Aganippus, notwithstanding this answer of denial to receive anything by way of dower with Cordilla, took her to wife, only moved thereto (I say} for respect of her person and amiable virtues. This Aganippus was one of the twelve kings that ruled Gallia in those days, as in the British history it is recorded. But to proceed; after that Leir was fallen into age, the two dukes that had married his two eldest daughters, thinking it long ere the government of the land did come to their hands, arose against him in armour, and reft from him the governance of the land, upon conditions to be continued for term of life: by the which he was put to his portion; that is, to live after a rate assigned to him for the maintenance of his estate, which in process of time was diminished, as well by Maglanus as by Henninus. But the greatest grief that Leir took was to see the unkindness of his daughters, who seemed to think that all was too much which their father had, the same being never so little, in so much that, going from the one to the other, he was brought to that misery that they would allow him only one servant to wait upon him. In the end, such was the unkindness, or, as I may say, the unnaturalness, which he found in his two daughters, notwithstanding their fair and pleasant words uttered in time past, that, being constrained of necessity, he fled the land, and sailed into Gallia, there to seek some comfort of his youngest daughter, Cordilla, whom before he hated. The lady Cordilla, hearing he was arrived in poor estate, she first sent to him privately a sum of money to apparel himself withal, and to retain a certain number of servants, that might attend upon him in honourable wise, as apperteyned to the estate which he had borne. And then, so accompanyed, she appointed him to come to the court, which he did, and was so joyfully, honorably, and lovingly received, both by his son-in-law Aganippus, and also by his daughter Cordilla, that his heart was greatly comforted: for he was no less honoured than if he had been king of the whole country himself. Also, after that he had informed his son-in-law and his daughter in what sort he had been used by his other daughters, Aganippus caused a mighty army to be put in readiness, and likewise a great navy of ships to be rigged to pass over into Britain, with Leir his father-in-law, to see him again restored to his kingdom. It was accorded that Cordilla should also go with him to take possession of the land, the which he promised to leave unto her, as his rightfulinheritor after his decease, notwithstanding any former grants made unto her sisters, or unto their husbands, in any manner of wise; hereupon, when this army and navy of ships were ready, Leir and his daughter Cordilla, with her husband, took the sea, and arriving in Britain, fought with their enemies, and discomfited them in battle, in the which Maglanus and Henninus were slain, and then was Leir restored to his kingdom, which he ruled after this by the space of two years, and then died, forty years after he first began to reign. His body was buried at Leicester, in a vault under the channel of the river Dore, beneath the town. In Holinshed's Chronik fand Shakspere auch das Motiv zu seiner Darstellung von Cordelia's Tode, freilich wiederum in veränderter Weise. Cordelia, die Nachfolgerin ihres Vaters auf dem Throne Britanniens, wird von ihren aufrührerischen Neffen, den Kindern ihrer Schwestern, bekriegt und gefangen genommen, und im Gefängniss erhängt sie sich aus Verzweiflung. Dieser Stoff, wie er in Holin shed vorliegt, wurde vor Shakspere bereits von andern Dichtern bearbeitet. Edmund Spencer widmete ihm sechs Stanzen in seiner Faierie Queene (Buch 2, Gesang 10), ohne dass jedoch Shakspere aus diesem versificirten Chronikenbericht etwas Anderes entnahm, als vielleicht den Namen Cordelia, der bei Holinshed Cordilla lautet. Ausführlicher behandelte schon vor Spencer denselben Gegenstand Higgins in dem epischen Lehrgedichte Mirror for Magistrates, aber auch ihm scheint Shakspere nichts entlehnt zu haben, eben so wenig der in Verse gebrachten Geschichte Englands, welche Warner unter dem Titel Albion's England herausgab. Das alte Drama: The True Chronicle History of King Leir and his three Daughters, Gonorill, Ragan and Cordella, schon im Jahre 1594 in die Buchhändlerregister eingetragen und wahrscheinlich auch damals schon gedruckt, ist auf uns nur in der späteren Auflage von 1605 gekommen. Es behandelt den Stoff nach der Darstellung des Chronisten und nähert sich der Shakspere'schen Behandlung nur insofern an, als die Freundschaft Kent's ihr Vorbild hat an einem Freunde, Namens Perillus, der dem Leir des unbekannten Verfassers eben so treu in seinem Unglück zur Seite steht. Einige weitere Einzelnheiten, die Sh. mit seinem Vorgänger in flüchtiger Aehnlichkeit gemeinsam hat, ergeben sich aus der zweifachen Behandlung eines und desselben Stückes. Von dem Styl dieses weitschweifigen und schwerfälligen Dramas mag die Scene, welche der ersten in Sh.'s Lear theilweise entspricht, eine Probe geben: Leir. Deare Gonorill, kind Ragan, sweet Ye florishing branches of a kingly stocke, Which of you three to me would prove most kind; Of any of his daughters love to him: Should you injoine me for to tie a milstone And from the top leape headlong to the ground: Leir. O, how thy words revive my dying soule! Rag. O, that my simple utterance could suffice Leir. Did never Philomel sing so sweet a note. And drop downe nectar from thy honey lips. Cor. I cannot paint my duty forth in words, I hope my deeds shall make report for me: But looke what love the child doth owe the father, The same to you I beare, my gracious lord. Gon. Here is an answere answerlesse indeed: Were you my daughter, I should scarcely brooke it. Rag. Dost thou not blush, proud peacock as thou art. To make our father such a slight reply? Leir. Why how now minion, are you growne so proud? Doth our deare love make you thus peremptory, Cor. Deare father, do not so mistake my words, as much As she hath said, both for myselfe and her. Leir. Peace, bastard impe, no issue of king I will not heare thee speake one tittle more. Von dem Wahnsinn Lear's, seiner Gefangennehmung und seinem tragischen Ende fand Shakspere bei keinem dieser Vorgänger die geringste Spur: denn eine von Percy in seinen Reliques of Ancient English Poetry mitgetheilte Ballade, in welcher diese Umstände zum Theil vorkommen, ist nach Collier's gewiss richtiger Ansicht von späterem Datum, als die Tragödie unsers Dichters und scheint aus einer Vermengung des Shakspere'schen Lear mit dem Lear der Chronik hervorgegangen zu sein. Auch die Parallele, in welche Shakspere das Schicksal Glosters zu dem Schicksal Lear's stellt, gehört ganz und gar ihm selber an. Er hatte in Sidney's Arcadia die Geschichte eines Paphlagonischen Königs gefunden, der in blinder Vorliebe für seinen unehelichen Sohn, den Edmund unsers Drama's, sich durch dessen falsche Anklagen gegen seinen gutgearteten rechtmässigen Sohn dergestalt einnehmen lässt, dass er seinen Dienern den Befehl zur Tödtung des Letztern ertheilt. Dieser entwischt jedoch, um dann späterhin seinem Vater, den der Bastard nicht nur der Herrschaft beraubt, sondern auch blenden lässt und ins Elend verstösst, zum Führer zu dienen. Auch die Spitze des Felsens, zu der der Alte sich führen lassen will, um durch einen Sturz von da herab seinem verhassten Leben ein Ende zu machen, kommt in der Arcadia wie im Drama vor, nur dass der treue Sohn auch nicht einmal scheinbar gehorcht. Die betreffende Stelle, dem Sohn in den Mund gelegt, lautet bei Sidney so: This old man, whom I lead, was lately rightful prince of Paphlagonia, by the hard-hearted ungratefulness of a son of his, deprived not only of his kingdom, but of his sight, the riches which nature grants to the poorest creatures; whereby and by other his unnatural dealings, he hath been driven to such griefs, as even now he would have had me to have led him to the top of this rock, thence to cast himself headlong to death; and so would have had me, who received my life of him, to be the worker of his destruction. Ausser diesen allgemeinen Zügen hat Shakspere auch dieser Quelle Nichts zu verdanken; die Charakteristik, wie alles Uebrige, musste er selbst schaffen. Für die Rolle, welche Edgar als Besessener zu spielen hat, entlehnte Shakspere das Material theilweise aus dem 1603 erschienenen oben erwähnten Buche von Dr. L. Harsnet, späterem Erzbischof von York. Das Buch sollte die damals zum Zweck der Proselytenmacherei von einigen Jesuiten betriebenen Teufelsbannereien enthüllen, deren Hauptschauplatz das Haus eines Katholiken, Namens Peckham, war, wo zwei Diener und drei Kammermädchen der Familie für Besessene ausgegeben und von den Priestern in die Kur genommen wurden. Aus den Bekenntnissen, die durch eine gerichtliche Untersuchung herbeigeführt wurden, und die den Hauptinhalt des Buches bilden, nahm der Dichter das in den Anmerkungen bezeichnete sachliche Detail zu Edgar's Wahnsinnsreden. Schliesslich mögen hier aus der oben erwähnten Ballade die Verse stehen, welche Lear's Wahnsinn und seinen, sowie seiner Cordelia Tod enthalten: Thus twixt his daughters, for relief He wandred up and down; Being glad to feed on beggars food, And calling to remembrance then Was all that love affords: Grew frantick mad; for in his mind He bore the wounds of woe: Which made him rend his milk-white locks, And tresses from his head, And all with blood bestain his cheecks, With age and honour spread. To hills and woods and watry founts Till hills and woods and sensless things, Even thus possest with discontents, In hopes from fair Cordelia there, To find some gentler chance; Most virtuous dame, which when she heard Of this her father's grief, As duty bound, she quickly sent And by a train of noble peers, Whose royal king, with noble mind So freely gave consent, To muster up his knights at arms, And so to England came with speed, To repossesse King Leir, And drive his daughters from their thrones By his Cordelia dear. Where she, true-hearted noble queen, Was in the battle slain; But when he heard Cordelia's death, Of her dear father, in whose cause He swooning fell upon her breast, That was so truly hearted. |