Bacteriology (1889), Principles of Surgery (3d ed. 1901), Pathology and Surgical Treatment of Tumors (1895), Syllabus of Practice of Surgery (1892), Practical Surgery (1901), Surgical Notes on the SpanishAmerican War; Nurse's Guide for the Operating Room (1902).

Senna, the leaflets of certain trees and shrubs belonging to the genus Cassia. The so-called Alexandria senna is the product of C. acutifolia; the long-leaved senna is derived from C. elongata. Senna has a peculiar odor and a curious, sweetish, mucilaginous taste. It is much used as a cathartic drug, and is one of the safest and most effective drugs of this class. It is the active ingredient of the well-known compound liquorice powder.

Sennaar, cap. of old kingdom of same name, now a prov. of Sudan, on the Blue Nile, 158 m. S.S.E. of Khartum. Pop. 8,000. Sennacherib. and BABYLONIA.

See ASSYRIA,

Senones, ancient Gallic tribe who dwelt about the upper Seine, their chief town being Agedincum, now called Sens. About 400 B.C. a portion of the Senones settled on the Adriatic coast between Ravenna and Ancona ; they also attacked and took Rome in 390 B.C., and were engaged in hostilities with the Romans, until Dolabella completely subdued them in 283 B.C.

Sens, tn. and archiepisc. see, French dep. Yonne, on riv. Yonne, 63 m. S.E. of Paris. Its original Gallo-Roman ramparts still surround it, and the cathedral (begun in 1140) is a beautiful example of transition from Circular to Gothic, while its choir was the prototype of CanBecket terbury choir (1175).

fled to Sens in 1164, and his vestments are still preserved in the cathedral treasury. It manufactures phosphate manures. Pop. (1901) 13,581.

Sensation, in psychology, signifies that element in consciousness which is immediately and directly correlated with

some

stimulation of the sense organs transmitted to the corresponding brain centres. Of such sensations the traditional psychology recognizes five classes, corresponding to the five senses' of smell, taste, touch, hearing, and sight. But the more exact analysis of modern experimental psychology has had to make further discriminations — for example, within touch, between sensations of temperature and sensations of pressure, which appear to depend on different localities of the skin. The term sensation is also extended to include the diffused sensibility which depends on the state of the internal organs and

By the organic sensations we are enabled to perceive states of our own body; by the special sensations we are enabled to perceive the qualities of external objects. And in ordinary experience sensations as such are at once referred to some external object, or, in the case of organic sensations, to Our own body. It is only in very special cases, such as those of the experimental psychologist or of the artist, that the sensation itself is specially attended to; and in these cases the sensation ceases, of course, to be a mere sensation. See Stout's Manual of Psychology (2d ed. 1901).

Sensationalism signifies that type of philosophy which endeavors to account for all knowledge or experience in terms of mere sensations directly experienced as impressions or revived as images as the ultimate mental units. Of this philosophy, and of the scepticism which logically results from it, the typical representative is David Hume. When, as with him, the single sensation is regarded as the only ultimate real unit in experience, the reality of an external world, the causal connection of events, the personal identity of the knowing subject himself, become illusions, which custom generates, but for which we can produce no rational grounds of conviction. The whole structure of this philosophy, however, depends on erroneous assumption-viz.. that the sensation has actual existence. In reality the mere sensation is only an abstraction of analysis. Concrete mental process always implies perception of objects, and the perception of objects implies relationship within a context of experience. That is to say, relations are inseparable from all perception as such. It was the task of Reid and Kant to set forth, in opposition to Hume, this deeper analysis of experience. See Pringle - Pattison's Scottish Philosophy (1885).

an

mere

Sensitive Plant, so called from the habit of its leaves, which close at the smallest touch. See MIMOSA.

Sentis. See SÄNTIS.

Sensorium, a term once applied by philosophers to a hypothetical point in the human brain in which the soul was supposed to reside. It is now used to de

note that part of the nervous mechanism which is concerned with the reception and consciousness of impressions. Stimuli from the special sense organs, such as the eye and the ear, and from all parts of the body, are conveyed to certain sensory cells in the brain, where the messages are translated into ideas. The cerebral areas for the reception of stimuli are fairly well mapped out. Thus, the sensory centres for sight are located in the occipital lobes and angular gyri; those for hearing lie in the superior temporo-sphenoidal convolutions; those for smell in the uncinate gyrus; and those for taste in the same region. It is less easy to locate the cerebral centres, which receive from the muscles messages which they embody into muscular sense impressions. From the skin three sorts of stimuli reach the sensorium, and produce (1) ordinary tactile cr touch sensation, (2) the sensation following the stimulus of pain, and (3) the sensation due to the stimuli of heat and cold. Much uncertainty still exists as to the portions of the brain which are concerned with these senses; but many authorities consider that the different motor areas on the cortex should be regarded as having not only motor but also sensory functions. According to this view, the cerebral area which controls the movements of a limb receives also the messages coming from the muscles and skin of that limb. If this be so, the ser sorium includes the greater part of the brain surface; but in all cases the sensation is referred to the site of the primary stimulation, so that one seems to see with the eyes, hear with the ears, or touch with the finger. The sensorium is not infallible, however, and occasionally makes a misreference. Thus, pain due to the irritation of a laryngeal nerve is often referred to the ear, and a patient who has lost a limb may complain of pain in his buried foot.

Sentry, a soldier posted at some particular point to watch over the safety of the neighborhood, to carry out any order as to the passage of individuals, to preserve order, or to give notice of any occurrence he may observe from his post. Ordinary sentries are furnished by guards which usually remain on duty for twenty-four hours. Each guard contains three times as many private soldiers as it has sentries to furnish, and is divided into three reliefs. Each relief is in turn employed on sentry duty, usually for a period of two hours, so that each soldier, throughout the twenty-four hours he remains on guard, is alternately two hours

Seoni

on sentry duty and four hours in the guard-room. The outposts which secure rest to an army in the field also post sentries to watch the enemy's movements

and give notice of his approach.

Seoni, chief tn., Seoni dist., Central Provinces, India, 73 m. N.N.E. of Nagpur. Pop. (1901) 11,864.

Seoul. See SOUL.

Sepal, the individual floral leaf, which helps to make up the calyx or outer whorl of the perianth of a flower.

Separate Estate. In law, the property of a wife which is not subject to the control of her husband. At common law a woman practically lost her property rights upon marriage unless property was vested in her by virtue of a 'marriage settlement" which expressly exempted it from the control of her husband. By statute in most of the United States many of the common-law disabilities of married women are abrogated, and they may freely take, hold, and dispose of their property as if unmarried. Money saved by a wife out of her allowance for household expenses, etc., belongs to the husband. In some states a wife is entitled to her personal earnings, if not connected with her husband in business. Α married woman may freely dispose of her separate estate. See HUSBAND AND WIFE; SETTLEMENT.

Separation. In law this term is employed in a technical sense to denote the living apart of a man and wife without an absolute divorce. It may be voluntary, as under an agreement of separation or under the decree of a court. In most states a voluntary agreement to separate will not be enforced by the courts, but if the parties have actually separated, and the agreement is to provide for the support of the wife and custody of the children, it will generally be recognized by the courts. Judicial separation, or 'limited divorce,' will be decreed by the Courts for some causes not constituting grounds for an absolute divorce. For example. in New York an absolute divorce will be decreed only for infidelity, whereas judicial separation will be ordered for such causes as cruelty or other conduct making it improper or unsafe for one spouse to live with the other. Provisions for the support of the wife and for custody of the children are usually made in such decrees. It does not dissolve the marital relation and neither party may marry again until an absolute divorce is obtained. The latter will be granted for statutory causes, although the parties have legally separated, as each is bound by the marital obligations. See

tion of Sepharvaim with Samaria is shown in 2 Kings 17:31.

Sepia, a dark-brown coloring matter secreted by the cuttlefish, and employed by it to obscure its movements in the water when alarmed. A valuable pigment is prepared by dissolving the dried contents of the glands in dilute alkali, and reprecipitating with an acid.

Sepoy, a native Indian soldier, as distinct from the European soldier. Native soldiers, recruited from the higher castes only, were first used by the E. India Company in the 18th century.

Sepoy Mutiny. See MUTINY, INDIAN.

Septaria, or SEPTARIAN NODULES, are rounded concretionary masses which occur most frequently in beds of clay or shale, and when broken across show a network of cracks filled, as a rule, with white calcite. They are usually composed of ferrous carbonate (clay ironstone), in which case they have a dark-red crust when weathered; but others consist mainly of calcium carbonate mixed with clay. Many are found in the dark Carboniferous shales, but they are frequent also in the Cretaceous formations; and similar nodules are a common feature of clays in general. Their usual size is from six inches to a foot, but examples several feet across are sometimes obtained.

Septimer Pass

to seven years, was passed in 1716, shortly after the accession of George I., at a time when the Whig government desired to avoid the risk of a general election. The act, which still remains law, is attacked by some critics as fixing to the life of Parliament a limit too long for popular freedom.

Septicæ mia, a term applied to any disease caused by the introduction of septic or putrid matter into the blood. It is preceded as a rule by a local lesion. Of the common symptoms the most marked are general malaise, fever, rapid pulse, restlessness, and headache. The gravest manifestations are those exhibited by the heart and by the nervous system. Some organisms, however, produce toxins whose virulence is directed chiefly against certain organs or tissues. Thus, the diphtheria toxin has a special tendency to attack the nervous system; the tetanus toxin has a specific action upon the motor neurones. The organisms mcst usually concerned in the production of septicemia are either staphylococci or streptococci ; but in many cases there is a mixed infection, and not one but many organisms are found in the tissues. Treatment should be directed towards the purification of the source of the mischief. By the destruction of the local poison manufactory the further absorption of ptom. ines may be prevented. Collections of pus should be evacuated, ulcers should be dressed antiseptically, and local manifestations, like those of diphtheria, should be treated energetically. In the general treatment of septicæmia two indications should be followed. In the first place, the tissues must be strengthened in every possible way, to enable them to withstand the bacterial attack. Fresh air, sunlight, as generous diet as the patient can assimilate, and stimulation of the excretory organs are all essential. In the second place, a direct attack may be made upon the organism by inoculation with appropriate serum. A comparatively small dose injected at an early stage yields far more favorable results than do larger doses at a later period. For septicemia anti-streptococcic serum is used. It is prepared by treating horses with six different races of streptococci, but has no curative effect if the disease is due to staphylococci. An anti-staphylococcic serum has been introduced, but its value cannot yet be estimated.

Septimer Pass (7,582 ft.), in the Alps and Swiss canton of Grisons, is traversed by a mule rath from the Julier Pass (Lake Constance) road to Val Bregaglia, and on Maloja Pass (Lake

parts a close imitation of Hebrew expressions and constructions.

In the times of Christ and His apostles the Septuagint was commonly used even by Palestinian Jews. The writers of the New Testament frequently quote it rather than translate directly from the Hebrew. A new version was made under the auspices of the Jews by Aquila, a native of Asia Minor and a proselyte to Judaism; but this was ofteri crudely literal, and found little acceptance in the Christian church. It has been practically lost. Theodotion, another Jewish proselyte, made a revised edition of the Septuagint rather than a fresh translation; while Syminachus specially aimed at reproducing the Hebrew idioms in more elegant Greek. Then Origen prepared his Hexapla by placing these three versions, together with the Septuagint, in parallel columns after the (unpointed) Hebrew original and a Greek transliteration of the latter. Of the Septuagint column the greater part has been preserved in a Syriac translation (the SyroHexaplar): and by retranslating this into Greek we obtain an approximation to the Septuagint as edited by Origen, who took care to insert certain signs at points where this version differed from the Hebrew. In Egypt another corrected edition of the Septuagint was prepared about the same time by Hesychius; but Lucian of Antioch executed a much superior recension, which modern scholars have traced and partly reproduced. The value of the old Greek version, even in an incorrect form, is that it frequently enables us to restore the true reading of the Hebrew. Earlier literature on the subject has been largely superseded by Swete's Introduction to the Old Testament in Greek (1900): his edition of The Old Testament in Greek (3 vols. 1887-94) is an advance on the work of Tischendorf, but the fullest is still that of Holmes and Parsons (5 vols. 1798-1827). The first part of the large Cambridge 4to ed.. with variant readings, which will be the best yet issued, appeared 1906. The Concordance of Trommius has given place to that of Hatch and Redpath (18971906); the best dictionary is still that of Schleusner (Lexicon in LXX., 3 vols. 1822); a grammar of Septuagint Greek is being prepared by H. St. John Thackeray. Sepulchral Mound. See BARROW and CAIRN.

Sepulveda, JUAN GINEZ DE (c. 1490-1574), Spanish theologian and historian, was born at PozoBlanco, near Cordova. He held the post of royal historiographer