and long-and interfered with consistency in phonetic pairing, which was carried out in some cases by thickening and in others by lengthening, (4.) Joined vowels. In detached-vowel systems an initial or final vowel may occasionally be joined to a consonant. But in the recent script systems it is the rule to join to the consonants all vowels that are written, these being generally provided for by small hooks or circles. One result is that in order to attain sufficient brevity only the first few characters (consonants and vowels) are written, the end of a long word being dropped altogether. As many words of quite different meanings begin with the same letters, this is apt to cause confusion; and, on the whole, those systems are most legible in which the consonant outline is written, with necessary vowels shown.

Abbreviations.-The principles of abbreviation employed are so numerous that only one or two examples can be stated here. In Pitman's and other systems the lorr so often coalescing with a preceding consonant (as in the combinations bl, fr) is represented by prefixing a hook to the sign for such consonant, and certain final consonants (and syllables like tion) are shown by final hooks or circles. In J. M. Sloan's system, thickening a consonant implies the addition of r; a small circle is often used for s instead of its alphabetic character; several words connected by the sense may be joined together as a phrase.' See 'Principles used in Shorthand,' by E. Pocknell, in Shorthand, vol. iii., p. 2 (1886).

Some systems have been constructed so as to require the use of horizontal lines like the musical stave, or special cross-ruled paper, the position of the letters with respect to the lines being of great importance. In one such system a special place was thus allotted to each consonant, and in writing a word the first consonant could be altogether omitted, the second being commenced in the position assigned to the first; and it was claimed that a reporter could thus go to a meeting with part of a speech in his note-book! Some systems have specially aimed at lineality in writing. This was a feature of Byrom's. In W. G. Spencer's, devised about 1833, and first published in 1894 by his son Herbert Spencer, it is claimed that only six English words, with their compounds, will not keep the line of writing. E. Guest's system (1882) was an attempt to express every syllable by a single pen-stroke, an object very desirable, but attainable only by the sacrifice of simplicity.

The student desiring a good system may be recommended to learn phonography, if prepared to devote some time to its acquisition. An easier and yet a_practical system is that of A. Janes, founded on Taylor's, and now known as Aristos shorthand (1904). Several systems of so-called musical shorthand have been devised, with the object of taking down musical compositions while these are being performed. See the Histories of Shorthand, by J. H. Lewis (1816), Matthias Levy (1862), Thomas Anderson (1882), and Isaac Pitman (1891); the Bibliographies of Shorthand, by J. E. Rockwell (issued by the United States Bureau of Education; 2d ed. 1885) and John Westby-Gibson (1887).

Shorthouse, JOSEPH HENRY (1834-1903), English novelist, was born in Birmingham, where he became a manufacturer of chemicals. In 1881 he published his romance, John Inglêsant (new ed. 1903), and its remarkable qualities both of matter and manner attracted much attention. It was followed by The Little Schoolmaster Mark (1883), Sir Percival (1886), A Teacher of the Violin (1888), The Countess Eve (1888), and Blanche, Lady Falaise (1891). He also published an essay On the Platonism of Wordsworth (1882), and an ed. of Herbert's The Temple (1882). See Life and Letters of J. H. Shorthouse, ed. by his wife (1905).

Short-sightedness.

ΟΡΙΑ.

See My

Shoshone Falls, celebrated waterfall in Snake R., S. Idaho, descends first 30 ft. through several rocky channels, and then in one sheet, 1,000 ft. in width, over 190 ft.

Shoshones, or SNAKES, one of the great divisions of th N. American Indians, whose original domain extended from Oregon and Idaho nearly to the Gulf of Mexico, and from Montana and Wyoming to the Pacific Ocean. They now number 18,850. The Shoshone stock language, of which there are over forty distinct dialects, shows strong phonetic and some lexical affinities with Aztec. This fact lends support to the now generally accepted theory that the Aztec and other Nahua tribes came from beyond the Rio Grande and belonged to the Shoshone connection. (See AZTECS.) The chief divisions of this stock are the Bannock, Comanche, Paiute, Shoshone and Ute. As a whole, the Shoshones were roving Indians, similar to the Sioux and other tribes of the Great Plains. No systematic study of their ethnology has been made.

Shoshong, former capital of the Bamangwato people, who, to

the number of 400,000, occupied 150,000 sq. m. of N. Bechuanaland, S. Africa. It has been superseded by Palapwe.

Shotgun. A term employed to denote a small, smooth-bore firearm, single or double-barreled, designed to fire a charge of shot pellets at short range. For a history of the development of this weapon, see the articles on GUNS, and on SHOOTING. The most commonly used shotgun is the double-barreled type of 12 gauge. Such a gun, with the ordinary game load, should, at 30 yards, spread the shot over a thirty-inch circle, and so uniformly as to leave no space large enough to admit of the escape of a bird as large, say, as a quail. A stronger shooting gun, i.e. one which will propel shot farther, is required for ducks and for ruffed grouse, The regularity of a gun's 'pattern' (i.e. the area over which the shot is scattered) depends upon the quality, as well as upon the size of the shot, the kind and quantity of powder used, and the boring of gun barrels. As to the former point, as a general thing the harder the shot pellets are (it is, of course, essential that they shall be of uniform size), the closer and the more regular the pattern will be. For this reason, 'chilled' (i.e. hardened) shot is preferred for ducks, and other birds of thick plumage, and for the swift flying and hardy ruffed grouse.

The repeating shotgun, provided with a magazine carrying four or five shells, and operated by a mechanism similar in principle to those used for repeating rifles, has been brought to a high state of efficiency. Many sportsmen are prejudiced against these guns, because the rapidity with which they can be used lessens the need of skill on the part of the shooter, and increases the mere 'slaughter' of game. This class of sportsmen are, naturally, even more violently opposed to 'automatic' shotguns -weapons in which the recoil is used to reload the gun, making very rapid hre possible. Their use is forbidden in some states.

Shoulder, a ball and socket joint, the large, globular head of the humerus being received into the shallow, glenoid cavity of the scapula. It is well supplied with blood-vessels and nerves, and is capable of movement in every direction. Movements of the scapula at the coraco-clavicular articulation and of the clavicle at the sterno-clavicular joint increase the range of elevation of the arm, and strengthen the shoulder by furnishing an elastic spring whose mobility diminishes the risk of sudden strain. From the anatomical structure, how

York Rapid Transit Commission. Afterwards he became consulting engineer to the N. Y. Metropolitan Elevated R. R. Co., and engineer-in-chief to the Brooklyn Elevated R. R. He was author of The Strength of Bridges and Roofs (1873).

Shreveport, city, La., co. seat of Caddo par., 170 m. w. by N. of Vicksburg, on the Red R., and on Tex. and Pac., the St. L. and S. W., the Kan. City S., the Houst. and Shreve., the Mo., Kan. and Tex., the La. Ry. and Nav. Co., and the Queen and Cres. R. Rs. It is a commercial centre, shipping cotton and lumber. The industrial establishments include cotton-seed oil mills, lumber mills, a furniture factory, and machine shops. Other products are beer, ice, molasses, candy, flour, etc. The census of manufactures in 1905 returned 65 industrial establishments, with $2,696,088 capital, and an output valued at $2,921,923. The district raises considerable cotton, and has a supply of natural gas, which is piped into the city. Oil also is found in the vicinity. Shreveport was settled in 1833 and incorporated six years later. Pop. (1900) 16,013;

28.015.

(1910)

Shrew, a family (Soricida) of Insectivora, whose members are mouse-like in appearance. Shrews are characterized by their long and pointed snouts, by the rounded ears, pressed close to the sides of

Pigmy Shrew.

the head, and by the nature of the teeth. The first upper incisors are always different from the other teeth, being long and sickle-shaped, usually with a cusp posteriorly, while the corresponding teeth in the lower jaw project horizontally forward and are also long. With one exception shrews have never more than six teeth at each side of the lower jaw. The animals are found through the greater part of the E. hemisphere, and also in N. America. There are a large number of living species. The habits are very retiring. The diet consists of insects, worms, snails, and slugs, and even the flesh of weaker members of the same species, for the animals are fiercely pugnacious. The shrew in its turn is attacked by weasels, cats, and owls. Shrews are furnished with scent glands, se creting a substance of strong and disagreeable odor. This is apparently a means of defence. In

winter shrews hibernate. North America has several genera and many species, of which the best known are the short-tailed (Bla

Common Shrew.

rina) and the least, long-tailed shrew (Sorex). Others are aquatic in habit. See Stone and Cram, American Animals (1902), and Ingersoll's Life of Mammals (1906). To the genus Crocidura, or muskshrews, belong the largest members of the family. A large number of species are known, of which C. suaveolens is European, while C. caerulea, which may reach a length of six inches, is the so-called musk-rat of India. To the genus Anurosorex belong two Central Asiatic species, which in some points of structure and in habits closely resemble the mole.

Shrew Mole, or WEB-FOOTED MOLE (Scalops aquaticus), the American representative of the Old World mole (Talpa). In gen

Shrew Mole (Scalops aquaticus).

eral appearance the animal closely resembles a mole; but the hind feet are webbed, the tail is short and nearly naked, and there are only thirty-six in place of fortyfour teeth. The genus is exclusively American. Related are

Shrew Mole (Condylura cristata).

two other genera Scapanus, including the hairy-tailed moles; and Condylura, with the single species C. cristata, the star-nose of N. America. The star-nose, or star-nosed mole, receives its name from the ring of tentacles at the end of the muzzle. Its habits resemble those of other moles.

Shrewsbury; munic. and parl. bor., cap. of Shropshire, England,

on Severn, 43 m. N.W. of Birmingham. It is pleasantly situated on high ground in a bend of the river, here crossed by five bridges connecting with the suburbs of Abbey Foregate, Coleham, Bellevue, Kingsland, and Frankwell. The parish church of St. Mary is a handsome cruciform edifice retaining portions of Norman building, and possessing a 14th-cen tury Jesse window. The church of Holy Cross, rich in ancient monuments, was formerly connected with a Benedictine abbey, founded soon after the conquest. The fragment of Old St. Chad occupies the site of a palace of the princes of Powis. St. Julian's and St. Alkmund's also represent ancient foundations. The grammar school, founded 1551, was transferred to Kingsland in 1882. The old buildings are occupied by the free library and museum. Public buildings are the county and town hall, post office, general market, old market hall (1596), handsome railway station, jail, and military barracks; monuments to Darwin (educated here), to soldiers who fell in S. African War (1903), statue of Lord Clive (M.P. for Shrewsbury, 1761-74), a lofty columnar monument (1816) to Lord Hill, and the Clement memorial. The castle, erected in the 11th century on the site of a Saxon fortress, overlooks the river. In 1645 it was captured by the Parliamentary forces, and in the reign of James II. partially demolished. Two towers, the connecting keep (time of Henry III.), and other portions remain, the whole converted into a modern residence. The Quarry and Abbey Gardens are beautiful pleasure grounds, bordering the Severn. Glass-staining is a special industry, and there are agricultural implement works, ircnfounding and malting. Athelstan established a mint here. Near the town was fought, in 1403, the battle in which Hotspur was slain. Pop. (1911) munic. and parl. bor. 29,389.

Shrewsbury, tn., Monmouth co., N. J., 5 m. N. by w. of Long Branch, on the Shrewsbury R., and on the Cent. of N. J. and the Pemberton and Hightstown R. Rs. It is a residential town and summer resort. The first settlement here was made in 1665 by fugitive Quakers from England. The Episcopal Church was erected in 1769. Pop. (1910) 3,238.

Shrewsbury, CHARLES TALBOT, DUKE OF (1660-17 18), English statesman, was born of an intriguing family, and lived true to the family traditions. In 1679 he left the Roman Catholic Church, took an active part against James II., and was largely instrumental in bringing over the Prince of Orange. Though secre

1 English Bridge. 2. Shrewsbury School. Tories. After the death of Anne he secured the Protestant succession, and whatever his Jacobite intrigues, he loyally supported the See his Corre

throne in 1715. spondence, ed. by Coxe (1821). Shrewsbury, JOHN TALBOT, FIRST EARL OF (1388-1453), English soldier. After service in Ireland, of which he was three times governor, he went to the French wars, where he took part in more than forty batties and sieges. He was checked at Orleans by Joan of Arc, and was taken prisoner at Patay (1429), and finally in 1453 fell at Castillon-on-Dordogne. He was created Earl of Shrewsbury in 1442.

Shrike, the name of a subfamily (Lanidae) of passerine birds, whose members are widely distributed over the Old World, while only two species occur in the New, the great northern shrike (Lanius borealis) which is gray, with black frontlet and wingquills; and the smaller, but otherwise very similar loggerhead (L.

firmly while it tears it to pieces, and the bird therefore impales its quarry on a thorn, the spike of a barbed-wire fence, or some other sharp point, so as to eat it easily. Hence butcher-bird' is a natural

Shrike.

and widely spread name for all the shrikes. The loggerhead has very similar habits, but is a south

Lanidæ are included a number of other more or less closely related birds, such as the shrike-tits, which are Australian, and the wood-shrikes.

Shrimp (Crangon), a genus of decapod Crustacea, whose most familiar member, the common shrimp (C. vulgaris), is found on sandy shores all around the North Atlantic, and is caught for food. The shrimp turns brown when boiled, instead of bright red like the prawn. It has a depressed carapace and a minute rostrum. The color shows a marked correspondence with the color of the sand in which it lives. As it occurs chiefly in shallow water, shrimping (an industry important in Great Britain, but of little account with us except in the South) is carried on usually by wading, the shrimper pushing a wide-mouthed net in front of him. Shrimps are extensively caught for market in San Francisco Bay. There are a considerable number of other species of this genus, and the term

is equally applicable to the members of a number of allied genera. By extension it is also applied to amphipods, such as the skeleton

Shrimp.

shrimp (Caprella) and the freshwater shrimp (Gammarus pulex), as well as to certain Entomostraca, such as the brine shrimp.

Shropshire, or SALOP, infand co., England, on border of Wales. The N. is occupied chiefly by a continuation of the Cheshire plain, with many small meres; the w. is hilly; and in the s. are several parallel ranges, generally N.E. and s.w. The country is drained almost entirely to the Severn. There are several small coal fields, and iron and limestone are worked; barytes, lead, and zinc are other minerals. More

than half the cultivated land is under pasture, and cattle and sheep are reared. Manufactures include pig iron, agricultural implements, earthenware, mosaic and other tiles, and bricks. The Romans had many stations in the County (e.g. Wroxeter, otherwise Uriconium). Under the Saxons it formed part of Mercia; in the w. is Offa's Dyke. There are remains of several ancient earthworks (Bradbury Ring) and of monastic establishments (Buildwas Abbey, Wenlock Priory). Area (anc. co.), 1,347 sq. m. Pop. (1911) 246,306.

Shrouds, ropes or chains extending from the heads of the masts or bowsprit to the sides of the ship, to the edges of the tops, or to ends of outriggers, and are designed to support the masts from side pressure. Lower shrouds, which support the lower masts, are usually fitted in pairs, the rope passing around the masthead and extending down to form two shrouds. The ends are set up with dead-eyes and lanyards (as in the illustration) or with rigging screws. Shrouds take their names from the spar they support, thus: main shrouds, fore-topmast shrouds, bowsprit shrouds, etc.

Shrove Tuesday, the day be

fore Ash-Wednesday, so called in the English Church from the custom which enjoined confession of sins and shriving immediately before the Lenten fast. It was an ancient custom that, after confession and absolution on this particular Tuesday, the people should partake of pancakes.

Shrub, a woody-stemmed perennial plant, which may be either deciduous or evergreen. The

gardener uses shrubs for their individual beauty, for their decorative value in masses, and for purposes of screens or shelters. Lilacs, syringas, rhododendrons, laurels, barberries, viburnums, and Daphnes may be taken as representatives of this section.

Shrouds.

There are two courses open to the planter one, to arrange the plants far enough apart to allow for several seasons' growth; and the other, to plant somewhat closer, and remove a certain proportion of the plants when they are beginning to touch each other. Until the shrubs occupy the whole space, the borders can be made bright with bulbs in spring and annuals in summer. Very little pruning is required, and in the

case of flowering shrubs it should be limited to the removal in the winter of the old and exhausted growths. The pruning should invariably be done with a knife, as shears disfigure the leaves. Among the flowering shrubs specially worthy of consideration are Magnolia stellata, M. conspicua, azaleas, rhododendrons, brooms, flowering almonds, plums, peaches, and cherries, Pyrus japonica, Philadelphus coronarius, P. aureus, the flowering currant, lilacs, Forsythia suspensa, Choisia ternata, Weigela grandiflora, the barberries, and Hydrangea paniculata. See Gordon's The Book of Shrubs (1901); Newhall's Shrubs of Northeastern America; Garden and Forest; and Bailey's Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (1904).

Shubrick, WILLIAM BRANFORD (1790-1874), American naval officer, born on Bull's Island, S. C. He entered the navy as midshipman, and in the War of 1812 was a lieutenant on the Constitution in the battle with the Cyane and the Levant. In the Mexican War he commanded the Pacific squadron, and in 1859 the squadron sent to demand reparation from Paraguay, an American steamer having been fired upon. He secured an apology and the promise of a money indemnity. He was retired as a rear-admiral in December, 1861, having remained loyal to the government upon the secession of his native state.

Shumla, fort. tn., Bulgaria, at base of Balkan Mts., 56 m. by rail N.W. of Varna; is a military centre, and exports wine, cloth, and copper goods. It was formerly a place of great strategic importance, and was occupied by the Russians in 1878. Pop.

22,928.

Shunt, in electricity, is a conductor placed between two points in closed circuit, to divert or shunt part of the current. Thus, ADB is a shunt between the points A and B. This is simply a case of a branched or divided circuit, and in such a circuit it is a well-known law that current in A CB resist. of A DB current in ADB resist. of A CB. Also if R, R1 and R2 be the resistance between A and B, due to the

=

divided circuit and the resistance of A D B and ACB respectively, + A shunt is very often R1 R2 placed across the terminals of a

R