter the mouth, it is rolled up in the nollow of the palate; when the juices are thus abstracted, it is removed by an oblique application of the tongue, to make room for the next juicy morsel of parenchyma. Whilst most other animals repose by reclining the head towards the earth, the Bonin bat turns its head towards the heavens, and, to obviate the inconvenience of direct light falling upon the optic nerve, it enjoys the faculty of shutting the ordinary passage of light through the crystalline lens; and of consequence, the pupil disappearing, nothing save the brown iris is seen to pervade the eye-ball. In this blind condition it climbs trees, groping its way up to the topmost branches, where, after extending its claws to learn whether there be another sprig within reach still higher than its present situation, it quietly drops its weight upon the hind claws, and composes itself to rest, apparently with as much inward felicity as a traveller feels, when, after descending some perilous height, he has safely reached a smooth level. It would seem that they make but little use of their eye-sight in the day-time except when on the wing, trusting in the search of their food a good deal to the sense of smell, which they enjoy in perfection: for they often sneeze when captured, which is a sign of the great irritability of the pituitary membrane. A cluster of the ripe fruit of the pandanus odoratissimus, carried by some boys, drew many of these animals to the spot. One that had been caught and tied by the leg, though blindly striving to get free with unavailing diligence, forgot its fears and embarrassment, when a piece of that fruit was held at the distance of a yard or two from it, and eagerly pawed after the odorous morsel; which being obtained, and finding its gyves loosened, it began forthwith to hasten away, holding the booty firmly in its mouth. One of them, being thrown by the sailors into the sea, labored some time to keep its head above water and reach the shore; but, finding all attempts vain, it quietly resumed its wonted position of rest, and resigned itself to a watery death. When cast upon a raft by the same unfeeling hands, it made some attempts to suspend itself from a projection, without dipping its head into the water; but perceiving its efforts to be useless, it abandoned the float, and swam pertinaciously after the boat, deeming that it saw some object at a distance which would afford a comfortable resting-place. When taken on board, and confined, they did not betray any signs of fear, and ate without repining the fruit that was given them; but, being set at liberty, they climbed to the 3 B highest parts of the rigging, and there found a convenient situation for repose. When thirsty it descends a tree on the margin of the rills, and, after sipping a little refreshment, reascends the trunk, and takes its departure from the branches. B. Cauda instructi.-Rosettes with a tail; four incisors in each jaw. All the species of this division are described by Geoffroy. Some of them are woolly and gray. Pteropus Ægyptiacus. Pteropus amplexicaudus. Lives in subterraneous places, is of a reddish color, and has the tail longer, and partly connected with the interfemoral membrane. Indian Archipelago. Gen. 2. Cephalotes of Geoffroy.-Vespertiliones membranæ ex indice ungue mancæ alæ inter se junctæ. They have the same number of grinders, but the index is destitute of a nail, though provided with three phalangial bones. The alar membranes instead of joining the flanks are coupled over the back to which they adhere by vertical tition. They often have but two incisors. Cephalotes pteronii of Geoffroy. Brown or reddish. From Timor. Bevy 2. par Vespertiliones molaribus horrentibus, medio digito plerumque sine ungue. Their membrane is always extended between their legs; we may divide them into two groups. Group 1. Vespertiliones medio digito assibus perfecto. Gen. 1. Molossus of Geoffroy.-Vespertilio auribus super ore inter se junctis. Muzzle simple; ears long and short, rising near the corner of the mouth and uniting over the snout. The earlet short and not enclosed within the auricle. Six incisors in each jaw. The tail occupies the whole length of the interfemoral membrane, and often extends beyond it. All the species of this genus are found in America. Gen. 2. Myctonome of Geoffroy.-Vespertilio labio superiore in sinum sese scindente. Four incisors below, the upper lip high and very deeply notched; in other respects they resemble those of the preceding genus. Gen. 3. Noctilio.-Vespertilio nasu sulcis atque verrucis. Muzzle short, inflected, cloven, and furnished with warts and fanciful sulcations. Ears separated. They have four incisors above and below. Tail short and free above from the subfemoral membrane. Vespertilio leporinus of Gmelin. Pale fawn color. Gen. 4. Phyllostoma of Cuvier and Geoffroy. Vespertilio nasu, folio alto. Regular number of incisors in each jaw, but a part of those below often fall out, displaced by the encroachment of the canine teeth. They are further distinguished by a membrane in form of a leaf raised across the tip of the muzzle. The tragus generally resembles a small leaf more or less toothed. The tongue, which is capable of very great elongation, is covered with papillæ apparently calculated for sucking. A number of tubercles are arranged symmetrically upon the lips. These animals can run upon the earth better than the rest of the bats. Under this genus are included three subgenera: a. Sine cauda.--Phyllostomas without tails. The vampyre. Vespertilio spectrum. Nasal leaf oval and furled like a fan. Color red-brown. About the size of a magpie. B. Caudá implicita.-Vespertilio hastalus. Nasal leaf in the shape of a spear; margin entire. y. Cauda libera.-Phyllostoma crenulatum. Group 2. Vespertiliones digitis omnibus imperfectis. This group have the index with but one phalangial bone, while the other fingers have two. Gen. 1. Megaderma of Geoffroy.-Vespertilio auribus superne junctis. Which have the nose more compressed than that of the phyllostoma; the earlet large and very often forked; the auricle of the ears, which are connected to one another on the crown of the head, very wide. The lips and tongue are smooth. Interfemoral membrane entire. No tail. They have four incisors above: more have been found below; and it appears that the intermaxillary bone remains a cartilage. Megaderma frons of Geoffroy. Nasal leaf oval, and almost as large as the head of the Africa. Vespertilio spasma of Linné. Senegal and the Indian Archipelago. Gen. 2. Rhinolphus of Geoffroy and Cuvier.Vespertilio in ore simulatione ungulæ. They have the nose furnished with various complications and crests bent over the face so as to present the figure of a horse-shoe. The tail is long, and is placed in the interfemoral membrane. Four incisors above and three small ones below. Vespertilio ferrem equinum, L. R.; bifer of Geoffeet, shrouded by their wings. froy. Inhabit quarries; suspend themselves by the Gen. 3. Nyctoris of Cuvier and Geoffroy.-Vespertilio fossa in ore auribus liberis. Face hollowed; a foss marked also upon the cranium; nostrils surrounded by a circle of jutting planes; four incisors above without intervals, and six below. Their ears are large and not united; tail confined in the interfemoral membrane. Vespertilio hispida of Linné. Gen. 4. Rhinopoma of Geoffroy.-Vespertilio fossa in ore, auribus interse junctis. They have a foss less marked, nostrils at the tip of the muzzle, and a small plate above; the ears are united; the tail prolonged beyond the membrane. Egypt, among the pyramids. Gen. 5. Thaphozous of Geoffroy. Vespertilio fossa in ore. Have the foss in the face, but the nostrils are without varied plates. We do not find more than two incisors above and four below; their ears are pointed; tail fixed above the interfemoral membrane. Geoffroy describes them as found among the pyramids of Egypt. Gen. 6. Vespertilio.-Nasu nudo, which has the nose without leaves or any other distinguishing marks. Ears separated; four incisors above, of which the middle one is diverging, and six below, sharp and somewhat hooked. The tail is implicated in the membrane. V. murinus of Linné. the head. Gray; ears as long as V. noctua of Linné. Brown; ears shorter than the head; earlet round. V. serotinus of Linné. Fawn-colored; wings and ears black; auricle triangular; shorter than the head; earlet small. V. pipistrellus of Gmelin; smallest of France. Brown; has the ears and earlets triangular. Longeared bats. Gen. 7. Plecotis of Geoffroy.-Vespertilio auribus capite majoribus. Ears larger than the head. Vespertilio auritus. Common in this country. |