M. Ha. N. W. T. O. H.* O. M. P. A. OTTO HEHNER, F.I.C., F.C.S. Public Analyst. Formerly President of Society of Public Analysts. Vice-President DAVID ORME MASSON, M.A., D.Sc., F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry, Melbourne University. Author of papers on chemistry in Professor of the History of Dogma, École Pratique des Hautes Études, Sorbonne, P. J. H. P. W. R. Ad. R. A. S. M. R. H. C. R. J. M. Art Critic of the Observer and the Daily Mail. Formerly Editor of The Artist. PHILIP JOSEPH HARTOG, M.A., L. Ès Sc. (Paris). Flagellata; Faith Healing; Ferghana (in part); Falkland; Fanshaw; Evolution. Fiorenzo di Lorenzo; . Academic Registrar of the University of London. Author of The Writing of English, Examinations (in part). PAUL WIRIATH. Director of the École Supérieure Pratique de Commerce et d'Industrie, Paris. See the biographical article: ADAMSON, R. ROBERT ALEXANDER STEWART MACALISTER, M.A., F.S.A. {France: History to 1870. Fichte; St John's College, Cambridge. Director of Excavations for the Palestine Ex-Font. REV. ROBERT HENRY CHARLES, M.A., D.D., D.LITT. (Oxon.). Grinfield Lecturer and Lecturer in Biblical Studies, Oxford. Fellow of the British RONALD JOHN MCNEILL, M.A. Ezra: Third and Fourth Fenians;.. Christ Church, Oxford. Barrister-at-Law. Formerly Editor of the St James's Fitzgerald, Lord Edward; R. L. RICHARD LYDEKKER, F.R.S., F.G.S., F.Z.S. Assistant Librarian, British Museum, 1883-1909. Author of Scandinavia: the Fersen, Counts von. Political History of Denmark, Norway and Sweden, 1513-1900; The First Romanovs, RENÉ POUPARDIN, D.ÈS L. Secretary of the Ecole des Chartes. Honorary Librarian at the Bibliothèque f Nationale, Paris. Author of Le Royaume de Provence sous les Carolingiens; Recueil R. PHENE SPIERS, F.S.A., F.R.I.B.A. F A Franche-Comté. Formerly Master of the Architectural School, Royal Academy, London. Past President of Architectural Association. Associate and Fellow of King's College, Flute: Architecture. ROBERT SEYMOUR CONWAY, M.A., D.LITT. (Cantab.). ; al Professor of Latin and Indo-European Philology in the University of Manchester. Falisci... Formerly Scholar of Christ Church, Oxford. Fellow, Dean and Lecturer in Classics France: Statistics. at Worcester College, Oxford. S. A. C. S. C. St C. S. E. B. S. E. S.-R. T. A. L. T. As. T. Ba. T. H. H.* T. K. C. Director of the Bureau of Comparative Law of the American Bar Association. Extradition: U.S.A. STEPHEN EDWARD SPRING-RICE, M.A., C.B. (1856-1902). Formerly Principal Clerk, H.M. Treasury, and Auditor of the Civil List. Fellow of Exchequer (in part). THOMAS ALLAN INGRAM, M.A., LL.D. Trinity College, Dublin. THOMAS ASHBY, M.A., D.LITT. (Oxon.), F.S.A. Director of British School of Archaeology at Rome. Formerly Scholar of Christ SIR THOMAS BARCLAY, M.P. Explosives: Law. Faesulae; Falerii; Falerio; Florence: Early History: Member of the Institute of International Law. Member of the Supreme Council of Exterritoriality. SIR THOMAS HUNGERFORD HOLDICH, K.C.M.G., K.C.I.E., D.Sc., F.R.G.S. G REV. THOMAS KELLY CHEYNE, D.D. T. Se.. seal THOMAS SECCOMBE, M A. T. WO. V. M. Eve (in part). Lecturer in History, East London and Birkbeck Colleges, University of London. W. A. B. C. W. A. P. હું કો Principal of the Conservatoire Royal de Musique at Brussels. Chevalier of the Legion Flute (in part). of Honour. REV. WILLIAM AUGUSTUS BREVOORT COOLIDGE, M.A., F.R.G S., Ph.D. (Bern). WALTER ALISON PHILLIPS, M.A. Feldkirch. Excellency; Faust; Formerly Exhibitioner of Merton College and Senior Scholar of St John's College, Febronianism. Chairman, Joint Committee of Pottery Manufacturers of Great Britain. Author of Firebrick (in part). Member of Yale University Council. Author of American Football; Football Facts Football: American (in part). and Figures; &c. WALTER GARSTANG, M.A., D.Sc. Professor of Zoology at the University of Leeds. Scientific Adviser to H.M. WALTER HEPWORTH. Fisheries. Formerly Commissioner of the Council of Education, Science and Art Department, Fool. WILLIAM MICHAEL ROSSETTI. See the biographical article: ROSSETTI, DANTE G. Ferrari, Gaudenzio; Fielding, Copley; Franceschi, Piero; Francia. W. P. P. W. N. S. W. P. R. W. R. S. W. R.E. H. W. Sch. W. W. F.* W. W. R.* WILLIAM PLANE PYCRAFT, F.Z.S. Assistant in the Zoological Department, British Museum. Formerly Assistant. Director of the Meteorological Office. Reader in Meteorology in the University of HON. WILLIAM PEMBER REEVES. Director of London School of Economics. Agent-General and High Commissioner Feather (in part). Fog. for New Zealand, 1896-1909. Minister of Education, Labour and Justice, New Fox, Sir William. WILLIAM ROBERTSON SMITH, LL.D. See the biographical article: SMITH, W. R. WILLIAM RICHARD EATON HODGKINSON, PH.D., F.R.S. Professor of Chemistry and Physics, Ordnance College, Woolwich. Formerly Eve (in part). Professor of Chemistry and Physics, R.M.A., Woolwich. Part Author of Valentin- Explosives. SIR WILHELM SCHLICH, K.C.I.E., M.A., PH.D., F.R.S., F.L.S. Professor of Forestry at the University of Oxford. Hon. Fellow of St John's College. Author of A Manual of Forestry; Forestry in the United Kingdom; The Outlook of Forests and Forestry. WILLIAM WARDE FOWLER, M.A. Fellow of Lincoln College, Oxford. Sub-rector, 1881-1904. Gifford Lecturer, Edinburgh University, 1908. Author of The City-State of the Greeks and Romans; Fortuna. The Roman Festivals of the Republican Period; &c. WILLIAM WALKER ROCKWELL, LIC.THEOL. { Assistant Professor of Church History, Union Theological Seminary, New York. Ferrara-Florence, Council of ENCYCLOPÆDIA BRITANNICA ELEVENTH EDITION VOLUME X the Congregationalists of Scotland. Nine students were expelled from the Congregational Academy for holding "Morisonian " doctrines, and in 1845 eight churches were disjoined from the Congregational Union of Scotland and formed a connexion with the Evangelical Union. The Union exercised no jurisdiction over the individual churches connected with it, and in this respect adhered to the Independent or Congregational form of church government; but those congregations which originally were Presbyterian vested their government in a body of elders. In 1889 the denomination numbered 93 churches; and in 1896, after prolonged negotiation, the Evangelical Union was incorporated with the Congregational Union of Scotland. EVANGELICAL CHURCH CONFERENCE, a convention of | form, and they began also to find many sympathizers among delegates from the different Protestant churches of Germany. The conference originated in 1848, when the general desire for political unity made itself felt in the ecclesiastical sphere as well. A preliminary meeting was held at Sandhof near Frankfort in June of that year, and on the 21st of September some five hundred delegates representing the Lutheran, the Reformed, the United and the Moravian churches assembled at Wittenberg. The gathering was known as Kirchentag (church diet), and, while leaving each denomination free in respect of constitution, ritual, doctrine and attitude towards the state, agreed to act unitedly in bearing witness against the non-evangelical churches and in defending the rights and liberties of the churches in the federation. The organization thus closely resembles that of the Free Church Federation in England. The movement exercised considerable influence during the middle of the 19th century. Though no Kirchentag, as such, has been convened since 1871, its place has been taken by the Kongress für innere Mission, which holds annual meetings in different towns. There is also a biennial conference of the evangelical churches held at Eisenach to discuss matters of general interest. Its decisions have no legislative force. EVANGELICAL UNION, a religious denomination which originated in the suspension of the Rev. James Morison (18161893), minister of a United Secession congregation in Kilmarnock, Scotland, for certain views regarding faith, the work of the Holy Spirit in salvation, and the extent of the atonement, which were regarded by the supreme court of his church as anti-Calvinistic and heretical. Morison was suspended by the presbytery in 1841 and thereupon definitely withdrew from the Secession Church. His father, who was minister at Bathgate, and two other ministers, being deposed not long afterwards for similar opinions, the four met at Kilmarnock on the 16th of May 1843 (two days before the "Disruption " of the Free Church), and, on the basis of certain doctrinal principles, formed themselves into an association under the name of the Evangelical Union, "for the purpose of countenancing, counselling and otherwise aiding one another, and also for the purpose of training up spiritual and devoted young men to carry forward the work and 'pleasure of the Lord.'" The doctrinal views of the new denomination gradually assumed a more decidedly anti-Calvinistic See The Evangelical Union Annual; History of the Evangelical Union, by F. Ferguson (Glasgow, 1876); The Worthies of the E.U. (1883); W. Adamson, Life of Dr James Morison (1898). EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838), Welsh Nonconformist divine, was born near the village of Llandyssul, Cardiganshire, on the 25th of December 1766. His father, a shoemaker, died early, and the boy grew up as an illiterate farm labourer. At the age of seventeen, becoming servant to a Presbyterian minister, David Davies, he was affected by a religious revival and learned to read and write in English and Welsh. The itinerant Calvinistic Methodist preachers and the members of the Baptist church at Llandyssul further influenced him, and he soon joined the latter denomination. In 1789 he went into North Wales as a preacher and settled for two years in the desolate peninsula of Lleyn, Carnarvonshire, whence he removed to Llangefni in Anglesey. Here, on a stipend of £17 a year, supplemented by a little tract-selling, he built up a strong Baptist community, modelling his organization to some extent on that of the Calvinistic Methodists. Many new chapels were built, the money being collected on preaching tours which Evans undertook in South Wales. In 1826 Evans accepted an invitation to Caerphilly, where he remained for two years, removing in 1828 to Cardiff. In 1832, in response to urgent calls from the north, he settled in Carnarvon and again undertook the old work of building and collecting. He was taken ill on a tour in South Wales, and died at Swansea on the 19th of July 1838. In spite of his early disadvantages and personal disfigurement (he had lost an eye in a His works were edited by Owen Davies in 3 vols. (Carnarvon, 1895-1897). See the Lives by D. R. Stephens (1847) and Paxton Hood (1883). youthful brawl), Christmas Evans was a remarkably powerful | major-general; and in 1854, on the breaking-out of the Crimean preacher. To a natural aptitude for this calling he united a War, he was made lieutenant-general and appointed to command nimble mind and an inquiring spirit; his character was simple, the 2nd division of the Army of the East. At the battle of the his piety humble and his faith fervently evangelical. For a time Alma, where he received a severe wound, his quick comprehension he came under Sandemanian influence, and when the Wesleyans of the features of the combat largely contributed to the victory. entered Wales he took the Calvinist side in the bitter controversies On the 26th of October he defeated a large Russian force which that were frequent from 1800 to 1810. His chief characteristic attacked his position on Mount Inkerman. Illness and fatigue was a vivid and affluent imagination, which absorbed and compelled him a few days after this to leave the command of his controlled all his other powers, and earned for him the name of division in the hands of General Pennefather; but he rose "the Bunyan of Wales." from his sick-bed on the day of the battle of Inkerman, the 5th of November, and, declining to take the command of his division from Pennefather, aided him in the long-protracted struggle by his advice. On his return invalided to England in the following February, Evans received the thanks of the House of Commons. He was made a G.C.B., and the university of Oxford conferred on him the degree of D.C.L. In 1861 he was promoted to the full rank of general. He died in London on the 9th of January 1870. EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908), English archaeologist and geologist, son of the Rev. Dr A. B. Evans, head master of Market Bosworth grammar school, was born at Britwell Court, Bucks, on the 17th of November 1823. He was for many years head of the extensive paper manufactory of Messrs John Dickinson at Nash Mills, Hemel Hempstead, but was especially distinguished as an antiquary and numismatist. He was the author of three books, standard in their respective departments: The Coins of the Ancient Britons (1864); The Ancient Stone Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain (1872, 2nd ed. 1897); and The Ancient Bronze Implements, Weapons and Ornaments of Great Britain and Ireland (1881). He also wrote a number of separate papers on archaeological and geological subjects-notably the papers on "Flint Implements in the Drift " communicated in 1860 and 1862 to Archaeologia, the organ of the Society of Antiquaries. Of that society he was president from 1885 to 1892, and he was president of the Numismatic Society from 1874 to the time of his death. He also presided over the Geological Society, 1874-1876; the Anthropological Institute, 1877-1879; the Society of Chemical Industry, 1892-1893; the British Association, 1897-1898; and for twenty years (18781898) he was treasurer of the Royal Society. As president of the Society of Antiquaries he was an ex officio trustee of the British Museum, and subsequently he became a permanent trustee. His academic honours included honorary degrees from several universities, and he was a corresponding member of the Institut de France. He was created a K.C.B. in 1892. He died at Berkhamsted on the 31st of May 1908. EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896), Welsh Nonconformist divine, was born on the 5th of July 1836, at Pant yr Onen near Newcastle Emlyn, Cardiganshire. As a boy he saw something of the "Rebecca Riots," and went to school at the neighbouring village of Llechryd. In 1853 he went into business, first at Pontypridd and then at Merthyr, but next year made his way to Liverpool. He decided to enter the ministry, and studied arts and theology respectively at the Normal College, Swansea, and the Memorial College, Brecon, his convictions being deepened by the religious revival of 1858-1859. In 1862 he succeeded Thomas Jones as minister of the Congregational church at Morriston near Swansea. In 1865 he became pastor of Salem church, Carnarvon, a charge which he occupied for nearly thirty years despite many invitations to English pastorates. In 1894 he became principal of the Congregational college at Bangor. He died on the 30th of December 1896. He was chairman of the Welsh Congregational Union in 1886 and of the Congregational Union of England and Wales in 1892; and by his earnest ministry, his eloquence and his literary work, especially in the denominational paper Y Dysgedydd, he achieved a position of great influence in his country. See Life by H. Elvet Lewis. EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787-1870), British soldier, was born at Moig, Limerick, in 1787. He was educated at Woolwich Academy, and entered the army in 1806 as a volunteer, obtaining an ensigncy in the 22nd regiment in 1807. His early service was spent in India, but he exchanged into the 3rd Light Dragoons in order to take part in the Peninsular War, and was present in the retreat from Burgos in 1812. In 1813 he was at Vittoria, and was afterwards employed in making a military survey of the passes of the Pyrenees. He took part in the campaign of 1814, and was present at Pampeluna, the Nive and Toulouse; and later in the year he served with great distinction on the staff in General Ross's Bladensburg campaign, and took. part in the capture of Washington and of Baltimore and the operations before New Orleans. He returned to England in the spring of 1815, in time to take part in the Waterloo campaign as assistant quartermaster-general on Sir T. Picton's staff. As a member of the staff of the duke of Wellington he accompanied the English army to Paris, and remained there during the occupation of the city by the allies. He was still a substantive captain in the 5th West India regiment, though a lieutenantcolonel by brevet, when he went on half-pay in 1818. In 1830 he was elected M.P. for Rye in the Liberal interest; but in the election of 1832 he was an unsuccessful candidate both for that borough and for Westminster. For the latter constituency he was, however, returned in 1833, and, except in the parliament of 1841-1846, he continued to represent it till 1865, when he retired from political life. His parliamentary duties did not, however, interfere with his career as a soldier. In 1835 he went out to Spain in command of the Spanish Legion, recruited in England, and 9600 strong, which served for two years in the Carlist War on the side of the queen of Spain. In spite of great difficulties the legion won great distinction on the battlefields of northern Spain, and Evans was able to say that no prisoners had been taken from it in action, that it had never lost a gun or an equipage, and that it had taken 27 guns and 1100 prisoners from the enemy. He received several Spanish orders, and on his return in 1839 was made a colonel and K.C.B. In 1846 he became His eldest son, ARTHUR JOHN EVANS, born in 1851, was educated at Brasenose College, Oxford, and Göttingen. He became fellow of Brasenose and in 1884 keeper of the Ashmolean Museum at Oxford. He travelled in Finland and Lapland in 1873-1874, and in 1875 made a special study of archaeology and ethnology in the Balkan States. In 1893 he began his investigations in Crete, which have resulted in discoveries of the utmost importance concerning the early history of Greece and the eastern Mediterranean (see AEGEAN CIVILIZATION and CRETE). He is a member of all the chief archaeological societies in Europe, holds honorary degrees at Oxford, Edinburgh and Dublin, and is a fellow of the Royal Society. His chief publications are: Cretan Pictographs and Prae-Phoenician Script (1896); Further Discoveries of Cretan and Aegean Script (1898); The Mycenaean Tree and Pillar Cult (1901); Scripta Minoa (1909 foll.); and reports on the excavations. He also edited with additions Freeman's History of Sicily, vol. iv. EVANS, OLIVER (1755-1819), American mechanician, was born at Newport, Delaware, in 1755. He was apprenticed to a wheelwright, and at the age of twenty-two he invented a machine for making the card-teeth used in carding wool and cotton. In 1780 he became partner with his brothers, who were practical millers, and soon introduced various labour-saving appliances which both cheapened and improved the processes of flourmilling. Turning his attention to the steam engine, he employed steam at a relatively high pressure, and the plans of his invention which he sent over to England in 1787 and in 1794-1795 are said |