Gen. 2. Lophotes of Giorna.-Head surmounted by a light bony crest, to the summit of which is articulated a long and sturdy ray, bordered behind with a membrane.

L. Lacepede of Giorna. Found rarely in the Mediterranean.

Gen. 3. Regalecus of Ascan.-No anal nor caudal fius; and the ventral are reduced to long filaments. Gymnetrus remisses of Schn.

G. russelii of Shaw.

Gen. 4. Gymnetrus of Blum.-A single fin upon the back, and co-extended with it

G. cepidianus of Risso.

Gen. 5. Tachypterus of Gouan.-Dorsal very long and supported by round rays, of which the anteriors are toothed like a saw.

T. tœnia of Schn. ; cepola tachyptera of Gmelin. Gen. 6. Gymnogaster.-Destitute of ventral as well as of anal fins.

G. arcticus.

Second division.-Snout pointed and the gape deeply riven.

Gen. 1. Trichiurus.-Teeth long and barbed; tail terminating in a slender filament; stomach long and thick; cœcal appendages numerous; intestine straight; swimming bladder large and simple. · T. lepturus.

Gen. 2. Lepidotus.-Differ from the trichiurus in having a caudal fin of the ordinary shape.

Trichiurus caudatus of Vandellius; lustianicus of Shaw; ziphetheca tetradens of Montague.

Gen. 3. Stylephorus of Shaw.-Upon the end of the tail, which is extended into a filament longer than the body, there is a fin distinct from the first dorsal which is nearly co-extended with the body. S. chordatus of Shaw.

Family 2. GOBIOIDES.

Dorsal spines slender and flexible; intestinal canal ample, equal, and without cæcal appendages; swimming bladder none.

BLENNII. Ventral fins placed before the pectoral and composed of two rays only; stomach thin, and without cul-de-sac.

Gen. 1. Blennius.-Tentacula under each eyebrow.

B. ocellaris of Blumenbach

Gen. 2. Membranous prominence upon the vertus. Gen. 3. Pholis. Without either crest or tentaculum. Gen. 4. Clinus.-Snout more obtuse than any of the others.

Gen. 5. First rays of the dorsal distinct; small bundles about the eye-brows.

Gen. 6. First rays of the dorsal extended upon and forming a rayed crest upon the ventral.

Gen. 7. Centronotus of Schn.-Ventral fins scarcely perceptible.

Gen. 8. Opithognathus of Cuvier.-Maxillary bones very large, and extended behind into a sort of long flat whiskers.

O. sonneratii of Cuvier.

Gen. 9. Anarrhichas of Linné.

GOBII. Branchiostegous membrane with only four rays. Stomach without cul-de-sac or cœcal appendages. Males with an appendage behind the anus. Some of the species are viviparous. Gen. 1. Gobius.

G. niger of Linné.

Gen. 2. Gobioides of Lacep.-Dorsal fins united. Gen. 3. Tanioides of Lacep.-Eyes obliterated. Gen. 4. Periophthalmus of Sch.-Eyes furnished with eye-lashes.

Gen. 3. Elestris.-Ventral fins distinct; eyes crossing; branchial membrane with six rays.

Gen. 6. Sillago of Cuvier. Mouth protractile, furnished with fleshy lips; opercula armed with a small spine; preopercula slightly toothed. S. acute of Cuvier. Indian Sea. S. domina of Cuvier. CALLIONYMI.-Branchial aperture reduced to a small orifice. Ventral fins under the throat, larger than the pectoral.

Gen. 1. Trichonotus of Schn.-Body very much elongated; first two rays of the dorsal lengthened into bristles.

Gen. 7. Elops.-Head quite smooth; mouth assuming the form of a tube by the prolongation of the surrounding parts.

Gen. 8. Novacula of Cuvier.-Similar to the labri in the form of the body, but the forehead descends suddenly in an almost vertical line.

Gen. 9. Chromis.-Lips and intermaxillaries protractile; vertical fins filamentous. Sparus chromis of Linné.

Gen. 10. Scarus of Linné.

Gen. 11. Labrax of Pall.-Very long ; furnished with ciliated scales.

Family 4. PERCE, See PERCA.

Series 1. SPAROIDES.

as it were by two arms; skeleton cartilaginous; stomach wide; intestine short.

Gen. 1. Lophius.

L. juxatorius of Linné.

Gen. 2. Antennarius.-Free rays upon the head, often terminated by a crest.

Gen. 3. Malthe.-Head in a wonderful manner widened and flattened, principally by the putting out of the suboperculum.

Family 5. SCOMBEROIDES.

Scales small; ofttimes imperceptible except towards the termination of the lateral line, where they form a rising ridge; sometimes this ridge is formed by the skin itself. and is then supported by the transverse apophyses of oue or two vertebra. Intestines ample; stomach a cul-de-sac; cœcal appendages generally numerous.

C. trachurus.

Gen. 5. Citula.-Differ from the caranx in having their dorsal and anal fins elongated.

Gen. 6. Seriola of Cuvier.-Scales of the lateral line scarcely forming a ridge.

Gen. 7. Nomeus of Cuvier.-Ventral fins very large and wide, and attached to the belly by their internal edge.

VOMERES of Cuvier. Transverse diameter or width exceeding the length; scales scarcely visible except upon the lateral line.

Gen. 1. Selena of Lec.-Anterior dorsal short. Gen. 2. Gallus.-Ventral fins long

Gen. 3. Argyreiosis.—Dorsal and anal elongated. Gen. 4. Vomer.-All the fins short. TETRAGONURUS. Body elongated; two prominent crests upon each side at the base of the caudal fin.

Second series of genera.

Distinct spines in the room of the first dorsal. RHYNCOBELELLE of Schn. Body elongated and

deprived of ventral fins.

Gen. 1. Macronathus of Lacepede.
Gen. 2. Mastacembelus of Gron.

GASTEROSTEI.

Gen. 1. Gasterosteus of Cuvier.

G. aculeatus.

Gen. 2. Spinachia of Cuvier.

Gasterosteus spinachia of Linné. Gen. 3. Centronotus.

Gasterosteus ductoro of Linné.

Gen. 1. Centrolophus.-A spiry protuberance before the dorsal, sensible to the touch.

Gen. 2. Oligopodes of Risso.-Dorsal and anal united to the caudal.

Gen. 3. Coryphana. Coryphaena hippurus.

Gen. 4. Pterachus of Gronov.-Remarkable for the extraordinary height of the dorsal and anal. Fourth series of genera.

One dorsal; teeth cutting placed in a single row. Amphacanthus of Schn.-A short spine at each edge of the ventral fin.

ACANTHURI. A strong sheathing spine at eash side of the tail. Our old acquaintances at Oahu. Gen. 1. Apisurus.

Gen. 2. Proinurus.

Gen. 3. Naseus.-Commeos. Differ from the rest in having the teeth conical.

Family 6. SQUAMIPENNÆ.

A considerable portion of the fins upon the back and anus covered with scales, which consequently are in a manner confounded with the rest of the body. Intestines long; cœcal appendages numerous. First series of genera. CHETODONTES.

Gen. 1. Chelmons of Cuvier.

Gen. 2. Plata.x.

Gen. 3. Heniochus.

Gen. 4. Ephippus.

Gen. 5. Chadodopterus of Latham.
Gen. 6. Holacanthus.

Gen. 7. Pomacanthus.

Psettus of Commerson. Each ventral replaced by a small spine.

Osphronemi of Commerson. Branchiostegous, membrane scaly.

Gen. 1. Osphronemus of Commerson.-Ventral and dorsal with many spines. Osphronemus olfare.

Gen. 2. Trichogaster of Schn.-No spines upon

or armature.

Gen. 5. Trachinotes.-Points of their dorsal and anal fins prolonged.

Gen. 6. Blepharis.-Body nearly in the form of a perfect rhombus; anal fin with long filaments.

TOXITES. Labrus jaculator of Shaw.
KURTUS. B. Scales sometimes very fine.
Kurtus indicus.

ANABAS. No preoperculum, which distinguishes it at first sight.

Second series of genera.

PART II.

ANIMALIA INVERTEBRATA.

MOLLUSCA.

and anal bent forwards.

PIMELEPTERI. Both of the equal teeth prominent towards the mouth, that the membranous lips may cover them; scales soft, which cover the fins. Gen. 1. Kyphosis.-Differ from the last in having a prominence before the dorsal fin.

Gen. 2. Plectorynchus of Lacepede.-A row of teeth just appearing through the gum.

Gen. 3. Glyphisodon.-Lateral line terminates opposite to the end of the dorsal fin; preoperculum not denticulated.

Gen. 4. Pomacentrus.-Lateral line the same; preoperculum denticulated.

Gen. 5. Amphiprion.-Sub-orbitals and the four pieces of their opercula denticulated.

Gen. 6. Premnas of Cuvier.-Strong spines upon the suborbital plate.

Third series of genera.

Two dorsal fins without a scaly thickness, so that we might, as Cuvier remarks, refer them to the second series of the family of perches.

Gen. 1. Temnodon.-A row of compressed teeth in each jaw; first dorsal frail and low; the second as well as the anal are scaly.

Gen. 2. Eques of Bl.-Body elongated and tapering to the end of the tail; head flat; rays of the first dorsal prolonged; swimming bladder very large and stout; stomach moderate size; cœcal appendages five to six in number.

Gen. 3. Polynemus of Linné.

Family 7. ROSTRO FIGURA FISTULA. Characterised by the muzzle being lengthened into a tube by the prolongation of the ethmoid vomer, of the preopercula, interopercula, pterygoid, and tympanique, at the end of which we find the mouth composed as usual of the intermaxillary, maxillary, and palatine bones, and of the mandi

are dispersed in different parts of the body: of these the principal is called the brain, and is seated across the esophagus, which it surrounds like a nervous collar. The circulation of the molluscæ is

always double, that is to say, their pulmonary circulation always makes a semi and complete circulation. This function is always assisted at least by a fleshy ventricle, placed, not as in the fish between the veins of the body and the arteries of the lungs, but, on the contrary, between the veins of the lungs and the arteries of the body. This assemblage is divided by Cuvier into six classes, with reference to the general form of the body, which bears a certain ratio to the complication of the internal organisation.

CLASS I.-CEPHALOPODA.

The body is in the form of a sac opened before, containing the branchia, whence springs a head, which is fairly developed and crowned with some processes that are long and fleshy, by means of which they move from place to place, and lay hold on objects.

Group 1. Octopi of Lam.

substance on the sides of their dorsal thickness, This group has only two small grains of a horny and the sac, being without fins, represents an oval purse.

Gen. 1. Polypus of Aristotle.-The cotyledons alternate in two rows upon the length of each foot. Sepia octopoda of Linné.

S. rugosa.

Gen. 2. Eledon.-Only one row of cotyledons upon the length of each foot.

Poulpe musqué of Lam.-Remarkable for its musky odor.

Sepia officinalis.

Group 3. Nautili.

Gen. 1. Spirula. Nautilus spirula.

Gen. 2. Nautilus. N. pompilius of Linné.-Embracing a great many genera depending upon the position of the syphon.

Group 4. Blemnites.
Group 5. Hippurites.

The cornucopia of Thoms.

Group 6. Ammonites.

Group 7. Nummulites.

Group 8. Argonauta.

CLASS II.-PTEROPODA.

Body without an opening; the head is destitute of appendages, or at least has them very small;

SECT. II.-AQUATIC.

Gen. 1. Onchidium.
Gen. 2. Planorbis.
Gen. 3. Lymnæus.
Gen. 4. Physa.
Gen. 5. Auricula.

Gen. 6. Conovula of Lam.
Gen. 7. Tornatella of Lam.
Gen. 8. Pyramidella of Lam.

ORDER V.-BRANCHIIS PECTEn ReferentibUS.

Branchise composed of numerous leaflets or lacinia ranged in a parallel direction like the teeth of a comb. This order embraces almost all the spiral univalve, and many simply conical. Family 1. TROCOIDES. Family 2. BUCCINOIDES. Family 3. DES SIGNETS. ORDER VI.—BRANCHIIS SCUTUM REFERENTIBUS. Form and position of the branchia and the general shape of the body like the last, but the sexes are united, and they fecundate themselves. Halyotis, &c.

ORDER VII.-ANDROGINA.

Branchiæ in the shape of small leaves or pyramids attached to a cord more or less completely at the edges of the mouth; they resemble the second order, but are distinguished from them by being hermaphrodite.

Patella. Chiton.

CLASS IV.-ACEPHALA.

in the bottom or within the folds of the mantle. Sine capite. No apparent head; mouth concealed ORDER I-ACEPHALA TESTACEA. Branchiis cum foliis quatuor.

Family 1. OSTREÆ.

Family 2, MYTILACFA.

Family 3. BENETIERS.
Family 4. CARDIACEA.

Family 5. LES Enfermes.

ORDER II.-ACEPHALA SINE TESTA. Branchiæ, though they assume different shapes, are differently divided into four leaflets. Family 1. THALIA, SALPA, DAGÝSA, ASCIDIA. Family 2. BOTRYLLUS, PYROSOMA, POLYCHIUM. CLASS V-BRANCHIOPODA.

Mantle with two lobes; branchiæ consisting only of small leaflets ranged round about each lobe upon the inner surface; in the room of feet they have two fleshy arms, furnished with numerous fila

ments.

Lingula.
Terebratula.
Orbicula.