tures in 1905 returned 98 industrial establishments, with $12,576,799 capital, and products to the value of $10,086,648. The mineral water bottled here bears a high reputation and is extensively shipped throughout the country. Some of the largest coal docks on the Great Lakes are situated here, and large shipments are made to the Northwest. The more important institutions are the St. Nicholas Hospital, the County Hospital for the Chronic Insane, and the Carnegie Library. The court house, German Bank Building, High School, and the Catholic church are notable buildings. The public park contains a soldiers' monument. Sheboygan is much visited as a

tween God in His transcendent glory and man came such intermediaries as the shechinah. The shechinah was specially thought to dwell between the cherubim above the mercy-seat of the ark in the temple at Jerusalem. Its form of a cloud of light was suggested by Ex. 40:34.

Shedd, WILLIAM GREENOUGH THAYER (1820-94), American divine, born at Acton, Mass., and graduated (1839) at the University of Vermont, and at Auburn Theological Seminary in 1843. In 1844 he was ordained pastor of the Congregational Church at Auburn, Vt., and from 1845 to 1852 was professor of English literature at his alma mater. He was professor of sacred rhetoric in

summer resort. It was settled in 1836, incorporated as a village in 1846, and received a city charter in 1853. Pop. (1910) 26.398.

Shechem, tn., Palestine, on saddle between Mounts Ebal and Gerizim, and in Ephraim, on the highroad from Jerusalem to the north. Abimelech, the son of Gideon, destroyed the town. Because of its central situation, Jeroboam, king of Israel, made it his capital, but it was forsaken for Tirzah and Samaria. It was rebuilt by Vespasian, and named Flavia Neapolis; hence its modern name of Nablus. Near it lie the traditional sites of Jacob's well and Joseph's tomb. It was a holy place to the Samaritans. Justin Martyr was born here.

Shechinah, a word often used in the Targums. Where the Hebrew text speaks of God dwelling in a place, the Targum translates, 'God causes His shechinah to dwell there' (cj. Gen. 9:27 ff., and Isa. 33:5). Later Judaism, being shy of using the simpler phrases of an early religion, conceived that be

Auburn Seminary during 1852-4, and professor of church history in Andover Theological Seminary from 1854 to 18C2. He then held a New York city pastorate for a year, and in 1863 accepted the chair of Biblical literature in Union Theological Seminary, New York, changing to that of systematic theology in 1874, and retiring as professor emeritus in 1890. His numerous theological writings include Lectures on the Philosophy of History (1856), A History of Christian Doctrine (1865), Homiletics and Pastoral Theology (1867), The Doctrine of Endless Punishment (1886), Dogmatic Theology (1889-94), Orthodoxy and Heterodoxy (1893), Calvinism Pure and Mixed (1893).

Shee, SIR MARTIN ARCHER (1769-1850), Irish portrait painter, born in Dublin. In 1791 he exhibited his first whole-length portrait, W. T. Lewis, the actor (in National Gallery, London), a striking and individual work; in 1798 he was elected A.R.A., and in 1880 full member. On the death

of Lawrence he became president of the Academy (1830). He also wrote Rhymes on Art (1805); a tragedy, Alasco (1824); and Oldcourt (1829), a novel. See Lije, by M. A. Shee (1860).

Sheen. See RICHMOND. Sheep, a ruminant belonging to the genus Ovis of the Bovine family, covered with a woolly fleece varying in length, fineness, and other characteristics. It is one of the oldest of the domestic animals, and has been of great usefulness to man, supplying material for clothing-first as skins with the fleece attached and later as woven fabrics, and with flesh and milk for food. Sheep-raising has preceded civilization in nearly every part of the world, and was peculiarly suited to the nomadic life and needs of primitive peoples.

The wild progenitors of the sheep are unknown, but are most commonly supposed to have been the musimon, the mouflon, or the argali. Sheep are subject to marked variation as a result of environment, soil, feed, climate, and treatment, and this in itself served to bring about different types. The tendency was early taken advantage of by man, and, together with selection and breeding, has led to the high development of the animal and the formation of numerous breeds with well-defined characteristics. The mcst noticeable of these special qualities are differences in the length and finencss of the wool, in the size of the animal, and the presence or absence of horns; but there are also wide differences in the mutton qualities, feeding qualities, hardiness, and special adaptations to climate and to market requirements.

Sheep are classified according to their wool into fine or shortwooled, medium, and long or coarse-wooled breeds. All of the fine-wooled sheep of this country are derived from the Spanish Merino, which is believed to be the oldest race of domesticated sheep. These sheep were highly developed in Spain, which long controlled the wool market of the world, and their exportation was prohibited except by royal favor down to the beginning of the 19th century. Merinos were imported into Saxony in 1756, where the wool was brought to an unprecedented condition of fineness, and into France in 1786, where they formed the basis of the Rambouillet or French Merino. It has not been very successfully propagated in Great Britain, as the moist climate is not favorable to the production of the finest grades of wool, and moreover the breed is deficient in mutton qualities. It has formed the basis of the vast flocks of Australia and New Zealand. It was im

ported into the United States early in the 19th century, and from these importations have resulted the American and the Delaine Merinos. The American Merino has great general adaptability at both climate and feed, stands rough treatment, and privations as to food and shelter, and is very valuable for crossing upon grades to secure finer wool. The fleece lies in wrinkles over the entire body, extending to the hoofs and nearly to the tip of the nose. It is the heaviest in proportion to the weight of the animal of any breed, the fleece of mature rams averaging 15 to 20 lbs. and of mature ewes 12 to 15 lbs. The Delaine Merinos are larger, of better mutton qualities, and have longer fleece of wool, which is nearly or quite as heavy. The Rambouillets are larger sheep, and although the wool is similar, the fleece is not so heavy in proportion to the size of the animal.

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The medium or middle-wooled breeds include the Down breeds of England, the Southdown, Suffolk, Hampshire, Oxford, Shropshire, and Dorset. These breeds originated in the chalk hills of Southern England, which have been the home of a race of short-wooled sheep since history began. They are typical mutton sheep, the Southdown, Shropshires, and Suffolk being of especial excellence in this respect. Some of the Down breeds, like the Southdown, Dorset and Shropshire, are rather small sheep, while the Oxford and Hampshire are of good size, nearly or quite as large as the Leicester. All except the Dorset are hornless, and several have dark-brown or black faces. The wool is short to medium and

quite fine, but the fleece averages lighter than that of the Merino or the long-wooled breeds. It ranges from 5-7 lbs. in the case of the Southdown, which produces the finest wool of this class, to 10-12 lbs. in the case of the Oxforddown, which yields the coarsest wool of the Down breeds. The Cheviot, also classed as a medium-wooled sheep, is a mountain breed and contrasts strongly with the Down sheep in external appearance. It is larger and more rangy than the Southdown, adapted to a wider range of conditions, and carries a heavier fleece of wool, the average weight being 8 to 10 lbs. The Cheviot wool is said to be coarser than formerly.

The principal long-wooled breeds are the Leicester, Lincoln and Cotswold. They are of English origin, usually white faced, and somewhat coarse in flesh. The Leicester is interesting as being the first breed to be improved by skilful breeding, under Robert Bakewell, and has been much used in

the improvement of all the other long-wooled breeds. The Lincoln is considerably the largest and heaviest of the domesticated breeds. Its fleece weighs 12 to 14 lbs., and in fineness is about the same as that of the Leicester, which weighs less-9 to 11 lbs. The Cotswold is next to the Lincoln in size, and clips 11 to 14 tbs. of wool, which is coarser than the Lincoln.

Sheep-raising has been chiefly carried on where pastures are available to furnish feed for a large part of the year. Sheep thrive best when given a wide range, and as they feed where cattle could not live, and can withstand hardships, scanty vegetation and water, the industry has been popular and profitable in regions where there were extensive areas of cheap land. Hence it has assumed the greatest proportions in Australia, New Zealand, Argentina, the western United States, parts of Russia, and South Africa. These have become the principal sheep-raising regions, although sheep raised in large numbers in Great Britain, France, Spain and other European countries, and usually under much more careful systems of management. In this country sheep-raising was formerly quite extensive in New England and the Middle States, but changes in prices, the tariff, and other conditions caused it to be pushed on to the West, where free range could be had. At present it has assumed considerable proportions in the Middle West, and is on the increase. The increased demand for lamb and mutton has had much to do with this, as well as the favorable tariff conditions.

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In the eastern United States sheep need winter shelter, as they suffer if exposed to driving rains and snow which keeps their fleece wet, although they will endure almost any amount of cold if it is dry. A shed which can be closed up in extreme weather is sufficient protection except at lambing time, and there should be open yards for the sheep to run in in pleasant weather. Sheep may be wintered on straw, corn fodder, or other coarse fodder, although for breeding ewes good clover or alfalfa hay is the best coarse fodder, with a grain ration of oats (unground), peas or bran, and some silage or roots. In England the practice is to 'flush' the ewes, that is, ' to feed them heavily for 2 or 3 weeks before breeding, to secure more twin lambs. The period of pregnancy for sheep is about 21 weeks. Lambing time is a critical period and requires the constant attendance of the shepherd to look after the ewes and young lambs, especially if there are twins. Grain is often fed to lambs before

weaning, as well as after. For this purpose ground corn is excellent, with coarsely cracked peas, and bran after they get older. A mixed ration of corn, oats, and peas is safe and well relished. Dwarf Essex rape is much prized for lambs, and gives an enormous yield of green fodder. The crop can be cut several times, and pastured off in the fall. Sheep pastured on alfalfa are liable to bloat, old sheep being quite as subject to it as young lambs. They should be accustomed to the feed gradually and not turned on it when they are hungry or thirsty. It is better to keep them on the pasture night and day, to prevent their eating too ravenously. A pasture of clover, smooth broom-grass, and orchard grass is preferred by many sheep men to clover alone, as it gives a better balanced ration and is less likely to injure the sheep.

'Hot-house' lambs are lambs born late in the fall or early in the winter, and forced for 10 or 12 weeks or more, and killed for the early market when the prices are good. One of the difficulties in growing winter lambs is to get the ewes to breed early enough. The Dorset ewes breed three months or so earlier than other breeds, and this characteristic seems to be transmitted when the breed is crossed with other breeds.

In the West where sheep raising is conducted on an extensive scale the methods of management are very different from those in the East. There a sheep-raiser will have from 4,000 to 100,000 sheep, which are divided into flocks or bands of 2,000 to 3,000 each. Each band is under the constant care of a herder, assisted by one

or

two dogs. The sheep are taken to the feeding ground in the morning and allowed to spread out, but not to stray away. They keep close together for the most part, and at night are rounded up near the herder's tent for protection against wild animals. They soon learn the habit of keeping close together, and lie quietly. The herder lives all alone, moving camp as often as necessary to secure good grazing, and visited at intervals by the supply wagon. Formerly the sheep were grazed almost entirely upon the public domain, but, with the settling up of the country and the competition with the cattle-raisers, the open range has become insufficient, and the custom of leasing large tracts or acquiring these by purchase is becoming more common among sheep men, as well as cattle men. In many cases, however, the sheep man does not own or lease his range. There has been keen and bitter strife between the sheep men and

the cattle men for grazing ground, which has several times broken out in open wartare. Sheep graze much closer than cattle, taking every green thing as they pass over the ranges, and it is claimed that for this reason they permanently injure the range. Doubtless much of it has been injured by too close feeding and by pulling up the herbage by the roots. late the Federal forest reserves have been leased for grazing under certain restrictions intended to prevent permanent injury.

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Formerly little feeding was done in the winter, although a comparatively small amount of hay was put up for feeding if necessity demanded. The necessity had, however, to be very great, occasioned by extreme weather and deep snows, which prevented the sheep from getting at the feed. This is still the case to some extent in the Southwest, and even in parts of Wyoming and Montana sufficient forage for sheep is found in the mountains throughout the year. Under such conditions sheep can be managed at a cost of 75 cents to $1 a head annually. The winter range is usually near the ranch house; but after shearing and lambing time the sheep are driven into the mountains and pastured there until the snow of late fall forces them out into the valleys.

Under the old system of range management there was little possibility of improving the herds. Water was not readily accessible and was frequently foul and dangerous; there was little winter feeding, which resulted in periods of semi-starvation; and there were no buildings or sheds for protection from the extreme cold. There are now a considerable number of sheep-raisers who provide better conditions, grow alfalfa hay in large quantities in the irrigable valleys for winter feeding, and provide feeding corrals and sheds at the winter quarters. Better rams are used than formerly, and crosses formed which give better lamb and mutton, while preserving the wool production. A general purpose of sheep-bearing wool of medium fineness is preferred by the sheepraisers of the Northwest. Coarsewooled bucks, Lincoln or Cotswold, are used for two or three years, and then to prevent the wool becoming too coarse change is made to the Merino type, the Rambouillet being popular for this purpose. In the Southwest the Merinos still predominate.

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Shearing is an important part of the season's operations on a large ranch. This is done in spring, after lambing, and usually by professional shearers, who start in the extreme southwest

in the early spring, and gradually work northward, the season ending in Montana about the middle of July. These men become so expert that they are able to average 100 sheep a day, and the record runs as high as 250. Handshearing was formerly practised, but this is being superseded on large establishments by machine shearing. With these, more wool is secured (fromto 1 lb. per sheep), the fleece is left evener, and there is less danger of cutting the animals. The shearing plants are operated by a gasoline engine, and are equipped with all the way from 10 to 40 clippers. Thus the labor of shearing a flock of several thousand may be accomplished within a few days. See also WOOL.

The following recent American books upon sheep and sheepraising may be consulted: Rushworth's The Sheep (Buffalo, 1899); Wing's Sheep-Farming in America (Chicago, 1905); Shaw's The Study of Breeds (New York, 1901); Dodge's Sheep and Wool, U. Ś. Department of Agriculture, Report 66 (Washington, 1900); Wilcox's Sheep Ranching in the Western States, in Annual Report Bureau of Animal Industry (Washington, 1903); Craig's Sheep-Feeding, Farmers' Bulletin 49 (Washington, 1897); Curtiss's Raising Sheep for Mutton, Farmers' Bulletin 96 (Washington, 1899); Stewart's The Domestic Sheep, its Culture and General Management (Chicago, 1898).

DISEASES.-Parasitic. Among parasitic attacks fluke disease, or fiver rot, has been known since the 16th century, and is very widespread. Flukes commonly exist in the bile ducts, but it is only when the conditions are favorable that they are ingested in sufficient numbers to produce disease. They do not breed in the liver, only become matured there, and are then passed out with the fæces. Their further development is traced at LIVER FLUKE. The chief predisposing causes are wet seasons, and the pasturing of sheep on undrained, low-lying lands. Invasion takes place during the autumn months. From six weeks to three months elapse before the symptoms appear. The first symptom is followed by gradual anæmia, diarrhoea, and death in from three to six months. Common salt given in the food or placed within access of sheep is useful. Sheep on salt marshes do not suffer from the rot. Infected lands should be ploughed up, salted, or dressed with lime. Burning the grass is a good preventive. Curative treatment is useless. The flesh is wholesome in the early stages of this disease.

Parasitic bronchitis. 'husk,' or 'hoose,' is a troublesome dis

order affecting lambs more than adult sheep. The cause is the presence of thread-like worms (generally Strongylus filaria) in the air-passages. The symptoms are fits of coughing, discharge from the nostrils, difficult breathing, diarrhoea, and less of condition. Isolate the worst cases. Fumigations with sulphur, iodine, and chlorine are useful. The, whole flock should be dosed several times in succession with vermifuge remedies. Intratracheal injections of turpentine are beneficial in bad cases. After treatment the flock should be moved to fresh pastures. Good feeding is very essential to maintain strength. Prevention consists in avoiding pastures for lambs that have been much grazed by sheep.

Gid is caused by the cystic form of the Tania ca nurus of the dog. The ova of this worm, dropped on pastures by dogs and foxes, are ingested by sheep, develop into bladder-worms in their brains, cause giddiness, loss of cerebral function, disease, and death. Treatment is useless. Sheep should be butchered and the head burned. The disease occurs rarely in Montana.

Sheep scab is a parasitic skin affection caused by acarids, which bite the skin, and live on the serous fluid. Scab damages the wool, the skins, and the health of the sheep, besides placing owners under troublesome legal restrictions. It is highly contagious. The parasites are just visible to the naked eye. They cause an intense itching. The wool falls off in patches, or hangs in ragged tufts. Crusts or scabs form on the skin where the discharge dries, and under these the parasites shelter. The back and shoulders are the parts chiefly affected. Affected sheep lose flesh and may die of exhaustion if not treated. This consists of isolation and repeated dipping in lime-sulphur or some other dip.

The louse or tick (Melophagus ovinus) is an external parasite troublesome to sheep. See SHEEP

LOUSE.

Infective or Bacterial-Variola ovina, or sheep-pox, has been known since the 13th century. It is very similar to smallpox of man. The disease does not occur in this country.

Anthrax attacks sheep in an acute form, and causes death in a few hours. The Bacillus anthracis is found in the blood. The disease known as 'braxy' in Scotland is believed to be anthrax. Protective inoculation is not very successful. Black leg is a serious disease affecting sheep, and is due to the presence of micro-organisms in the subcutaneous tissues. The affected limb or quarter becomes much