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he overcame his former faults. In his ballads and some of his later poems, as Die Erwartung, he shows lyric power of the highest quality. He is great in his moral earnestness, in his idealism, in his youthful freshness, in his enthusiasm for the cause of art and humanity. Schiller's collected works were issued by his friend Körner (12 vols. 181215). The most complete editions are by Goedeke (17 vols. 1868-76), and by Boxberger and Birlinger (13 vols. 1882-95). Selections are given in the editions of Boxberger (6 vols. 1894) and Bellermann (12 vols. 1896 f.). The poet's correspondence is fully given by F. Jonas (7 vols. 1892-6). We may mention also his letters to Dalberg (1819), to Körner (2d ed. 1874), to Wm. von Humboldt (2d ed. 1876), to his wife Lotte (3d ed. 1879), to Fichte (1847), and to Cotta (1876). English translations include Poems and Ballads, by Lord Lytton (1887); Poems and Plays, by Lord Lytton and others (1889); the Complete Works, by Coleridge, Lord Lytton, Bohn, Churchill, and others (1870); and the Historical and Dramatic Works and Essays, Esthetical and Philosophical (1846, in Bohn's Library). See also G. H. Calvert's Translation of the Correspondence between Goethe and Schiller (2 vols. 1877-79). Schiller biographies have been written by H. Düntzer (1881; trans. by P. Pinkerton, 1883), by Karoline von Wolzogen (6th ed. 1884), by O. Brahm (188892), by J. Minor (1890 ff.), by R. Weltrich (1899), by E. Palleske (13th ed. 1891; trans. by Lady Wallace, 1860), and by C. Berger (1905 ff.) In English we have the famous biography by T. Carlyle (1825), and those by Lord Lytton (1844), James Sime (1842; in Classics for English Readers Series), H. Nevinson (1889; in Great Writers Series), and T. Calvin (1902). For criticism the following are of importance-E. Dowden's Schiller's Friendship with Goethe (in Fortnightly Review, lvi.), F. Werner's The Characteristics of Schiller's Dramas (1859), E. Fischer's Schiller's Works illustrated by the Greatest German Artists (4 vols. 1883), G. Hauff's Schillerstudien (1880), H. Viehoff's Schillers Gedichte erläutert (6th ed. 1887), Bellermann's Schillers Dramen (2 vols. 1888-91), Düntzer's Schillers Lyrische Gedichte (3d ed. 1891), Kuno Fischer's Schiller als Philosoph (2d ed. 1892), and Robertson's Schiller after a Hundred Years (1905). For a complete Schiller bibliography, see Goedeke's Grundriss (2d ed. vol. v. 1884-92).

Schilling, JOHANNES,(1828), German sculptor, born at Mittweida, Saxony. He studied under

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Rietschel. In 1853 he visited Italy, and in 1868 was appointed professor in the Academy of Fine Art at Dresden. His works include Schiller, the Wounded Achilles, The Four Seasons, and Germania; the last, the national monument on the Niederwald beside the Rhine, is his masterpiece (1877-84).

Schimmel, HENDRICK JAN (1824), Dutch poet and novelist, born at Graveland, N. Holland; entered the Dutch Treasury at Amsterdam, and finally became a director of the Amsterdam Credit Association. His chief plays are Twee Tudors (1847), Napoleon Bonaparte (1851), Juffrouw Bos (1857), and Struensee (1878); his noblest work, Zege na Strijd (1878). The plots of his principal novels are laid in England-Mary Hollis (1860; Eng. trans. 1872), My Lady Carlisle (1864), De Vooravond der Revolutie (1866), Sinjeur Semeyns (1875), De Kaptein van de Liifgarde (1888; Eng. adaptation, 1896). Schimmel's chief characteristics are dramatic intensity and great knowledge of stagecraft, while the personages of his works are portrayed with great truth to life. A collected edition of his dramas appeared in 1885, and of his novels in 1892. See Life by Jan ten Brink.

Schinkel, KARL FRIEDRICH (1781-1841), German architect, was born at Neu-Ruppin (Brandenburg), and in early life was a landscape painter. In 1806 he was appointed architect to the king, and erected the Royal Museum and theatre. In 1820 he became a professor at the Royal Academy, Berlin. His designs are classical in spirit, See Life, in German, by Dohme (1882).

Schinus, a genus of tropical American shrubs and trees belonging to the order Anacardiacea. They bear small, white, dioecious flowers, followed by oily, globose fruits; after rain the leaves of some of the species exude a resin, often of considerable fragrance. S. molle, the Peruvian mastic-tree, is known in California as the 'pepper-tree,' and was formerly much cultivated in the warmer districts there; but the tree harbors the black-scale, and is being removed as dangerous to orange groves. It has long leaves, with many leaflets, and drooping panicles of rose-tinted fruits. The tree is evergreen, with pendulous branches, and dome-shaped head.

Schipka. See SHIPKA.

Schipperke, a small tailless dog, originally bred in Belgium, and only lately introduced into N. America. It is exceedingly vivacious, inquisitive, and alert, and makes a most excellent watch

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broad; back straight but supple; fore-legs straight, fine, and set well under body; feet small, round, and well knuckled; body short and thickset; tail absent; coat dense and harsh; smooth on the ears, short on the head, but profuse round the neck, and forming a mane and a frill on the chest. Weight, from 12 to 20 lbs.

Schism, the formal separation from the unity of a church. The great schism is the division between the Greek or Eastern and the Roman or Western Churches. The Western schism (also called the great schism) arose out of a disputed claim to the papal chair (1378-1417), during which there were two, sometimes three, popes.

Schists, fine grained rocks of foliated character consisting of thin films or folia of various minerals. They belong to the metamorphic series, and are found mostly in regions composed of very ancient and muchdisturbed strata, such as the Lake Superior district, the Green Mountains, the Blue Ridge, south-eastern N. Y., Canada, the Highlands of Scotland, Norway, and the Alps. The schists are given specific name by indicating the mineral that gives schistose character to the rock. The commonest variety is micaschist, consisting of layers of mica, alternating with quartz and feldspar, often contorted or crumpled; it is frequently an altered form of slate. Chloriteschist, hornblende-schist, talcschist, graphite-schist, and quartzschist are also common. The schists differ from the gneisses in being more finely foliated or banded. Extremely fine micaschists are sometimes called

phyllites. They practically never contain any fossils.

Schizanthus, a genus of annual, herbaceous Chilean plants belonging to the order Solanaceæ. Most of the species are desirable garden plants, and S. pinnatus is widely cultivated for its varicolored butterfly' flowers.

Schizomycetes. See SCHIZO

PHYTA.

Schizophyta, or FISSION PLANTS, division of Thallophytes, comprising forms of the simplest structure, which are single-celled, or aggregations of such cells. Multiplication takes place by fission, or by means of spores formed within a cell, and liberated by the rupture of the walls. This division includes the Cyanophyceæ, or blue-green algæ, and the Schizomycetes, or bacteria.

Schlagintweit, a family of German travellers and naturalists. HERMAN, BARON SCHLAGINTWEIT (1826-82), born at Munich, explored the Alps with his brother ADOLF (1829-57) from 1846 to 1853, when they made the first ascent of Monte Rosa (1851), publishing the results in UnterSuchungen über die physikalische Geographie der Alpen (1850), in which work Humboldt assisted, and Neue Untersuchungen (1854). Afterwards Hermann, with his brothers Adolf and Robert, was engaged by the king of Prussia and the East India Company to carry on scientific explorations in Asia. Together or separately they explored India, the Himalayas, Tibet, Sikkim, Bhutan, Kashmir, Ladak, Nepal, and the Karakoram and Kuenlun Mountains (1855-7). Their travels were published as Results of a Scientific Mission to India and High Asia (1860-6) and Reisen in Indien und Hochasien (1869–80). Adolf, who was killed in Kashgar by Yakub Beg (1857), himself wrote Ueber die Orographische und Geologische Struktur der Gruppe des Monte Rosa (1853).ROBERT (1833-85), who was appointed (1863) professor of geography at Giessen, is known by many excellent geological studies and by the records of his travels. He visited the U. S., where he travelled extensively in 1868-9, and again in 1880, and published Die Pacific - Eisenbahn (1870); Kalifornien (1871); Die Mormonen (2d ed. 1877); Die Prarien (1876); and Die Santa Fé und Südpacificbahn (1884). The fourth brother, EDOUARD (1831-66), wrote an account of the Spanish invasion of Morocco, in which he served; and the fifth, EMIL (1835-1904), was the author of Buddhism in Tibet (1865), Die Berechnung der Lehre (trans. from Tibetan, 1896), and Die Lebensbe

schreibung von Padma Sambhava (1899).

Schlatter, FRANCIS (1856), American 'divine healer,' born in the village of Elser in AlsaceLorraine. He emigrated to the

U. S. in 1884, and worked for a time as a cobbler; but in 1892, while at Denver, he believed, or affected to believe, that he had received a 'call' to give up his worldly possessions and become a healer of the sick. He walked from one city to another in the Southwest, and great crowds assembled, to be healed by him. In July, 1895, he returned to Denver, and in the following November disappeared, leaving behind him a note to the effect that his mission was ended. What became of him is unknown, but it is thought by some that he perished in the wilderness.

Schlegel, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1767-1845), German critic, translator, and author, was born at Hanover. He studied at Göttingen, where Heyne persuaded him to take up literature, and where he wrote songs, sonnets, and romances, as the favorite disciple of the poet Bürger. In 1795 he wrote a careful appreciation of Dante's Divina Commedia, and gave evidence of his remarkable gifts as a translator and as a literary critic after the manner of Herder. In 1796 he went to Jena, and became intimate with Schiller, under whose influence he wrote his best ballads (Arion, 1798). The first collection of his Gedichte appeared in 1800. He did a good deal of critical work at this period, the most noteworthy being his discussion of Goethe's Hermann und Dorothea and of Voss's translation of Homer. His most valuable achievement was the singularly faithful and happy translation of seventeen of the plays of Shakespeare (17971810). An attempt to do for the fon (1802) of Euripides what Goethe had done for the Iphigenia was unsuccessful. Wilhelm Schlegel had joined his brother in cditing tl. Athenaum (1708-1800), the organ of what soon came to be known as the romantic school. Wilhelm Schlegel won many adherents by his public lectures on literature (1801-4), published (1808-11) as Ueber dramatische Kunst und Literatur (Eng. trans. 1815). In 1803 Schlegel travelled with Madame de Staël in Italy, Denmark, and Sweden, and in 1814 he rejoined her at Coppet on the Lake of Geneva. After her death (1817) he received a call to the University of Bonn, and there devoted the rest of his life (181845) chiefly to Oriental studies. His complete works were edited by E. Böcking in 12 vols. (1846-7);

a brief selection has been edited by O. Walzel in Kürschners's Deutsche National-Litteratur.

manner

Schlegel, FRIEDRICH VON (1772-1829), German romantic writer, brother of the above, was born at Hanover. He wrote several articles on Greek poetry and kindred subjects. His style was peculiar, hazy and brilliant in turn, and never without some affectation. His Geschichte der Poesie der Griechen und Römer (1798) deals mainly with Homer, and shows the influence of Wolf's Prolegomena. Like his brother he went to Jena; but his impetuous and rather conceited estranged him from Schiller. In 1797 he proceeded to Berlin. In 1799 he published the novel Lucinde, a literary manifesto, and also avowedly a series of confessions. Three years later his tragedy Alarcos was performed, and was as much a failure as his brother's Ion. Perhaps his most valuable work is his treatise Ueber die Sprache und Weisheit der Inder (1808). His conversion to Roman Catholicism paved the way for a political career in Austria, where he gained the confidence of Metternich. His lectures, Ueber die neuere Geschichte (1811; Eng. trans. 1879), contain the programme of the reactionary party after 1815; and his Geschichte der alten und neven Litteratur (1815; Eng. trans. 1846) is replete with original and often biased and eccentric estimates. Of two works there are English translations - The Philosophy of History (1835), and The Philosophy of Life and the Philosophy of Language (1847). His complete works appeared in 10 vols. in 1822-5 (2d ed. in 15 vols. 1846). There is an edition of selected works by O. Walzel in Kürschners's Deutsche NationalLuteratur. See also the books quoted under SCHLEGEL, A. W.

Schleicher, AUGUST (182168), German philologist, born at Meiningen, was appointed (1850) to the chair of Slavic languages at Prague, and afterwards (1857) at Jena, where he became an authority on the Indo-Germanic languages by his Compendium of the Comparative Grammar of the Indo-European, Sanskrit, Greek, and Latin Grammar (Eng trans. 1874-7), Indogermanische Chrestomathie (1869), Darwinism Tested by the Science of Langage (Eng. trans. 1869), Formenlehr? der Kirchenslawischen Sprache 1852), and Handbuch der Litauischen Sprache (1856-67), the last two of especial importance for the languages named. See Lefmann's August Schleicher (1870).

Schleiden, MATTHIAS JAKOB (1804-81), German physician and botanist, born at Hamburg; became professor at Jena (1839) and

Schleiermacher

at Dorpat (1863). He wrote a number of botanical works, including Grundzüge der Wissenschaftlichen Botanik (1842-3; trans. 1849), and Grundriss der Botanik (1846). He made important contributions to the cell theory in botany.

FRIEDRICH

Schleiermacher, ERNST DANIEL (1768-1834), German theologian, was born at Breslau. From 1804-6 he was professor at Halle, and then preached and delivered patriotic addresses to large audiences in Berlin. With Wilhelm von Humboldt and Fichte he was instrumental in founding the University of Berlin, and was appointed professor of theology there in 1810. At an early age he showed an unusual combination of delicate sensibility and a keen spirit of scientific inquiry; and while still under the care of the Moravian Brethren

at Barby (1783-5) he began to strike out an independent line. Schleiermacher puts aside all dogmatic theology, and sets about constructing a religion in which Kant, Spinoza, and Christianity shall be reconciled. His discourses, Ueber die Religion (1799), are an attack upon the rationalism then in vogue. He separates religion from metaphysics and morality, explaining it (after the manner of Spinoza) as an intuition of the universe, as the action of the universe upon man. In his Monologe (1800) Schleiermacher anticipates some objections which may be raised. He himself described the book as a 'lyrical extract from his private diary'lyrical indeed, for the thoughts are expressed in poetic language of singular beauty and eloquence. Schleiermacher's Complete Works (30 vols.) were published in 183464, his Correspondence (4 vols.) in 1860-3. See W. Dilthey's Leben Schleiermachers (1870).

Schleswig, tn., cap. Prussian prov. of Schleswig-Holstein, at head of Baltic inlet, the Schlei, 86 m. N. of Hamburg by rail. The castle of Gottorp was the residence of the dukes of Schleswig. There is a Gothic cathedral (rebuilt after 1440). In Viking times it was a famous trading town under the name of Heidaby. Pop. (1900) 17,909.

Schleswig-Holstein, prov., Prussia, between North Sea and Baltic. Along the E. coast it is diversified by the Baltic Ridge, as well as penetrated by numerous deep, narrow inlets-e.g. bays of Kiel and Eckernförde, river Schlei, and fiords of Flensburg, Apenrade, and Hadersleben. The w. coast is low marshland, in part protected by artificial dikes. The interior is mostly geest or heath-clad moor lands. On the Baltic side there

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are two islands, Alsen and Fehmarn; the w. coast is fringed by the north Frisian islands--e.g. Sylt, Föhr, Amrum, Pellworm, and Nordstrand. The Elbe borders the province on south for 75 m.; other rivers are the Eider (to North Sea) and the Trave (through Lübeck). Here too is the North Sea-Baltic Canal. The predominant industry is agriculture. The breeding and fattening of cattle flourishes in the marshlands. The other chief industries are iron foundries, cloth, tobacco, and sugar factories, breweries, distilleries,

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Schley

and in 1865 landed men on the coast of San Salvador to protect American interests there. After his promotion to lieutenant-commander in 1866, he was on duty at the Naval Academy as assistant to the commandant for three years. Next he was assigned to the Asiatic Squadron, and showed great bravery in the attack on Korean forces which had captured an American ship. He was appointed professor of modern languages at the Naval Academy in 1872, became commander in 1874, and saw service in European, Asiatic, and South

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Schleswig-Holstein.

and shipbuilding. Cap. Schleswig. Area, 7,338 sq. m. Pop. (1900) 1,387,968. There is a university at Kiel, which is also the chief naval station of the empire in the Baltic. The province elects ten deputies to the Imperial Diet and nineteen to the Prussian House of Representatives. In 1891 the island of Heligoland was incorporated with this province.

Schley, WINFIELD SCOTT (1839), American naval officer, born near Frederick, Md. He graduated at the Naval Academy in 1860, and had his first service on the Niagara in Asiatic waters. In July, 1862, he became lieutenant, and was attached to the West Gulf Blockading Squadron under Farragut. After the passage of Port Hudson (q.v.) he served on the Pacific station as executive officer of the Wateree,

American waters. In 1884 he volunteered for the relief of the polar expedition under A. W. Greeley (q.v.) and after a hard struggle with the elements, succeeded in rescuing Greeley and six of his men at Cape Sabine. From 1885 to 1889 he was chief of the Bureau of Recruiting and Equipment and made a good record. In 1888 he became captain, and while in command of the Baltimore in the harbor of Valparaiso in 1891 showed much firmness and decision when some American sailors had been stoned to death by a mob. From 1892 to 1898 he was chiefly engaged in the care and inspection of lighthouses and was chief of the Lighthouse Board, 189798. He reached the rank of commodore, Feb., 1898, and soon after was appointed to command the Flying Squadron.

On May 13 he left Hampton Roads and began the search for the Spanish fleet. After stopping at Cienfuegos, he was ordered to proceed to Santiago, if satisfied that the Spanish fleet was not in the harbor, but hesitated, and finally received peremptory orders. Some of his ships had not received a full supply of coal, but after some delay he started, retracing, however, a part of the distance before taking position outside of Santiago, where the Spanish ships were discovered May 29. On the arrival of Admiral Sampson's fleet June 1, that officer took chief command, but, when Admiral Cervera attempted to escape July 3, was seven or eight miles from the mouth of the harbor. Commodore Schley in his flagship, the Brooklyn, was in the thick of the battle, though a sudden turn or 'loop' made by that vessel was afterwards criticised. The report of Admiral Sampson did not mention Schley's name, and strong popular sympathy with the latter as a victim of supposed injustice developed. President McKinley, on Aug. 10, 1898, recommended that both be made rear-admirals and that Sampson should be the ranking officer, but the controversy over their merits prevented the confirmation of either. Both officers, however, reached the grade afterwards, and Admiral Schley was retired for age in 1901. In July of that year vol. iii. of a History of the American Navy by E. S. Maclay (q.v.) appeared. In this work, the proofs of which had been read by Admiral Sampson, the conduct of Schley both before and during the battle was severely condemned, and he was charged with exhibiting 'timidity amounting to absolute cowardice,' with having 'turned in caitiff flight,' etc. Admiral Sampson, however, had permitted Schley to remain second in command six weeks after most of the events criticised by Maclay had taken place. Admiral Schley immediately asked for a court of inquiry, which was granted. The court consisting of Admiral Dewey and Rear-Admirals Berham and Ramsey, organized Sept. 21, and announced its verdict, Dec. 13, 1901. Some of the questions considered were, the delay at Cienfuegos, the slow progress toward Santiago, the retrograde movement, the 'loop' of the Brooklyn, and Schley's bearing and conduct in the battle. Admirals Benham and Ramsey found that he had exhibited 'vacillation, dilatoriness, and lack of enterprise.' Admiral Dewey though condemning the 'loop' and some other actions found the delays justifiable under the circumstances, and added his

personal opinion that Schley was in actual command in the battle, though this question had not been before the court. All joined in suggesting that no action be taken. Admiral Schley immediately filed objections to the majority report, but it was approved by the secretary of the navy, Dec. 20, 1901. An appeal to the President was likewise fruitless.

Admiral Schley has published The Rescue of Greeley (1886), with J. R. Soley, and Forty-five Years Under the Flag (1904). The testimony before the court of inquiry was published by the Government Printing Office in

1902.

Schliemann, HEINRICH (1822-90), German explorer and archeologist, was born at Neu-Buckow in MecklenburgSchwerin, and was engaged in commercial life in St. Petersburg (1846-63). During a trip to California in 1850, he was present when that state was received into

the Union on July 4, and thus, by accident, became a citizen of the U. S. After travelling in India, China, Japan, and Greece, he published (1869) an account of these travels as Ithaca, the Peloponnesus, and Troy, which expounded the chief theories which led him to success in his excavations. His excavations began at Troy in 1870, and were continued, with breaks, until 1882. In 1876 he explored Mycena, bringing to light an enormous quantity of treasure. His book Mycera appeared in 1878, and Ilios in 1880 Eng. ed. 1881, a revised ed., Troja, 1883). In 1884 he excavated the site of Tiryns, and discovered the foundation of the palace; his book Tiryns appeared

in

1885. In 1887 his correct judgment led him to try to acquire the site of Cnossus in Crete. See Schuchhardt's Schliemann's Excavations (1891).

Schlüter, ANDREAS (16641714), German sculptor and architect, born in Hamburg. He was for a time architect to the Sobieskis, and worked at Warsaw. In 1694 he was appointed court architect at Berlin, and in 1695 co-director of the academy. His finest works are the royal palaces at Charlottenburg (1695) and Berlin (1697-1708), the Great Elector in Berlin, and the bronze statue of the Elector Frederick III. at Königsberg.

Schmalkaldic League, formed in December, 1530, by the Protestant princes and city deputies at Schmalkalden, its object being the defence of the Protestant faith and the maintenance of political independence against the Emperor Charles v.

Schmauk, THEODORE EMANUEL (1860), American clergyman,

born at Lancaster, Pa. He graduated (1883) at the University of Pennsylvania, and took his divinity course at the Lutheran Philadelphia Theological Seminary. He made his permanent residence at Lebanon, Pa., and became literary editor of The Lutheran in 1889, and editor of the Lutheran Church Review in 1892. In 1903 he was elected president of the Lutheran General Council of North America. Among his numerous works are The Negative Criticism of the Old Testament (1894), and History of the Lutheran Church in Pennsylvania from the Original Sources (1903).

Schmerling, ANTON VON (180593), Austrian politician, born at Vienna. He represented Austria at the Frankfort Parliament (1848-9), and was elected to the National Assembly. Appointed minister of foreign affairs and of the interior by the viceregent, Archduke John, he soon resigned. He became (1849) Austrian minister of justice, and then for some years was president of the provincial Court of Appeals. Becoming Austrian premier in 1860, he promulgated a new constitution on a liberal, but centralistic, basis. The opposition of the Hungarians to his policy brought about his resignation in 1865. He was appointed president of the Supreme Court, and in 1867 became life member of the Austrian House of Peers, where he led the liberal opposition to the measures of Taaffe. See Life, in German, by A. von Arneth (1895).

Schmidt, HENRY IMMANUEL (1806-89), American Lutheran clergyman and educator. He was born at Nazareth, Pa., and studied at the Moravian Seminary there. In 1829 he severed his connection with the Moravian Church, and became a Lutheran clergyman. He was pastor at Bergen, N. J., from 1833-36. In the latter year he was made assistant professor at Hartwick Seminary, N. Y., and from 1836 to 1838 was a pastor in Boston. He became professor of German and French in Pennsylvania College, Gettysburg, Pa., in 1838, and filled the chair of German in the Theological Seminary in the same place from 1839 to 1843. From 1843 to 1845 he was a pastor at Palestine, N. Y. He became professor of German at Columbia College in 1848, and remained until 1880. He wrote a History of Education (1842); Inaugural Address (1848); Scriptural Character of the Lutheran Doctrine of the Lord's Supper (1852); and A Course of Ancient Geography (1860).

Schmidt, NATHANIEL (1862), American Hebrew scholar and

Schmiedel

educator. He was born at Hudiksvall, Sweden, and studied at Stockholm, Colgate, and Berlin Universities. He was professor of Semitic languages and literatures at Colgate University from 1888 to 1896, when he accepted the same chair at Cornell. In

1904-05 he was director of the American School of Archæology in Jerusalem. He contributed largely to the Jewish Encyclopadia and other reference works, and published Biblical Criticism and Theological Belief (1897), several histories of Oriental countries, and The Prophet of Nazareth (1905).

Schmiedel, PAUL WILHELM (1851), German exegete and critic, was born near Dresden; became lecturer at Jena (1878-90), professor at Zürich from 1890. He collaborated

with Holtzmann,

etc., in the Kurzer Hand-Commentar, revised Winer's Grammar (1894), and contributed important articles to the Encyclopadia Biblica.

Schmucker, BEALE MELANCHTHON (1827-88), American Lutheran liturgical scholar, son of Samuel S. Schmucker. He was born at Gettysburg, Pa., graduated at Pennsylvania College, and took his course in divinity at the Gettysburg Theological Seminary. He was ordained in 1847, and was pastor of Lutheran churches in Va. and Pa. until his death. He edited the Liturgy of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania (1860), Collection of Hymns of the Ministerium of Pennsylvania (1865), and Church Book of the General Council (1868), and was co-editor of the American edition of the Hallesche Nachrichten (1882-84).

Schmucker, SAMUEL SIMON (1799-1873), American Lutheran theologian, born at Hagerstown, Md. He studied for two years at the University of Pennsylvania, and in 1820 graduated from the Princeton Theological Seminary. In the same year he became a pastor at Frederick, Ind., where he remained until 1826. From 1826 to 1864 he was chairman of the faculty of the Gettysburg Theological Seminary, and for four years was its only instructor. In 1846 he was largely instrumental in establishing ecclesiastical connection between the Lutheran Church in the U. S. and Europe. He was the author of the formula for the government and discipline of the Lutheran Church, adopted in 1826. His publications include: Elements of Popular Theology (1834); Portraiture of Lutheranism (1840); and The American Lutheran Church Historically, Doctrinally, and Practically Delineated (1851).

Schneekoppe, highest peak (5,265 ft.) in the Riesengebirge,

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Germany; has a meteorological station.

Schneidemühl, tn., Prussia, prov. Posen, 52 m. N. of Posen; manufactures bricks and glass. It suffered severely from floods in 1888 and 1893 (caused by an artesian well, one of the deepest in the world). Pop. (1900) 19,655. Schnitzer, EDWARD. See EMIN PASHA.

Schnorr von Carolsfeld, JULIUS, BARON (1794-1872), German painter of pre-Raphaelite school (chiefly famous for frescoes), born at Leipzig. At Vienna (1810) he produced Contest of Three Christian and Three Heathen Knights, after Ariosto, a Holy Family, and St. Roch Giving Alms. Passing to Italy in 1817, he spent that year at Florence, but lived thereafter at Rome, where he decorated the Villa Massimi with frescoes, being associated with Cornelius, Overbeck, and Veit in his artistic aims. He also painted in oils The Marriage in Cana, Ruth and Boaz, Jacob and Rachel, Madonna and Child, Flight into Egypt, Suffer Little Children, and The Annunciation. Summoned to Munich by King Louis I. (1827), he commenced to decorate the new palace with Nibelungen scenes, turning aside at the king's request (1833-45) to frescoes of Charlemagne, Barbarossa, and Rudolph of Hapsburg. Appointed (1846) director of the gallery and academy of Dresden, he thenceforth divided his time between that city and Munich. At Leipzig (1852-60) appeared his Illustrated Bible. He also painted in oils, for the Munich Museum, Luther at the Diet of Worms; contributed glass for St. Paul's, London, and for Glasgow Cathedral; and wrote a treatise against Kaulbach's theory of historical philosophical painting.

Schoenfeld, HERMAN (1861), American author and educator, born at Oppeln, Prussia. He studied at the universities of Berlin, Leipsic, and Breslau, and in Paris. He was instructor in German in Johns Hopkins University from 1891 to 1893, when he was appointed U. S. consul at Riga, Russia, and was delegated to study higher education in Poland. He became professor of Germanic and Continental history in George Washington University in 1894, and in 1895 lecturer at the Catholic University. In 1899 he was appointed Turkish consulgeneral at Washington. He wrote Brant and Erasmus (1892) Higher Education in Poland (1896); History of Teutonic Women (1896); Women, Teutonic and Slav (1896); Erasmus and Rabelais (1903); Bismarck's Letters and Orations, ed. (1903).

Schöffer, PETER. See FUST, and PRINTING.

Scholarship

Schofield, JOHN MCALLISTER (1831-1906), American soldier, born in Gerry, Chautauqua co., New York. He graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1853; entered the army, and was promoted first lieutenant in 1855. He taught natural and experimental philosophy in the academy during 1855-60; and in 1860-61, while on leave of absence, was professor of physics in Washington University, Mo. When the Civil War began, he was appointed a major in the First Mo. volunteers, and served as Gen. Lyon's chief of staff at Dug Springs and at the battle of Wilson's Creek, where Lyon was killed. IIe participated in the conflict of Fredericktown in October, 1861; was commissioned brigadier-general of volunteers in November; and commanded the militia of Mo. until November, 1862, when he was promoted major-general of volunteers. With the 'Army of the Frontier' he then performed some valuable service in Mo. and Ark., and in April, 1863, took command for a time of a division in the Army of the Cumberland. In the following January he was assigned to command the Army of the Ohio under Gen. Sherman, and ticipated in the conflicts at Buzzard's Roost, Resaca, Dallas, and Kenesaw Mountain, and in the operations against Hood around Atlanta. When Gen. Sherman started on his 'march to the sea,' he sent Gen. Schofield with the Twenty-third Corps to report to Gen. Thomas at Nashville, Tenn. Schofield commanded the Union forces at the battle of Franklin (see FRANKLIN, BATTLES OF), fought on Nov. 30, 1864, and two weeks afterwards assisted in the destruction of. Hood's army at Nashville. He was then transferred to N. C., captured Wilmington and other places, and served under Sherman in the final operations against Gen. Johnston. He was promoted brigadier-general of regulars for his services at Franklin in 1864; attained the rank of major-general of regulars in 1869, and of lieutenant-general in 1895; and was commander-in-chief of the armies of the U. S. during 188895. In 1865 he was sent on a special mission to France to insist upon the withdrawal of the French troops from Mexico, and he was secretary of war during the last eight months of President Johnson's administration. He published Forty-six Years in the Army (1897).

Scholarship. The term used of the financial provision made for the tuition and support of students in American colleges. As distinguished from fellowships (q.v.), scholarships are granted

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