ZOUCH (Thomas), D. D., a learned divine, born in 1737, at Sandal, near Wakefield, in Yorkshire, was removed in 1757 from the school of the latter place, to Trinity College, Cambridge. In 1763 he was chosen fellow of the college, which in 1770 presented him to the rectory of Wycliffe, in the North Riding. Here he continued diligently performing his duty of a parish priest, and augmenting his knowledge of natural history, until 1793, when he was appointed chaplain to the Master of the Rolls, and rector of Scrayingham. By the death of his elder brother, the rev. Henry Zouch, in 1795, he succeeded to an estate at Sandal on which he resided to his death. In 1805 Mr. Pitt presented him with a prebend in the church of Durham, and in the same year he took the degree of D. D. He was offered the bishopric of Carlisle in 1808, but declined it on account of advanced age. He died in 1806. His works are The Crucifixion, a Seaton Prize Poem; An Enquiry into the prophetic character of the Romans, as described in Daniel; The good Schoolmaster, as exemplified in the Character of the Rev. John Clark; Memoirs of Sir Philip Sidney, 4to.; Memoirs of John Sudbury, Dean of Durham; an edition of Isaac Walton's Love and truth; another of the lives of Donne, Wotton, Hooker, and Herbert, by the same author, with notes, and his life; and a Memoir of Sir George Wheeler; printed after the author's death.

ZOUNDS, a contraction of his wounds! A profane oath now happily become obsolete, but frequent in the works of dramatic writers in the reign of Charles II.

ZOUST (Gerard), a German painter, who painted men better than ladies. He came over to London, where he had Riley for his pupil. He died in 1681.

ZOUTMAN (John Arnold), a brave Dutch seaman, who was lieutenant-admiral of Holland and West Friesland, and commanded the Dutch fleet in the action with the British fleet under Sir Hyde Parker, on the Dogger Bank, August 5th, 1781. He died at the Hague on the 9th of May, 1793.

ZUCCHERO (Thaddeus), an eminent painter, born at Urbino in 1529. He studied anatomy along with Raphael's works, whereby he came to excel in painting human figures. He died in 1569. ZUCCHERO (Frederick), brother to Thaddeus, also became an eminent painter, but was obliged to leave Rome, for having painted several officers of the papal court with ass's ears. He then went to Spain, France, and England, and was employed by people of the first, rank. The pope recalled him, erected an academy for him at Rome, and gave him the title of prince. He died in 1606. ZUCHE. See ZOUCH.

ZUDAKARA, or ZUDAKH. See LESGUIS.

ZUECCA. See GIUDUCCA.
ZUEELA. See ZAWILA.

ZUG, the smallest of the Swiss cantons, is situated in the interior and surrounded by the cantons of Zurich, Schweitz, Lucerne, and Aargau. Its area is only 120 square miles; its population 15,000. Except a small plain, to the north of the town of Zug, this canton is covered with mountains and hills, of which the highest, however, is not more than 5000 feet above the level of the sea, and the others much lower. Its manufactures are trifling; but its corn, its vines, and other fruits, are by no means inconsiderable. Its lakes are those of Zug and Egeri.

ZUG, the capital of the preceding canton, stands on the lake of Zug, twenty-nine miles south of Zurich. Population 1600.

ZUINGLIUS (Ulricus), an able and zealous reformer, who laid the foundation of a separation from Rome in Switzerland, at the same time that Luther did the like in Saxony, was born at Wildehausen in 1487. While he officiated as preacher at Zurich, a Franciscan sent by Leo X. came to publish indulgencies there; against which Zuinglius, after the example of Luther, declaimed powerfully. In the course of this opposition he started a new doctrine, which he called Evangelical Truth; and, from the beginning of 1519 to 1523, he preached not only against indulgencies, but against other articles of the Romish church. But, though Zuinglius made no less progress than Luther, he yet conducted himself with more moderation and prudence; and, wishing to have the concurrence of the civil powers, procured two assemblies to be called at Zurich; by the first be was authorised to proceed as he had begun; and by the second the outward worship and ceremonies of the church of Rome were abolished. During these transactions Zuinglius published several books in defence of his doctrines; but, treating of the eucharist, and prescribing a form of celebrating the Lord's Supper different from Luther, he was involved in violent disputes with the rest of his reforming brethren. Interpreting the words hoc est corpus meum by hoc significat corpus meum, he maintained that the body and blood of Christ are not really present in the eucharist; and that the bread and wine are nothing more than external signs or symbols, designed to excite in the minds of Christians the remembrance of the sufferings of the divine Saviour, and of the benefits which arise from them. This opinion, which was afterwards so plausibly supported by the celebrated Hoadley (see SUPPER OF THE LORD), gave offence to Calvin as well as to Luther; but the doctrines of Zuinglius, which were most obnoxious to that eminent reformer, were those which deny election and reprobation, and make the church a society wholly dependent on the state. Respecting the divine decrees, the opinion of Zuinglius and his followers differed very little from that of the Pelagians; for he maintained that heaven is open to all who live according to the dictates of right reason; and he seems to have denied the doctrine of orginal sin. Instead of declaring with Calvin that the church is a separate independent body, vested with the right of legislation for itself, Zuinglius ascribed to the civil magistrate an absolute and unbounded power in religious matters, allowing at the same time a certain subordination among the ministers of the church. This was abundantly

agreeable to the magistrates of Zurich; but, the rest of the Swiss cantons disallowing of their proceedings, other assemblies were called; and, things tending to tumult, both sides had recourse to arms; when Zuinglius, who began as a preacher, died in arms as a soldier in 1531. His works amount to 4 vols. folio.

ZULPHA, a town of Persia, built by the Arme nians, seated on the Sanderou, which separates it from Ispahan.

ZUMBO (Gaston John), an eminent sculptor, born at Syracuse in 1656. He lived at Florence, and was employed by the grand duke of Tuscany. He died at Paris in 1701. According to some, he was a private gentleman; others say he was a secular priest; but both statements may be correct, referring to different periods of his life. He displayed great skill in the art of modelling; and a profound study of anatomy and the antique enabled him to execute works at Bologna, Florence, Geneva, and Marseilles, which have excited much admiration. Millin observes, that his very accurate representation of the degrees of putrefaction in the human body particularly attracted the notice of connoisseurs. These preparations were for a long time in the gallery of Florence, till the grand duke Leopold gave them to his physician Lagusi.

ZUMSTEEG (John Rodolph), an eminent musical composer, and violin performer, belonged to the chapel of the duke of Wurtemburg. He was born about 1760, at Gansingen, in the country of Lauffenbourg. His education commenced at the academy of Wurtemburg, under the chapel-master Poli, who, conceiving a friendship for him, took a particular interest in his improvement: he afterwards studied the works of Mattheson, Marpurg, and D'Alembert. He died at Stutgard, January 27th, 1802, having composed both for the violoncello and for the voice. His works consist of operas, songs, and a mass; besides pieces for instruments. ZUNDERERZ. Tinder ore. An ore of silver. ZUNGAR, an ancient town of Tunis, wherein are the ruins of a temple, and of an aqueduct for carrying water to Carthage, forty-eight miles southwest of Tunis.

ZUPALIUM, in medicine and pharmacy, a

jalap.

ZURICH, a canton in the north of Switzerland, having that of Thurgau to the east, that of Aargau to the west. Its area, 950 square miles, is somewhat smaller than the average size of an English county; but its population, 183,000, is such as to rank it among the best peopled tracts of the continent. The hills, which do not rise above 3200 feet, are separated by beautiful valleys and lakes. Rich pastures and extensive orchards meet the eye of the traveller in every direction. The cattle are in general of a good breed. Wine also is cultivated; the quality, in certain tracts of favorable exposure, is good; but in general it is thin and sharp. The manufactures are mostly carried on by weavers in their own houses, to which are attached patches of land. The fabrics are chiefly cotton and light silk stuffs, linen, woollen, and leather. Corn is imported, the produce being inadequate to the consumption. The revenue of the canton is about £50,000; its contingent to the military force of Switzerland 3858. The inhabitants are almost all Calvinists.

ZURICH, the capital of the above canton, stands on the river Limmat, at the northern extremity of

the lake of Zurich, in a narrow valley. It is forti fied with a wall and ditch, and is tolerably neat and clean, though most of the houses are old fashioned. The population, 11,000, are almost all Calvinists.

ZURICH, a lake of Switzerland, extending in the form of a crescent, chiefly through the canton of Zurich, but partly also between those of Schweitz and St. Gall. It is divided into the Upper and Lower by the strait at Rapperschwyl, which, the breadth being little more than a quarter of a mile, is crossed by a long wooden bridge. In other places the breadth varies to the extent of nearly five miles. The length is about thirty. This lake, without rivalling those of Geneva or Lucerne in awful sublimity of scenery, is still one of the finest in Europe, being surrounded by a populous and well cultivated country, and the prospects on its banks being richly varied. It abounds in fish.

ZURLAUBEN (B. Fid. Antoine Jean Dominique, baron de la Tour Chatillon), an historian, who held the rank of lieutenant-general in the service of France. He was a native of Zug in Switzerland, and died in 1799. His works are Histoire Militaire des Suisses au service de la France, 8 vols. 12mo; Mémoires et Lettres de Henri Duc de Rohan; Tableaux topographiques pittoresques, physiques, historiques, moraux, politiques et littéraires de la Suisse, 4 vols. folio; besides other publications.

ZURLITE, a mineral occurring in rectangular prisms, and in botroidal masses, of an asparagus green color. It yields to the knife, but emits sparks with steel. Specific gravity 3.274. Melts with borax into a black glass. It is found on mount Vesuvius with calcareous spar.

ZUTH. See DELUGE.

ZUYDER-ZEE, an inland sea or gulf of the German Ocean, surrounded chiefly by the Dutch provinces of Holland, Overyssel, and Friesland. Its length from north to south is about eighty miles; its breadth varies from fifteen to thirty. It is said to have been in remote ages a lake, until the barrier on the north-west, separating it from the German Ocean, was swallowed up by some tremendous inundation. This opinion is confirmed by the position of the islands Texe!, Vlieland, &c., which, with intervening shoals and sand banks, still form The trade of a kind of defence against the ocean. Amsterdam is carried on along the Zuyder-Zee, the entrance to which is at the Texel. The communication with the lake of Harlem is by the south, the inlet on the banks of which Amsterdam is built.

ZUZ, Heb. 1', an ancient Jewish coin, of which four made a shekel, worth 74d sterling..

ZUZIMS. See ZAMZUMMIMS.

ZWARTLAND, a considerable division of the Cape Territory, about sixty miles north of Cape Town, considered the granary of the colony Besides common grains there are some swampy grounds that produce abundance of rice.

ZWELLENDAN, a district of the Cape of Good Hope, extending eastward from Cape Town, and bounded north by the Zwarte Berg, or Black Mountains. The length is about 380 miles, and its breadth sixty. The produce is corn, wine, and cattle, but few sheep. The drosdy, or village, is 140 miles from Cape Town, at the foot of a chain of mountains.

ZWINGER (Theodore), M.D., a learned Swiss

physician, born at Basil in 1534. He compiled The Theatre of Human Life, 8 vols. folio, Lyons, 1556. He died in 1588, aged fifty-four. His

son,

ZWINGER (N.) was also a man of abilities, and published several learned works.

ZWOLI, or ZwoLLE, a town of the Netherlands, the chief place of the province of Overyssel, is on the river Aa, here called the Zwarte-water. It is intersected by two canals, and fortified by a wall and ditch, eleven large bastions, &c. The interior is well built; it contains eight churches and a workhouse; but the only remarkable structure is the church of St. Michael. Outside of the walls are three suburbs; and there are very fine walks on the neighbouring eminence. It has a pretty active trade, enjoying the advantage of a direct water carriage to Amsterdam, Enkubysen, Haerlem, and some other towns. The principal manufacture is sugar refining. It was formerly one of the Hanse towns; and the celebrated Thomas a Kempis was a monk in an Augustinian priory in this town. Population 12,800. Forty-eight miles east by north of Amsterdam.

ZYGIA, from Levyvvμu, to join. A surname of Juno, because she presided over marriage.-Pindar Pollux, 3 c. 3.

ZYGII, a savage nation who dwelt on the north of Colchis, in Zygopolis.-Strabo 11.

ZYGOMA, in anatomy, a bone of the head, or rather a union or assemblage of two processes or eminences of bones; the one from the os temporis, the other from the os malæ; these processes are hence termed the zygomatic processes, and the

suture that joins them together is denominated the zygomatic suture.

ZYGOMALIS, or ZYGOMATICUS, in anatomy, a muscle of the head, arising from the os zygoma, whence its name, and terminating at the angle of the lips. See ANATOMY.

ZYGOPHYLLUM, bean caper, in botany, a genus of plants of the class decandria and order monogynia, and in the natural system arranged under the fourteenth order, gruinales. There are eleven species, partly shrubby and partly herbaceous plants, all natives of warm climates, though some of them are hardy enough to endure the open air in this country.

ZYGOSTATES, Greek Luyosarne. A clerk of a market who had the oversight of weights. ZYMOSIMETER from vμwog, fermentation, and μerpov, an instrument proposed by Swammerdam, in his book de Respiratione, wherewith to measure the degree of fermentation occasioned by the mixture of different matters, and the degree of heat which those matters acquire in fermenting, as also the heat or temperament of the blood of animals.

ZYPÆUS, or ZYP VANDER (Francis), a learned writer, born at Malines, in 1580. The bishop of Antwerp appointed him canon and archdeacon of his church. He wrote, 1. Analytica enarratio juris Pontificii novii. 2. Consultationes Canonicu. 3 Nottiæ Juris Belgici. 4. De Jurisdictione Ecclesiastica et civili. He died in 1655, aged seventyfive.

ZZ were anciently used as a contraction or character for myrhh; but now they are only used to express zinziber, ginger.

J. Haddon, Printer, Finsbury.