I Crossed Africa (1881). In 1884 he explored the country between Mozambique and Lake Nyasa, and became governor of Mozambique (1889). He failed in his attempt (1889-90) to bring Matabeleland under the dominion of Portugal.

Serpens, an ancient constellation representing the snake grasped by Ophiuchus. The chief star, Cor Serpentis, is of 2.75 magnitude; 2, 6, and 55 Serpentis are close pairs divided by Burnham; the wide physical couple, Serpentis, shows some light-fluctuations; R and S are long-period variables; d Serpentis changes in a double cycle of 8.7 days. The globular cluster Messer 5, containing eighty-five variables, lies near the star 5 Serpentis.

Sorent. See SNAKES.

Serpent, a now almost obsolete form of wind-instrument, curved to resemble somewhat a wriggling serpent, and said to have been invented in 1590. It is about eight feet long, consists of

Serpent.

conical sections of wooden tube held together by a covering of leather, and contains a cupped mouthpiece like that in the bass trombone. Parts for the serpent are now usually played upon the ophicleide.

Serpentine, a silicate of magnesium, Mg3H4Si2O9, that occurs massive as a green, semitranslucent, soft (h. = 3) mineral (sp. gr. 2.6). It is a common secondary product after olivine and the pyroxenes. Rocks whose chief constituent is serpentine are known by the same name. They are most commonly formed by the decay and hydration of basic igneous rocks. Serpentine is used as an ornamental stone. Serpentine marble is handsomely marked with red and white or green and white patches. A variety found at Prato in Tuscany, known as verde di Prato, is used for statuary and resembles bronze. The fibrous variety, also called chrys

otile, is the chief source of the asbestos of commerce.

Serpentine, THE, an artificial sheet of water in Hyde Park, London, England, constructed at the instance of Queen Caroline, consort of George II.

Serpent Mound, a work of the Mound Builders, in Adams co., O. Built in the form of a serpent, with a small oval mound lying between its distended jaws, it extends 1,000 ft. in length, has a breadth of 30 ft., and is 4 ft. high. It curves but little except at the tail, which has a triple coil.

Serpent Worship, or OPHIOLATRY. The worship of the serpent seems to have been at one time or another universal. The Japanese, who formerly reverenced the water-snake as a god, have traditions of the Creator appearing to man in the shape of a serpent. The Ophites, a sect of the Gnostics, styled themselves Naaseni, or 'Followers of the Serpent;' and it is stated that they kept a tame serpent in a chest or sacred ark, which was exhibited during the celebration of their mystic rites. The temples of Esculapius at Alexandria and at Epidaurus had each a living serpent, carefully tended by the temple devotees. This was the Agathodæmon or 'good genius' of Egyptian worship, and it is supposed to have been the hooded snake. "The ancient Agathodæmon, in the form of his congener the cobra, still haunts the precincts of the Hindu temples, as of old the shrines of Isis, and issues from his hole at the sound of a fife to accept the oblation of milk from the attendant priest' (King's Gnostics, p. 218). The sacred snake was also conspicuous in the Greek mysteries, and was associated with several of the deities, Greek as well as Roman, notably Athena and Apollo. Serpent emblems occur repeatedly in the early art of W. Europe, and the snake is a prominent feature of European and ethnic mythology. The worship of the snake has long been a characteristic of the religious rites of the North American Indians. See Ferguson's Tree and Serpent Worship (1861); King's Gnostics (1887); Ophiolatreia (1889); Elworthy's The Evil Eye (1895); Bourke's The Snake Dance of the Moquis (1884); Voth's Oraibi Summer Snake Ceremony (1903); and Oldham's The Sun and the Serpent (1905).

Serpukhov, tn. and riv. pt., Moscow gov., Central Russia, 57 m. s. of Moscow, on the Oka. It has a cathedral dating from 1710, and a variety of manufactures. Pop. (1897) 24,456.

Serpula, a genus of Polychæte

worms, of the family Serpulidæ, whose members construct coiled calcareous tubes, of a whitish color, which are attached to stones or shells. The worms bea on the anterior region a crown of gills, often beautifully colored, which they protrude from the mouth of the tube. On an alarm the gills are instantly withdrawn, and the mouth of the tube is closed by a plug called the operculum. In Ser pula vermicularis,

Serpula (S. vermicularis).

found in fairly deep water, the tube is tapering, about three inches long, and often pinkish in color. In shallow water occurs Pomatoceros triqueter, in which the tube is adherent and keeled on its upper surface. A much smaller and exceedingly abundant form is Spirorbis, in which the tube forms a minute flat spiral, which is fastened to weed. Serra do Mar, mountain range, Brazil, following the coast in the states of Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, and Parana. The valley of the Parahyba R. separates it from the Serra da Mantiqueira on the N. W. It is very rugged near Rio de Janeiro, where its granite peaks attain altitudes of 6,000 to 7,000 ft. It forms the watershed between the narrow coastal strip and the Brazilian plateau.

Serrano y Dominguez, FRANCISCO, DUKE DE LA TORRE (1810-85), Spanish marshal and statesman, born on the island of Leon (Cadiz); took an active part in the Carlist war (1834-9). Elected a member of the Cortes (1839), he assisted Espartero in overthrowing the regency of Queen Christina. He became minister of war in the Lopez cabinet, and governor-general of Cuba (1859-62), when he assisted in the reconquest of Santo Domingo. Returning to Spain, he joined Prim, Sagasta, and others, and was given the command of the revolutionary army against Queen Isabella, whose troops he routed. He formed a provisional government, in which he acted first as president and later as regent (1869-71). He helped to place Amadeus on the throne, and formed (1874) a cabinet which lasted only ten months

Sertorius

In 1872 and 1874 he defeated the Carlists. From 1875 he was leader of the 'dynastic Left.'

Sertorius, QUINTUS (c. 12572 B.C.), Roman general, was a native of Nursia. He fought in the battle of Arausio against the Cimbri in 105 B.C., and was only saved by swimming the Rhone in full armor. Next he shared in Marius's victory over the Teutones at Aqua Sextiæ in 102 B.C., and showed his courage by entering the enemies' camp as a spy before the battle. In 91 he was quæstor, and did good service in the social war of 90 to 89 B.C. On the outbreak of the civil war in 88 B.C. he joined the popular party, and in 87 marched with Cinna against Rome. That Sertorius strongly objected to the massacres which ensued upon the fall of the city he showed, as soon as Marius died, by causing his Celtic troops to cut down Marius's assassins. In 83 Sertorius was prætor, and in the next year governor of Hither Spain. He took refuge in Africa from Sulla. In 80 he was invited by the Lusitanians to lead them against the Romans. He defeated several Roman armies in succession, including one led by Pompey in 77. The war continued until 72, when Sertorius was murdered by Perpenna, his second in command. By the Spaniards he was worshipped for his noble character; he even used their superstition to attach them more closely to him, professing to receive his plans from Diana through a pet white fawn which always accompanied him. He was, in Mommsen's opinion, the ablest Roman before Julius Caesar. He was also an able orator.

Sortularia, a common genus of Hydrozoa, whose species form Some of the sea-firs. The colony is branched and firlike in appear

111

The whole colony is fixed to stones or shells on the sea-bottom.

Serum, a thin alkaline, albuminous fluid, separated from the blood during coagulation, and found in small quantities as exudation from serous membranes. Serum may accumulate to excess in various parts of the body, as in dropsy. Serumtherapy, of comparatively recent origin, is the treatment of disease by the injection of blood-serum, generally of horses. The principle is that which governs vaccination, and is based upon the fact that one attack of certain infectious or contagious diseases renders one immune-i.e. not liable to a second attack. The various serums used are generally styled antitoxins, and each is of use only to combat a particular microbe; and they differ greatly in their value. Antidiphtheritic serum is at present by far the most useful. Others have been devised for use respectively in pneumonia, snake poison, cholera, tuberculosis, typhoid fever, erysipelas, streptococcus infection, tetanus, sarcoma, carcinoma, arterio-sclerosis and bubonic plague.

Serval (Felis serval), a species of cat which is widely distributed throughout Africa. It is of medium size, the total length being about four feet eight inches, of which the tail takes up about sixteen inches. The legs are rather long, and the coat is spotted with black spots on a light ground. Entirely black specimens, however, also occur. As regards the habits not much is known.

Servant. See MASTER AND SERVANT; PRINCIPAL AND AGENT; SERVITUDE.

Servetus, MICHAEL (1511-53), Spanish physician and Anabaptist martyr, born at Tudela in Navarre. He visited Ecolampadius at Basel and Capito at Strassburg. His essay De Trinitatis Erroribus Libri VII., issued in 1531, aroused a good deal of attention. After doing excellent work as editor of a series of scientific volumes for Trechsel of Lyons, he formed a friendship with the physician Campegius (Champier), who advised him to study medicine. At Lyons he first met Calvin. Eventually he became confidential physician to the archbishop of Vienne. Meanwhile his theological studies were gradually leading him to undiluted Socinianism. These he embodied in a work on Christianity, for which he was arrested and brought to trial for heresy; and after a long trial, in which the influence of Calvin was exercised against him, he was condemned to be burned alive, and the sentence was carried out next day. The other chief theological

Servia

works of Servetus were Dialogi de Trinitate (1532), Claudii Ptolemai Alexandrini Geographica Enarratio (1535), Christianismi Restitutio (1553), and Biblia Sacra ex Santis Pagnini Tralatione (1542), See Tollin's Charakterbild Michael Servets (1876), Pünjer's De Michaelis Serveti Doctrina (1876), and J. S. Porter's Servetus and Calvin (1854).

Servia (Slav. Srbija), kingdom of S.E. Europe. separated from Hungary by the Danube and Save. It is a table-land intersected by valleys and traversed by mountain ranges. The highlands of E. Servia form the transition between the Transylvanian Alps and the Balkans. The mountain system reaches its greatest height on the Bulgarian frontier. The highest peaks are Pobyezdin Potok (6,950 ft.) and Midzor (7,170 ft.). The third most important river is the Servian Morava, an affluent of the Danube. There are numerous mineral springs. The climate is temperate, but subject to extreme variations. Annual rainfall, 25 in. The area is 18,630 sq. m. Agriculture is the principal occupation, though extremely primitive; but the land is very fertile. The best corn land is in the valleys of the Morava, Save, and upper Drina. Ilums are the chief fruit, and are used largely for the preparation of slivovitsa, or plum brandy. Tobacco is cultivated; also much hemp. Of still greater importance is cattle rearing. The native breed of horses is of singular strength and endurance. Bee-keeping is declining, but silk culture is greatly on the increase There are large forests. The mining industries, formerly considerable, have only revived quite recently, and are state monc polies. Iron, copper, coal, and lead are the principal minerals. Manufacturing industry is insignificant, the chief branches being flour-milling and brewing. In 1904 the total exports, consisting almost entirely of animals and agricultural produce, amounted to $12,099,236, and the imports to $11,859,932. In addition there is a growing transit trade, which in 1904 reached a total of $3,309,163. The trade of Servia with the United States is insignificant. Pop. (1900) 2,492,882.

The religion of the Servians is Greek Orthodox. The relations with the patriarch of Constantinople are regulated by the Concordat of 1832-6. The head of the Servian Church is the archbishop of Belgrade, and there are bishoprics at Nish, Timok, Shabatz, and Zicha. Education is at a very low stage, although a school exists in every commune. At Belgrade there is a university. Servia is a constitutional

vian monarchy came to an end. The Turkish Sultan, Murad, the conqueror, was stabbed on the field of battle by the Serb Milosh Obilich. After this Servia became a Turkish province. In 1691 large bodies of Serbs settled in Hungary, where their descendants still exist; others followed in 1738 and 1788. Austria gained a considerable part of Servia by the treaty of Posharevac (Passarowitz) in 1718, but lost it again by the treaty of Belgrade in 1739. The Serbs groaned under the Turkish yoke till the beginning of the 19th century, when Kara (Black) George endeavored to

in 1860, and was succeeded by his son Michael. The Turkish inhabitants now withdrew in considerable numbers from the country; but Michael was assassinated by the emissaries of Alexander Karageorgevich on June 10, 1868, and was succeeded by his cousin Milan, who, after a disturbed reign, abdicated (1889) in favor of his son Alexander. By the treaty of Berlin (July, 1878) Servia received a large accession of territory, including the town of Nish, and the prince was made king. In the war between Servia and Bulgaria (1885), in which the former power was the aggressor,

part of Moesia. The Croatian branch of the family was ruled by bans till annexed to Hungary. The Serbs were governed by a series of petty rulers till the time of Stephen Nemanya (1159-95). who became a monk, and aban doned the government to his son Stephen. The reign of Stephen Dushan, who succeeded in 1336, is memorable for his successful campaigns against the Greeks, and the code of laws which he issued in 1349. He died in 1356, and was succeeded by his son Urosh. On June 15, 1389, the Serbs were defeated at the battle of Kossovo (the Field of Blackbirds), in which Lazar, their czar, was killed, and the Ser

rid the country of its oppressors. This chieftain was murdered in 1817 by Milosh Obrenovich. Milosh was declared prince by the National Assembly, and Turkey allowed the country a quasiindependence. Milosh was, however, compelled to abdicate in 1839 in favor of his son Milan, who died soon afterwards, and was succeeded in the same year by his younger brother Michael. In 1842 he also abdicated, and the Serbs chose in his place Alexander Karageorgevich, the son of Black George. His rule lasted till 1859, when he was called upon to resign, and the aged Milosh was summoned from Bucharest. Milosh, however, died

Bartholomew. Zding

the Servians suffered defeat at Slivnica. Milan died in 1901. In 1903 King Alexander and his queen were assassinated by army officers, and Peter, of the house of Karageorgevich, was called to the throne. In the Balkan troubles in 1908, growing out of the annexation by Austria of the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and Herzegovina and the sanjak of NoviBazar, the Servians became greatly excited, issued a general call to arms, appealed to the Powers for protection against an croachment on their territory by Austria, and, after being warned by the Powers to maintain peace, agreed to await an adjustment of their claims by the Powers in

en

Servian Literature

conference. See Vivian's Servia (1897) and The Servian Tragedy (1904). Tuma's Serbian (1894), Ranke's Serbien und die Türkei im 19. Jahrhundert (1879), Miller's The Balkans (1896), and A. de Gubernatis's La Serbie et les Serbes (1898).

the

Servian Literature.-In 13th century we have biographies of St. Simeon, St. Sabbas, and of Servian kings and archbishops. In 1349 there is the legal code (Zakonik) of Stephen Dushan. The Servian chronicles are mere compilations, but in the second period

the fine collection of ballads which has become celebrated throughout Europe seems to have been in process of formation. The first collection was published in 1824 by Vuk Stephanovich, who was mainly instrumental in raising Servian to the dignity of a literary language. During this period Ragusa (Dubrovnik) was a great centre of Slavonic culture. Its development was chiefly owing to the proximity of the richly endowed Italian cities. The main products were lyrical poetry and the lyrical drama. Among the poets may be mentioned Lucic (1480-1540); Hektorovich (14861572); Cubranovich (d. c. 1550), the author of Yegyupka, or the Gypsy; and Zlatarich (1556– 1610). The chief poet, however, was Gundulich (1588-1638). His epic Osman celebrates the victory of the Poles over the Turks at Khotin. After the earthquake of 1667 Ragusa never recovered its former position. In spite of the galling Turkish yoke, which checked all national feeling, the Serbs had not entirely forgotten their past. Dositei Obradovich (1739-1811) and Raich (1720-1801) were two considerable scholars who labored for the welfare of their countrymen. But the most prominent worker in the cause of the national awakening was, as already stated, Vuk Stephanovich (1787-1864), who published a grammar and a dictionary of his native language. He was followed by some remarkable writers, such as Mushitski (17771837) and Milutinovich (17911847). The most celebrated of the poets of modern times have been Stanko Vraz (1810-51), by birth a Slovene; Radichevich, who died (1853) at the age of twenty-nine; and Preradovich (1818-72), a general in the Austrian army. Of living writers the more important are the poets Yovanovich, Ilich, and Prince Nicholas of Montenegro; the novelist Lazarevich; the dramatists Kostich and Tsvetich, and the historians Novakovich and Kovacevich. The Glasnik (Messenger') and Rad ('Work') are two important literary journals; the former appears VOL. XL-8

tres.

113

at Belgrade, and the latter at Agram, the two intellectual cenSee Safarik's Geschichte der Südslawischen Litteratur (186164), and Pypin and Spasovich's Geschichte der Slawischen Litteraturen (1880).

Service, MUSICAL. Until the time of Ambrose, elected bishop of Milan in 374, church music was without uniformity. Ambrose arranged the chanting of the psalms according to the system of the tetrachords, and set the hymns to Greek melodies. A very complete change was effected by Pope Gregory the Great (590-604). The Gregorian service systematized the plain-song of the church, and eliminated the Oriental ornaments and subdivision of interIvals which had characterized the system of Ambrose. Harmony, however, was not attempted. By the side of this plain church music gradually grew up the melodic and metrical music of the people. Franco of Cologne (11th century) has been called "the father of mensurable music.' Harmonized and metrical hymns became very popular wherever the Reformation spread. The English liturgy was set to music by such men as Merbecke, Tye, Tallis, Byrd, and Morley. The great hymns (Te Deum, Sanctus, Gloria in Excelsis, Magnificat, etc.), which the Roman Catholic Church sings in the Latin tongue, were translated into the vernacular by the Church of England, and they have been set to music by many composers for the use of non-Roman Catholic churches. An injunction of Queen Elizabeth permitted metrical psalms and hymns before and after any service. Anthems (that is, musical settings of portions of Scripture or of the liturgy) were recognized as a stated part of divine service about this time.

In modern times the anthem frequently employs non-scriptural or non-liturgic words. In 1551 Sternhold and Hopkins's rendering of the Psalter was issued. A more adequate setting of the Psalms was published by T. Este in 1592, with complete harmonies. Thomas Tallis, the father of English cathedral music,' first harmonized the responses in the morning and evening prayer. His setting is still commonly used wherever choral services are adopted.

The term 'service' is employed in two senses: first, to designate any religious function, with or without music; second, as a collective term, to comprise a set of pieces including all of the musical portions of a stated function; for instance, Stainer's Communion Service in F, Best's Evening Service, Merbecke's Burial Service,

Service of Process

Tours's Morning, Communion, and Evening Service in F. In this country modern church music and organ building received their greatest impetus about the middle of the 19th century by the support afforded them in Trinity Parish, New York. Musical services of high character were instituted by Dr. Edw. Hodges, continued by Dr. H. S. Cutler, and brought to their best development by Dr. A. H. Messiter during his term of nearly thirty years as organist of Trinity Church. The musical uplift which originated in these services has been felt throughout the country, and has extended, to a greater or less extent, into all of the non-Roman Catholic denominations. Much of the music composed for Protestant Episcopal churches has been found useful as anthems in other churches, and many American composers who have made reputations in other branches have entered the field of church music.

The elaborate music of Roman Catholic churches received a setback by the edict of Pope Pius X. prescribing plainer musical settings, and calling for the abolition of women's voices in choirs, in order to substitute boys' voices, wherever practicable.

The music of the orthodox Russian church is entirely vocal, organs and other instruments being absent from their churches. Much of their music is in eight-part harmony, and many beautiful effects are obtained.

A characteristic feature of the modern Jewish service is the antiphonal singing by the 'cantor' and choir. The cantor occupies a reading desk near that of the rabbi.

Among the principal masters of modern church music may be named Goss, Wesley, Garrett, Stainer, Sullivan, Stanford, Mar tin, Tours, Bridge (of Westmin ster Abbey), Dudley Buck, Ho. ratio Parker, Gilchrist, Shelley, and others. The hymn-tunes of Lowell Mason (1792-1872) retain their old-time popularity among all denominations.

Service of Process. It is a general rule that a person must be notified and given an opportunity to be heard before final judicial action can be taken against him. This notification of the commencement of legal proceedings is usually given by the service of process upon the defendant. To secure a judgment in personam, which may be sued upon in any state and must be recognized by all states, there must be personal service of a summons or other process upon the defendant personally within the jurisdiction of the court. In many states there are provisions for 'substituted service' or service by publication

upon persons without the state. This is effected by actual service without the state, or by publication of the process in one or more newspapers; but upon such service only a judgment binding upon the property of the defendant within the state can be obtained. Service may sometimes be made by tacking the process upon the door of the house of a person who avoids service, or by handing it to a member of his household and mailing him a copy. Service upon an individual is made by handing him the process, and if he refuses to take it, by laying it down in his presence and informing him of its contents. Service on a corporation is effected by service of one of its officers designated by statute; and on a partnership by service of one of the partners;, upon an infant by handing him a copy and delivering one to his guardian, and the same rule applies to persons of unsound mind. Certain process must be served by an officer of the court, but in code states the summons, and many legal papers having the effect of process, may be served by any person over the age of 18 years. Appearance is generally held to cure defects or Irregularities in the service of process. Service of process on Sunday is void, but in most states it may be served on public holidays. See PRIVILEGE; PROCEDURE; PROCESS.

Service Tree, a European tree

Service Tree.

1, Calyx and pistil; 2, fruit.

(Sorbus domestica) which bears panicles of cream-colored flowers in May, followed by red-spotted fruits, which are sometimes kept till soft and brown, and then eaten.

Servile Wars, wars of slaves or mercenaries against their mas

ters. The first known in history was the one waged by the Carthaginian mercenaries against Carthage itself. Those troops which had been transported from Sicily to Africa after the first Punic War, being unable to obtain their arrears of pay, very nearly brought Carthage to ruin before they were vanquished (238 B.C.). In 134 B.C. the slaves of the Roman patricians, goaded by ill-usage, rose in Sicily, and defeated the prætors and the consul Fulvius Flaccus, but were overcome by the consul P. Rupilius in 132 B.C. The second serIvile war of Rome also broke out in Sicily. This rising was crushed by the consul M. Aquilius in 101 B.C. But the most dangerous rising was that of the gladiators under Spartacus, who, with seventy companions, having fled from their school at Capua, roused the slaves, drilled them, and supplied them with arms. Defeat after defeat fell upon the Romans, until Crassus at length subdued them (72 B.C.).

Servilius. PUBLIUS SERVILIUS CASCA. See CASCA.

Servites, a religious community founded (1233) by seven merchants of Florence, who adopted a modified Augustinian rule and retired to Monte Senario near Florence. In 1424 Pope Martin V. constituted them a mendicant order. Their distinctive color is black. See Heimbucher's Orden und Kongregationen (1896).

Servitude. In the civil law, a right of user in the real or personal property of another. In our law such a right over real property is known as an easement (q.v.); and a right to use the personal property is a form of bailment (q.v.).

The term is also employed to denote a form of personal service by freemen, formerly recognized by the English law, and which prevailed in the English colonies, including those in America, in the 17th and 18th centuries. It was based upon contract, but there were some incidents imposed by law or usurped by masters and having the force of customs. The masters' rights resembled those of a slave-owner to a limited extent, and included the right of control and punishment, of transferring his rights, etc. The servant was generally entitled to support, medical attendance, etc., and a certificate of freedom at the end of his term of service. It was abolished by statute or fell into disuse early in the 19th century. The law relating to apprentices is a modern form of the law of servitude. See EASEMENT; SLAVERY.

Servius Tullius. See ROME.

Sesame, or GINGELLY, a name given to the tropical herbaceous plant Sesamum indicum, a mem

ber of the order Pedaliaceæ. See also BENNE-OIL.

Sesamoid Bones are usually small, rounded masses, cartilaginous in early life, but osseous in the adult, and are developed in tendons which glide over bony prominences. The largest is the patella or knee-cap, situated in the tendon which passes downwards in front of the knee-joint.

Sesamum. See BENNE-OIL.

Sesostris, the Hellenized name of an ancient Egyptian king who is said to have carried his conquests as far as India. It is probable he has been confused with later conquerors, such as Sethos I., Usertesen II., and Rameses II. At all events, the facts of his life are enveloped in legend. From his conquests in the East he brought back an immense number of captives, whom he set to work upon great architectural undertakings.

Sessa Aurunca, tn., prov. Caserta, Italy, 32 m. N.N.W. of Naples. It has an old cathedral and Roman remains (amphitheatre, etc.), and is a wine-growing centre. Pop. (1901) 22,077.

Session, COURT OF. See COURT OF SESSION.

Sesterce, ancient Roman money of account. Its original value was two and a half asses,

Roman Sestertius.

until made (217 B.C.) equal to four asses, a quarter of a denarius: its value in English money was then two and one-tenth of a penny.

Sestius, or SEXTIUS, PUBLIUS, Roman politician, was quæstor in 63 B.C. He aided Cicero in suppressing the conspiracy of Catifine, and it was also largely owing to him that the army of Antonius, the other consul, defeated Catiline's forces in Etruria. He became tribune in 57 B.C., and did much to promote Cicero's recall from banishment. In 56 Clodius, as ædile, caused him to be prosecuted on the charge of bribery at the elections. Cicero defended him, and he was acquitted. In 53 he was prætor. In 49, at the outbreak of the civil war, he was with Pompey, but soon joined Cæsar, who in 48 sent him to Cappadocia. See Cicero's Pro Sestio.

Sestos, an ancient Geek town in Thrace, on the northern side of the Hellespont. It was founded by Æolian colonists, and is famous in fiction as the home of Hero, the beloved of Leander. See LEANDER.