air tubes and are expectorated. The constitution of the patient generally begins to suffer in the second stage. In the third stage the symptoms are still more severe. Harassing cough has then set in, and fever, with copious night-sweats, &c. A temporary relief may succeed to the expectoration of the first fluid tubercles; but new crops will continue to form and go through the same process, until the lungs of the patient are no longer capable of sustaining life, and his body is reduced to almost the figure of a skeleton.

As we have not space at present, we shall perhaps make some remarks hereafter on the medical treatment suitable to consumption.

TASSO.

On the 11th of March, 1544, was born at Sorrento,
near Naples, Torquato Tasso, the great author of the
Gerusalemme Liberata (Jerusalem Delivered). His
father was Bernardo Tasso, also a scholar and a poet, in
his own day of considerable repute. The life of Tasso
was almost from its commencement a troubled romance.
His infancy was distinguished by extraordinary pre-
cocity; but he was yet a mere child when political events
induced his father to leave Naples, and, separating
himself from his family, to take up his abode at Rome.
Hither Torquato, when he was only in his eleventh year,
was called upon to follow him, and to bid adieu both to
what had been hitherto his home, and to the only
parent whom it might almost be said he had ever known.
The feelings of the young poet expressed themselves
upon this occasion in some lines of great tenderness and
beauty, which have been thus translated :—

"Forth from a mother's fostering breast
Fate plucks me in my helpless years:
With sighs I look back on her tears
Bathing the lips her kisses prest;
Alas! her pure and ardent prayers
The fugitive breeze now idly bears:
No longer breathe we face to face,
Gathered in knot-like close embrace,
Like young Ascanius or Camill', my feet

Unstable seek a wandering sire's retreat."

salem Delivered, is said to have been begun in his nineteenth year, when he was at Bologna. In 1565 he first visited the court of Ferrara, having been carried thither by the Cardinal Luigi d'Este, the brother of the reigning duke Alphonso. This event gave a colour to the whole of Tasso's future existence. It has been supposed that the young poet allowed himself to form an attachment to the princess Leonora, one of the two sisters of the Duke, and that the object of his aspiring love was not insensible to that union of eminent personal graces with the fascinations of genius which courted her | regard. But there hangs a mystery over the story which has never been completely cleared away. What is certain is, that, with the exception of a visit which he paid to Paris in 1571, in the train of the Cardinal Luigi, Tasso continued to reside at Ferrara, till the completion and publication of his celebrated epic in 1575. He had already given to the world his beautiful pastoral drama the Aminta, the next best known and most esteemed of his productions.

From this period his life becomes a long course of storm and darkness, rarely relieved even by a fitful gleam of light. For several years the great poet, whose fame was already spread over Europe, seems to have wandered from city to city in his native country, in a state almost of beggary, impelled by a restlessness of spirit which no change of scene would relieve. But Ferrara was still the central spot around which his affections hovered, and to which, apparently in spite of himself, he constantly after a brief interval returned. In this state of mind much of his conduct was probably extravagant enough; but it is hardly to be believed that he really gave any cause for the harsh, and, if unmerited, most atrocious measure to which his former patron and friend, the Duke Alphonso, resorted in 1579, of consigning him as a lunatic to the Hospital of St. Anne. In this receptacle of wretchedness the poet was confined for above seven years. The princess Leonora, who has been supposed to have been the innocent cause of his detention, died in 1581; but neither this event, nor the solicitations of several of his most powerful friends and admirers, could prevail upon Alphonso to grant Tasso his liberty. Meanwhile the alleged lunatic occupied, and no doubt lightened, many of his hours by the exercise of his pen. His compositions were numerous, both in prose and verse, and many of them found their way to the press. At last, in July, 1586, on the earnest application of Don Vincenzo Gonzaga, son of the Duke of Mantua, he was released from his long imprisonment. He spent the close of that year at Mantua; but he then resumed his Ber-wandering habits, and, although he never again visited Ferrara, his old disposition to flit about from place to place seems to have clung to him like a disease. In this singular mode of existence he met with the strangest vicissitudes of fortune. One day he would be the most conspicuous object at a splendid court, crowned with lavish honours by the prince, and basking in the admiration of all beholders; another, he would be travelling alone on the highway, with weary steps and empty purse, and reduced to the necessity of borrowing, or rather begging, by the humblest suit, the means of sustaining existence. Such was his life for six or seven years. last, in November, 1594, he made his appearance at Rome. It was resolved that the greatest living poet of Italy should be crowned with the laurel in the imperial city, as Petrarch had been more than two hundred and fifty years before. The decree to that effect was passed by the Pope and the Senate; but ere the day of triumph came, Tasso was seized with an illness, which he instantly felt would be mortal. At his own request, he was conveyed to the neighbouring monastery of St. Onofrio, the same retreat in which, twenty years before, his father had breathed his last; and here, surrounded by the consolations of that faith, which had been through life his constant support, he patiently awaited what he firmly

He never again saw his mother; she died about eighteen months after he had left her. The only near relation he now had remaining besides his father was a sister; and from her also he was separated, those with whom she resided after her mother's death at Naples preventing her from going to share, as she wished to do, the exile of her father and brother. But after the two latter had been together for about two years at Rome, circumstances occurred which again divided them. nardo found it necessary to consult his safety by retiring from that city, on which he proceeded himself to Urbino, and sent his son to Bergamo, in the north of Italy. The favourable reception, however, which the former found at the court of the Duke of Urbino, induced him in a few months to send for Torquato; and when he arrived, the graces and accomplishments of the boy so pleased the Duke, that he appointed him the companion of his own son in his studies. They emained at the court of Urbino for two years, when, in 1559, the changing fortunes of Bernardo drew them from thence to Venice. This unsettled life, however, had never interrupted the youthful studies of Tasso; and after they had resided for some time at Venice, his father sent him to the University of Padua, in the intention that he should prepare himself for the profession of the law. But all views of this kind were soon abandoned by the young poet. Instead of perusing Justinian he spent his time in writing verses; and the result was the publication of his poem of Rinaldo before he had completed his eighteenth year. We cannot here trace minutely the remaining progress of his shifting and agitated history. His literary industry in the midst of almost ceaseless distractions of all kinds was most extraordinary. His great poem, the Jelu

Αι

believed would be the issue of his malady. He expired | therefore, can urge the want of opportunity in excuse of a in the arms of Cardinal Cinthio Aldobrandini, on the breach of the law; and unless the parent can adduce the 25th of April, 1595, having just entered upon his fifty-proof, which exempts him, he is bound to send his children second year. The Cardinal had brought him the Pope's to school after they have attained to their sixth year. Nay more, in order that the enactment may not be evaded, the "This is benediction, on receiving which he exclaimed, commissioner of each district makes a regular periodical the crown with which I hope to be crowned, not as a report, to the municipal authorities, of the children in his poet in the Capitol, but with the glory of the blessed in district who have reached, what may be termed, their heaven." "scholastic majority." Even in the smallest villages, every child pays twelve groschen (about 1s. 6d.) a-year to the master of the school. Though the amount is inconsiderable, it partakes of the nature of a tax on every head of a family, and it is obligatory upon him to pay it, unless his circumstances are extremely limited; in this case the district is bound to advance it. The master of the school makes out a list of the children in arrear of their fees every quarter, and transmits it to the Grand-ducal Government, by whom the amount is immediately advanced. The minimum of allowance to the master of a country school is 100 dollars (15.) a-year, independently of lodging and firing; and that, to the master of a town school, is from 125 to 150 (197. to 237.), according to the size of the town. So soon as this minimum is exceeded, the instruction becomes gratuitous, and the district is no longer bound to pay up the quota for indigent children. There are, however, certain districts which are too poor to make any advances of that nature, and, in their case, recourse is had to the district church, which is in general possessed of monies, arising from ancient Catholic endowments, and is, therefore, expected to assist the district, where the education of its inhabitants requires such aid. Again, where this resource does not exist, there is a public fund, called "Landschulen Fond" (fund for country schools), which assists the church, district, or families of the district, in completing the minimum of the master's allowance. This fund arises from voluntary donations, legacies, and the produce of certain dues which the State assigns to it; such as for dispensations in matters of divorce, or marriage between relatives, &c. This is the only portion of the expense which the State itself is called upon to contribute, and it is of very inconsiderable amount; though there are as many schools as villages in the Grand Duchy, and every master has a competent remuneration, as well as a claim to one-half of his allowances in the season of old age or infirmity. Besides this, there is a fund for the assistance of his widow and children, which has been raised out of his own statutory contributions of 2s. 3d. per quarter and those of his colleagues: to which are added 350 dollars a-year from the State and Landschulen Fond; and certain dues laid aside for it by the Superior Consistory. All the national schools are under the superintendence of the local clergy, and the whole system is subject to the immediate control and direction of the Superior Consistory.-Quarterly Journal of Education, No. IX.

Critics have differed widely in their estimate of the poetical genius of Tasso, some ranking the Jerusalem Delivered with the grandest productions of ancient or modern times, and others nearly denying it all claim to merit in that species of composition of which it professes to be an example. Nothing certainly but the most morbid prejudice could have dictated Boileau's peevish allusion to" the tinsel of Tasso," as contrasted with "the gold of Virgil;" but although the poem is one of surpassing grace and majesty, the beauty and loftiness both of sentiment and of language by which it is marked are perhaps in a somewhat artificial style, and want the life and spell of power which belong to the creations of the mightier masters of epic song,-Homer, Dante, and Milton. His genius was unquestionably far less original and self-sustained than that of any one of these. It is not, however, the triumph of mere art with which he captivates and imposes upon us, but something far beyond that, it is rather what Wordsworth, in speaking of another subject, has called "the pomp of

cultivated nature."

[Portrait of Tasso.]

National Education, Saxe-Weimar.-By a statute of the Grand Duchy every head of a family is compelled either to send his children to school, or else to prove that they receive adequate instruction under his own roof. Heavy penalties are attached to any breach of this statute, which is as old as the very infancy of Protestantism. In fact, it was designed as one of its safeguards; and even at the present day, it may be defended on the score of sound policy; for what means can be pointed out which are more admirably adapted to promote social order and individual happiness than universal education, in harmony with rational Christianity? immediate effect of the statute in question is to establish a schoolmaster in every village and hamlet throughout the country. There is not so much as a secluded corner, with a dozen houses in it, without its schoolmaster. None,

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THE Cathedral of Lichfield has no pretensions to vie in | beauties, both in its external appearance and in its intearchitectural grandeur with that of York and several rior. It makes no great show when seen from a disothers in England; but it is not without considerable tance; but it possesses one advantage, in which it is VOL. II.

Chapel, the painted glass in the windows of which, brought | comparatively useless. The scientific man, not content from the chapel of the nunnery of Herckenrode, in with observing one fact, collects many, and by discoLiege, may probably vie with any thing of the kind in vering their points of resemblance, and tracing the this country. The church contains a considerable num- chain of causes and effects, arrives at a general prin ber of tombs, but few of them interesting from their ciple or law, capable of extensive application and varied antiquity. Among those of modern date are one to the usefulness. memory of Dr. Johnson, and another to that of Lady Mary Wortley Montague, who was also a native of Lielifield, There is also one in commemoration of the two female children of the Rev. W. Robinson, which is one of Chantrey's very finest works. For further information on the subject of the cathedral, the reader may consult Mr. Britton's History of its Architecture and Autiquities, Jackson's History of Lichfield, and Shaw's History of Staffordshire.

A "practical man" sees the lid forced off from a vessel of water, when the water is heated; if he attempts to give a reason, he says, that it was because the steam could not escape, and he resolves the next time to leave it a vent. The philosopher, from this phenomenon, is led to the examination of others, and through a train of investigation and discovery which terminates in the steam-engine.

The "practical man" goes to market in the morning, and always finds as many commodities as he wishes to purchase. If he thinks about so ordinary an occurTHEORY AND PRACTICE. rence, he supposes, very justly, that the owners of the commodities come to market because they expect to [From the American Quarterly Review.] meet purchasers, and that they sell their goods, because THE scietice of political economy, like other sciences, they prefer having his money. A scientific man, from is a collection of general truths and principles, deduced this phenomenon, and from a careful analysis of it and from an extensive and accurate observation and collation analogous facts, discovers the true principles which reof facts-not the limited experience of a single indi-gulate demand and supply, with all their important vidual-but the extended experience of nations; not results. the facts of a single district or of one age, imperfectly observed and falsley reasoned from by an unformed mind-but facts from all countries and many centuries, diligently and minutely analyzed and compared, and the principles and truths deduced by many able men, whose minds, stored with various knowledge, accustomed to investigation; and trained to the art of reasoning, were devoted intensely, for years, to the subject. But there seems at the present day, even among persons sufficiently enlightened upon other matters, a great rage for what is called "practical knowledge"-a term difficult to define, but which, from the way in which it is generally used, appears to be synonymous with intuitive knowledge.

The professors of this species of knowledge term themselves "practical men," and seem to be of opinion that there is not any thing in heaven or earth not circumscribed within the limits of their philosophy. What they see, they believe-the facts of their own experience, the events which are passing around them, are the data upon which they build their theories; and their imperfect and confused deductions, from scanty and inaccurately observed facts, are by the vanity of ignorance preferred to the discoveries of science, and the conclusions of reason. "Practical knowledge" is, by these philosophers, opposed to theoretical knowledge. Theoretical appears, in their vocabulary, to mean any thing that is written in a regular methodical mannerand practical knowledge, the information gained, and the conclusions drawn from individual observation, and from reading newspapers and speeches in Congress.

It ought to be more generally known, that theory is nothing more than the conclusions of reason from numerous and accurately observed phenomena, and the deduction of the laws which connect causes with effects;—that practice is the application of these general truths and principles to the common affairs and purposes of life; and that science is the recorded experience and discoveries of mankind, or, as it has been well defined, "the knowledge of many, orderly and methodically digested and arranged, so as to become attainable by

A "practical man" is told by his neighbour that he intends to withdraw from the business in which he is eligaged, and invest his capital in another, where he has good reason to expect more profit. He commends the prudence of his friend, and perhaps looks closer to his own affairs. The scientific man, upon being told the like thing, meditates a little more deeply, and reasoning from particulars to generals, arrives at length at the conclusion that the industry of a country will be most productive when least interfered with.

The "practical man," if he happens to live near a manufactory, upon the introduction of an improvement in machinery, whereby the work formerly performed by six men can now be done by two, sees a number of poor labourers thrown out of employment, and a number of families reduced to want. He is induced to suppose that labour-saving machinery is an evil, and productive of poverty and wretchedness-and if he is a passionate man as well as a practical one, he thinks the workmen would serve their employers right by destroying the machines. The scientific political economist, on the contrary, from the examination and comparison of many facts, and from a train of comprehensive and accurate reasoning, is convinced, that notwithstanding the partial and transient evil caused by their introduction, every improvement in machinery by which the cost of production is diminished, is a permanent advantage to all classes of society.

Stage-Coaches. The public have now been so long familiarized with stage-coach accommodation, that they are led to think of it as having always existed. It is however, even in England, of comparatively recent date. The late Mr. Andrew Thomson, sen., told me, that he and the late Mr. John Glassford went to London (from Glasgow) in the year 1739, and made the journey on horseback. Then there was no turnpike-road till they came to Grantham, within one hundred and ten miles from London. Up to that point they travelled on a narrow causeway, with an unmade soft road upon each side of it. They met from time to time strings of pack-horses, from thirty to forty in a gang, the mode by which goods seemed to be transported from one part of the country to another. The leading horst of the gang carried a bell to give warning to travellers coming in an opposite direction; and he said, when they met these trains of horses, with their packs across their backs, the causeway not affording room, they were obliged to make way for them, and plunge into the side road, out of which they sometimes found it difficult to get back again upon the causeway.

[An extract from Mr. D. Bannatyne's Scrap-Book, as given in Dr. Cleland's Statistical Account of Glasgow.]

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