Smallpox

exceeding one acre, but not exceeding fifty acres, and either let it, where the holding does not exceed fifteen acres, or in any case sell it, receiving one-fifth of the purchase money on completion, and the balance by half-yearly instalments within fifty years.

Smallpox, or VARIOLA, a highly infectious and contagious eruptive fever, said to have been the cause during the 18th century of one-tenth of the total mortality. It is now a comparatively rare and mild disorder in civilized countries, thanks to Jenner's discovery of the protective power of vaccination. Isolation of the sufferers and ordinary attempts at disinfection do not prevent the spread of the disease. It is particularly apt to occur in the neighborhood of smallpox hospitals, which should have uninhabited ground for a radius of at least four hundred yards about them. Smallpox has an incubation period of twenty-four hours to twelve days. An attack is ushered in by chills, rise of temperature, headaches, vomiting, and violent pains in the loins. Three days later an eruption develops, and the temperature falls more or less, but rises again about the eighth day from the first symptoms. The eruption first shows as pimples on the head at the margins of the hair. The hands, back, and legs show it next, and a little later is spreads more or less all over the body. The pimples turn to vesicles full of lymph. About the eighth day these become pustular, and with suppuration the temperature rises again. About eleven days after the first symptoms crusts begin to form and the temperature to fall again. Convalescence is then usually uninterrupted. The sufferer is a danger to others from the time of taking smallpox until all crusts and scales have fallen from the body. The attendants may carry the infection to others without themselves being ill.

Various forms of smallpox are described. The discrete type is mild; it is the form to be expected in those rare cases of adults who may become infected after vaccination in infancy only. In confluent smallpox all the symptoms tend to be more pronounced. The vesicles run together, and, roughly speaking, half the cases are fatal. Such cases are practically unknown among the vaccinated. In the hæmorrhagic or 'black' form all signs and symptoms are exaggerated, and death is practically certain, and generally rapid. Small hemorrhages occur each vesicle. These cases are unknown among the vaccinated. Possible complications and se

VOL. XI.-17

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257

quelæ (after-effects) of smallpox are bronchitis, pneumonia, laryngitis, inflammatory conditions of the middle ear, and sometimes severe inflammation and ulceration of different parts of the eye, at times ending in loss of sight. Rashes resembling those of measles and scarlet fever are not uncommon in the early stages, and pitting with great disfigurement follows the pustules in The disease can

severe cases.

not be diagnosed with certainty until the appearance of the characteristic vesicles.

The vaccination in infancy insisted upon by law in most civilized countries renders the child

practically immune for many years, and tends greatly to modify any attack in adult life. Revaccination at about the age of fifteen should be practised, and about once in 3 to 5 years thereafter, or whenever an epidemic appears. Vaccination within three days after infection is held in many cases greatly to lessen the danger, modifying all symptoms.

The general treatment of smallpox is that of all fevers. Immediate isolation is the first step, with all possible precautions concerning the disinfection of excreta, clothes, and the persons of attendants. Any sign of

eve

trouble must be at once met by guarding the eyes from light, and by the frequent use of mild antiseptic lotions-e.g. boracic lotion. Oily ointments during and after pustulation are believed to aid removal of the crusts and to lessen the very distressing irritation. Many methods are advocated for the prevention of disfigurement by pitting; but if the pustules are deep they will leave scars in spite of all care. Finsen recommends that the sufferer be exposed to red light only, the chemical rays of sunlight being cut off by the use of red glass. Others advise pricking the pustules at an early stage. Treatment in hospital is to be commended if there be a smallpox hospital within reach.

Although, for practical purposes, it is considered that one attack of smallpox protects for life against a second, yet there are rare exceptions. Louis xv. of France is said to have had smallpox at the age of fourteen, and to have died of a second attack at sixty-four. The possibility of a mistaken diagnosis must, however, be remembered in such cases. Some persons are apparently perfectly immune, being neither cap сараble of vaccination nor susceptible to infection. See VACCINATION. Smallwood, WILLIAM (173292), American soldier, born in Kent co., Md. He commanded the Maryland troops at the battle of Long Island in 1776; was wounded at the battle of White

Smeaton

Plains; was promoted brigadiergeneral in October, 1776; and fought at Ft. Washington, Germantown, Camden, and elsewhere. In 1780 he was commissioned major-general, but declined to serve under Baron Steuben, and threatened to withdraw from the army, but ultimately remained in it until the close of the war. In 1785 he was elected governor of Md. and also a member of the Congress of the Confederation.

Smalt, a silicate of potassium and cobalt, obtained by melting the crude cobalt oxide, which is got by roasting cobalt ore, with potassium carbonate and quartz. The product is poured into water and then finely ground. It forms a permanent blue pigment, which is used for glass-staining, chinapainting, and as an oil and water color; but it has been largely superseded by artificial ultramarine.

Smart, CHRISTOPHER (172271), English poet, born at Shipbourne, Kent, became fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge, in 1745. When debt and dissipation drove him from Cambridge, he went to London and worked as a bookseller's hack. About 1756 he went mad, and was confined till 1759 in an asylum. During this time he is said to have scratched with a key a part of his now famous Song to David (1763) on the wainscot of his room, he being denied the use of pen, ink, and paper. His last days were spent in the King's Bench prison, where he was relieved from the extremity of want through the kindness of Dr. Burney. Other poems are the Hop-Garden; the Hilliad (1753), an attack on Hill the botanist; Fables (1763); a prose translation of Horace (1756); Odes and Ballads; and much Latin verse. The best biography is in Anderson's British Poets. See also Browning's Parleyings with Certain People (1887).

Smart, HENRY (1813-79), English musical composer and organist, born in London, became celebrated as an organist, and many of his compositions for the instrument are highly valued. Among other well-known productions are his opera, Bertha, or the Gnome of Hartzburg (1855); the cantata, The Bride of Dunkerron (1864); several anthems; and a considerable number of part songs. See Life by Spark (1881).

Smartweed, a name sometimes given to Polygonum Hydropiper, the common waterpepper. It bears slender, loose, drooping spikes of greenish flowers. The fresh juice is acrid, and possesses a characteristic flavor.

Smeaton, JOHN (1724-92), English civil engineer, was born

Smectymnuus

near Leeds. Starting as a maker of philosophical instruments, he gradually turned his attention to engineering, and became a fellow of the Royal Society in 1753. After 1755 he designed the third Eddystone lighthouse entirely of stone, dovetailing the stones in their various courses. This lighthouse stood until 1877 when it was taken down because the reef on which it was built had become undermined. After that Smeaton built several bridges in Scotland, and strengthened the foundation buttresses of the North Bridge, Edinburgh (1769). He was also the surveyor and engineer of the Forth and Clyde Canal, begun in 1768, but not completed till 1790. See Smiles's Lives of the Engineers (ed. 1874)..

Smectymnuus, the initials of certain Nonconformist writers who published (1641) a reply to Bishop Hall's Humble Remonstrance to the High Court of Parliament (1641), written in defence of Episcopacy and the Book of Common Prayer. Their names were Stephen Marshall, Edmund Calamy, Thomas Young, Matthew Newcomen, William Spurstow. Milton supported the Smectymnuan divines with three pamphlets.

Smederevo. See SEMENDRIA.

Smedley, FRANCIS EDWARD (1818-64), English novelist (known as Frank Smedley), was born at Great Marlow, and was a cripple. In 1850 he published Frank Fairlegh, a series of sketches contributed (1846-8) to Sharpe's London Magazine. Another edition was published in New York and Philadelphia, also in 1850. This novel, which ranks with Tom Brown's School Days, was an instant suc

cess.

Smedley, WILLIAM THOMAS (1858), American genre painter and illustrator, born in Chester co., Pa., and a student of the Pennsylvania Academy, and of J. P. Laurens in Paris. He settled in New York city in 1880 and devoted himself to illustrations, of which he made a large number for Harper's and other magazines. In 1882 he accompanied the Marquis of Lorne in a trip through Canada, making the sketches for the volume Picturesque Canada. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Design in 1905. He received the Evans Prize at the American Water Color Society in 1890. late years in addition to effective illustrations of every-day life for books and magazines, he has painted a number of portraits, among them that of a man in the N. Y. National Academy exhibition of 1903, and that of Ruth at the exhibition of 1906. Smee Cell. See CELLS, VOLTAIC.

Of

Smell. See Nose.

Smellie, WILLIAM (1740-95); Scottish printer, antiquary, and naturalist, was born in Edinburgh, and became an enthusiastic botanist. Meantime he continued his business as a printer, and wrote a goodly part of the first edition of the Encyclopædia Britannica, which he printed. See Kerr's Memoirs of the Life of Smellie (1811).

Smelling Salts, a preparation of ammonium carbonate together with some pleasant perfume, used as a restorative and stimulant in faintness, and for relief in cases of nasal catarrh.

Smelt (Osmerus), a genus of fish belonging to the salmon family, characterized by the elongated body, the wide mouth-cleft, the moderate-sized scales, and the well-developed teeth, some of which are tusklike. The common European smelt (O. eperlanus), the sparling or spirling of Scotland, spawns in brackish water, and is found in the mouths of rivers in N. Europe. The eastern American smelt (O. mordax) is almost the same. It does not exceed twelve inches in length, and is light olive-green on the back, and silvery at the sides and below, with a specially silvery band runAnother ning along each side.

species of the same genus is found in California, and a fourth in Japan; and everywhere they are delicate and important additions to the local supply of sea-food, and are taken in vast numbers.

Smelting and Chemical Furnaces, ELECTRIC. See ELECTRO

METALLURGY.

Smerdis, a son of Cyrus the Great, who was put to death about 525 B.C. by his brother Cambyses. But he was personated by Gaumata, a Mede, who, after Cambyses's death, secured the throne. Darius, the son of Hystaspes, formed a conspiracy against him, killed him (521 B.C.), and seized the throne.

Smerwick, peninsula and bay, west Co. Kerry, Ireland, 54 m. N.W. of Dingle; was in 1579 the scene of the slaughter of six hundred invading Italian and Spanish soldiers by Lord-Deputy Grey and Walter Raleigh.

Smetana, FRIEDRICH (182484), Bohemian pianist and composer, born at Leitomischl. He studied under Liszt; was a brilliant pianist; held appointments as conductor-e.g. at Gothenburg (1856-61)-and as director of the National Theatre at Prague (186674); founded a school of music in Prague, and was the teacher of Dvořák. His compositions are distinctively Bohemian in character.

Smev, SMEE, or NUN (Mergus albellus), a duck belonging to the same genus as the merganser, and an occasional visitor to the Brit

ish area.

The drake in nuptial plumage is a beautiful bird, hav. ing a white head marked with greenish blue, while the neck and under surface are white, and the back is marked with black, brown, gray, and white. The bird is only about seventeen inches long.

Smichow, tn., Austria, Bohemia, a s. suburb of Prague. Pop. (1900) 47,094.

Smilacina, a genus of hardy herbaceous plants, belonging to the order Liliaceae, bearing racemes or panicles of mostly small flowers. They are easily grown in ordinary garden soil. S. stellata, the star-flowered lily of the valley, and S. racemosa, the false Solomon's seal, are most worth cultivating.

Smilax, a genus of shrubbery plants belonging to the order Liliaceæ. They bear umbels of small, dioecious flowers, and the roots of several species constitute sarsaparilla. S. herbacea is the carrion - flower, an unarmed climber, with tassels of evilsmelling flowers. Other species viciously armed with prickles are the various green-briers or catbriers (S. rotundifolia) (S. glauca).

Smiles, SAMUEL (1812-1904), Scottish biographer, was born at Haddington. In 1838 he became editor of the Leeds Times. Appointed in 1845 secretary of the Leeds and Thirsk Ry., and changing in 1854 to the same post on the South-Eastern Ry., he retired in 1866. Smiles is the biographer and historian of selfmade men and noble industry. His books include George Stephenson (1857); Lives of the Engineers (1862); Industrial Biography (1863); Boulton and Watt (1865); Thomas Edwards, Scottish Naturalist (1876); Robert Dick, Geologist and Botanist (1878); Men of Invention and Industry (1884); and Jasmyn, Barber, Poet, and Philanthropist (1891). He edited the Autobiography of James Nasmyth (1883). His Self-Help (1860) had an extraordinary success, and was followed in 1871 by Character, Duty, Thrift, and Conduct. A History of Ireland (1844), The Huguenots in England and Ireland (1869), and The Huguenots in France after the Edict of Nantes (1874) are his main historical works. See Autobiography, ed. by Thomas Mackay (1905).

Smillie, GEORGE HENRY (1840), American landscape painter, born in New York city, and a pupil of his father, the engraver, and of James Hart. After some European study he settled in New York in 1862, and was elected to the National Academy of Design in 1882, and later to the Water At St. Louis in Color Society. 1904 he was awarded a bronze medal. Among his works in

Smillie

public museums are The Merrimac River (Boston Art Club), Light and Shadow Along Shore (Union League Club, Philadelphia), and Autumn on the Massachusetts Coast and Long Island Farm Scene (Corcoran Art Gallery). His September on the New England Coast gained a prize at the exhibit of the American Art Association in 1885. His other pictures include Boats of Venice (1902); Gloucester Harbor (1903); Grey Day (1904); Vineyard Sound (1905); At Narragansett (1906).

Smillie, JAMES DAVID (18831909), American engraver, etcher, and landscape painter, brother of the preceding, was born in New York City. He was a pupil of his father, and of the National Academy of Design. His first work was done in banknote engraving. In 1862 he went to Europe, studying in Germany. In 1876 he was elected a member of the National Academy. He was one of the founders of the American Water Color Society (1833) and of the New York Etching Club (1878), and was elected an original fellow of the PainterEtcher Society of London. organized and taught the department of freehand etching in the National Academy of Design; and made many reproductive etchings of paintings by Winslow Homer, Alma-Tadema, and others, as well as a number of portraits. Many of his paintings portray with spirit scenes in the Far West. His best known works include Evening Among Sierras; California (1876); Cliffs of Normandy (1885); Passing Herd (1886); River's Source (1902); Pool in the Woods (1904).

He

Smirke, SIR ROBERT (17811867), English architect, was born in London. His best known buildings are the Post Office, London, and the British Museum (1847). He also designed the Covent Garden Theatre, London Custom House, Carlton Club, and Union Club.

Smirke, SYDNEY (1798-1877), English architect, was collaborator to his brother, Sir Robert (q.v.). He completed the Temple Church restoration and the British Museum; restored the Savoy Chapel; remodelled the Carlton Club, and rebuilt the Inner Temple Hall. His latest work was the Royal Academy buildings, Burlington House.

Smith, the most general surname in the world, being common not only under its English form, but under the designations which correspond to it in various languages. There can be no doubt that the name originated, like most other names, from the trade of the bearer. Among the variants of the name are Smieth, Smyth, Smythe, Smijth, Smeath, and the German and Dutch forms Schmidt and Smid. The name is still further defined by such qualifying terms as Whitsmith (= white smith), Brownsmith, Arrowsmith, Nasmyth (= nail smith),

259

etc. See Arnold's The Great Smith Family.

Smith, ADAM (1723-90), Scottish political economist, was born at Kirkcaldy. In 1748 he joined the literary circle in Edinburgh, and delivered a course of lectures on literature and criticism. In 1751 he was appointed professor of logic in Glasgow University, and in 1752 was transferred to the chair of moral philosophy. In 1759 he published his Theory of the Moral Sentiments, in which he takes sympathy as the root idea in morals; and modern sociologists-e. g., Giddings-claim for this part of his doctrine an importance almost

Adam Smith.

equal to that of his economic researches. In 1763 he became tutor to the young Duke of Buccleuch, and resigned his chair in Glasgow. In 1766 he returned to Kirkcaldy, and in 1776 published his Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The book sprang into instant popularity. Adam Smith was unhesitatingly hailed as a master, and Pitt declared himself a disciple, and endeavored, in his early career as a peace commissioner, to apply the principles laid down in the book. During the war with the American Colonies, Lord North appears to have taken suggestions from this work in imposing new taxes; and in 1783 Smith was consulted by the secretary to the Board of Trade in regard to the regulations of trade with the United States. The moment the war clouds of the French Revolution lifted, the influence of Adam Smith's ideas began to manifest themselves in the reform of the British commercial system; and the repeal of the Corn Laws and the Navigation Laws was the outcome. The best editions are those by M'Culloch and Nicholson. See Haldane's Life (1887); Rae's Life (1895).

Smith

at

Smith, ALEXANDER (1865), American chemist and educator, was born in Edinburgh, Scotland. He received the degrees of B.SC. at the University of Edinburgh in 1886, and of PH.D. at the University of Munich in 1889. He was assistant in chemistry at the University of Edinburgh (1889-90); professor of chemistry and mineralogy Wabash College (1890-4); assistant and associate professor of chemistry (1894-1903), professor and director (1903-11), and dean of the Junior Colleges (1900-11) at Chicago University. In March, 1911, he was appointed professor of chemistry in Columbia University. He has written Laboratory Outline of General Chemistry (1899); General Inorganic Chemistry (1906); General Chemistry for Colleges (1908).

Smith, ANDREW HEERMANCE (1837-1910), American physician, was born in Charlton, N. Y. He graduated from the College of Physicians and Surgeons, N. Y. (1858), practised medicine in New York (1859-61), and in 1861 joined the Forty-third New York volunteers as assistant surgeon. In 1862 he was surgeon to the Ninety-fourth New York volunteers, in 1862-8 assistant surgeon in the United States army, and in 1867 was brevetted major. In the following year he resumed his medical practice in New York, and became prominent in hospital work and medical teaching. He was called in cons.ltation at the time of Garfield's assassination. He was surgeon at the Manhattan Eye and Ear Hospital, consulting physician at the Presbyterian, St. Luke's, St. Mark's, and Woman's Hospitals, and vice-president and professor at the New York Post Graduate Medical School.

Smith, ANDREW JACKSON (181597), American soldier, was born in Bucks County, Pa. He graduated at West Point in 1838, and served in the West and in the Mexican War. In 1861 he was given command of the Second California Cavalry; became a brigadiergeneral of volunteers in 1862, and major-general of volunteers in 1864. He took a prominent part in the campaigns in the Mississippi Valley; commanded a division of the Thirteenth Corps in the Vicksburg campaign; was ordered with three divisions of the Sixteenth Corps to Banks's army in Louisiana in the spring of 1864, and distinguished himself in the disastrous Red River expedition. In the battle of Nashville (December, 1864), he commanded the Sixteenth Corps, on Thomas' right, and received the brevet of major-general in the regular army for his services in that battle. In 1866 he was appointed colonel of the Seventh Cavalry in the regular service. He resigned from the army in 1869.

Smith, BENJAMIN BOSWORTH (1794-1884), American Protestant Episcopal prelate, was born in Bristol, R. I. He was graduated at Brown University in 1816; ordered deacon in 1817, and ordained priest in 1818; and was in charge of churches in Massachusetts, Virginia, and Vermont until 1828, when he presided over Grace Church mission in Philadelphia for two years. In 1830 he became rector of Christ Church at Lexington, Ky., and in 1832 he was consecrated first bishop of Kentucky. From 1868 he was presiding bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Church. Dr. Smith was editor of the Episcopal Register; he published A postolic Succession (1877), etc.

Smith, BENJAMIN ELI (1857), American lexicographer and editor, was born in Beirut, Syria, and was the son of Eli Smith (q.v.). He was graduated (1877) at Amherst. From 1883 he was managing editor, and from 1894 editor, of The Century Dictionary (first ed. 1889-91); and he was also editor of The Century Cyclopædia of Names (1894), The Century Atlas (1897), and The Century Dictionary Supplement (2 vols., 1909). He translated Schwegler's History of Philosophy (1879) and Cicero's De Amicitia (1897); and edited selections from Marcus Aurelius (1899), Epictetus (1900), Pascal (1902), etc.

Smith, CHARLES ALPHONSO (1864), American educator, was born in Greensboro, N. C. He graduated from Davidson College, N. C., in 1884, and received the degree of PH.D. from Johns Hopkins University in 1893. He was professor of English language and literature at Louisiana State University (18931902); professor of English language and dean of the graduate department of the University of North Carolina until 1909, when he became Edgar Allan Poe professor of English at the University of Virginia. He was Roosevelt professor of American history and institutions at the University of Berlin in 191311. He has written Repetition and Parallelism in English Verse (1894); Old English Grammar (1896); Elementary English Grammar (1903); Studies in English Syntax (1906).

Smith, CHARLES EMORY (18421908), American journalist and U. S. Postmaster-General, was born in Mansfield, Conn. He graduated at Union College in 1861, and was active during the Civil War in organizing a volunteer regiment. He was editor of the Albany Express (1865-70), of the Albany Journal (1870-80), and of the Philadelphia Press (1880-1908). He was president of the Republican State Convention (1879), and delegate to several national conventions. was minister to Russia (1890-92) and Postmaster-General of the United States (1898-1902).

He

Smith, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807-62), American soldier, was born in Philadelphia. He graduated at the U. S. Military Academy in 1825; served under Generals Taylor and Scott in the Mexican War, and received the brevets of major, lieutenant-colonel, and colonel for gallant and meritorious service; commissioned lieutenantcolonel in 1855. He was appointed brigadier-general of volunteers in August, 1861; commanded the district of Western Kentucky; served under Grant in the operations against Forts Henry and Donelson, and led the decisive assault at the latter place. In March, 1862, he received an accidental injury, which resulted in his death. In the opinion of General Grant, Smith was one of the ablest men with whom he came in contact during the war.

Smith, CHARLES FORSTER (1852), American philologist and educator, was born in Abbeville County, S. C. He graduated from Wofford College, S. C., in 1872, and studied at Harvard, Berlin, and Leipzig, where he received the PH.D. degree in 1881. He taught at Wofford College for four years, at Williams for one, and was professor of Greek at Vanderbilt University from 1883 to 1894. In 1894 he became professor of Greek and classical philology at the University of Wisconsin. In 1903 he was president of the American Philological Association, and has contributed widely to philological journals and literary reviews. He wrote Reminiscences and Sketches (1909); edited Thucydides VII. (1886) and III. (1894); Xenophon's Anabasis (1905), and Herodotus VII. (1907); and translated Hertzberg's Geschichte Griechenlands (1900).

Smith, CHARLES HENRY (1842), American educator, was born in Beirut, Syria. He was graduated from Yale University (1865). He served as tutor at Yale from 1865 to 1874, when he became professor of history at Bowdoin College.

In 1890 he returned to Yale as professor of American history, a position which he held until his retirement in 1910 under the provisions of the Carnegie Foundation. He wrote History of Yale University (1898).

Smith, CHARLES HENRY (18261903), American humorist, was born in Lawrenceville, Ga. He graduated at Franklin College, Athens, Ga., and practised law at Rome, Ga., from 1849 until the Civil War, when he served in the Confederate army. He began contributing numerous letters to the newspaper press over the signature 'Bill Arp' in 1861, and was a regular contributor to the Atlanta Constitution. His writings were collected as Bill Arp's Letters (1868); Bill Arp's Scrap-Book (1886); Fireside Sketches (1890).

Smith, CHARLES SPRAGUE (1853-1910), American educator,

was born in Andover, Mass. He was graduated (1875) at Amherst, and then studied for five years abroad. In 1880 he was appointed instructor in Italian and Spanish at Columbia University, and the same year professor of German. Two years afterward he was transferred to the chair of modern languages and foreign literatures, and in 1890 to that of Romance languages and literatures, resigning in 1891. In 1895 he organized in New York City the Society of Comparative Literature, of which he became president, and in 1897 the People's Institute, of which he became managing director. After 1888 he became widely known as a lecturer. He published Barbizon Days (1902); Working with the People (1904); Poems (1908).

Smith, CHARLES WILLIAM (1840), American bishop, was born in Fayette County, Pa. He was ordained in 1859, and was for twenty years pastor of various churches near Pittsburg. From 1884 to 1908 he was editor of the Pittsburg Christian Advocate, and in the latter year was made a bishop of the Methodist Episcopal Church. He has been active in the General Conferences of the Methodist Episcopal Church; a member of the Centennial Conference at Baltimore (1884), the Ecumenical Conferences at Washington (1891) and London (1901); vice-chairman of a commission to revise the constitution of the Church (1896-1900); chairman of a commission to revise the judicial procedure of the Church (1908-12).

Smith, CLEMENT LAWRENCE (1844-1909), American educator, was born in Upper Darby, Pa. He was graduated at Haverford College, (1860), and at Harvard (1863). He was assistant professor of classics and mathematics at Haverford College from 1863 to 1865, after which he passed several years in foreign study and travel. During 1869-70 he was professor of Greek and German at Swarthmore College, and in 1870 he became tutor in Latin at Harvard; in 1873, assistant professor, and in 1883, professor. From 1882 to 1891 he was dean of Harvard College, and from 1898 to 1902 dean of the faculty of arts and sciences, Harvard University. He was director of the American School of Classical Studies at Rome during 1897-8, and president of the American Philological Association during 1898-9. He was co-editor of the 'College Series of Latin Authors,' for which he prepared Odes and Epodes of Horace (1894).

Smith, DAVID EUGENE (1860) American mathematician, was born in Cortland, N. Y. He graduated at Syracuse University in 1881. He was admitted to the New York bar in 1883, and practised law in his native town in 1883-4. In 1884-91 he was teacher of mathematics in

Smith

the State normal school in Cortland; in 1891-8, professor of mathematics in the State normal college at Ypsilanti, Mich.; and in 1898-1901 principal of the normal school, Brockport, N. Y. In 1901 he became professor of mathematics in the Teachers College, New York. His publications include: History of Modern Mathematics (1896); Teaching of Elementary Mathematics (1900); Primary Arithmetic (1904); Advanced Arithmetic

(1905); Rara Arithmetica (1909); and other works on the elements, the pedagogy, and the history of mathematics.

Smith, EDGAR FAHS (1856), American chemist, was born in York, Pa. He graduated at the University of Pennsylvania in 1874, and studied chemistry for several years in Europe. On his return to America he filled chairs in various Western colleges, eventually becoming director of the John Harrison laboratory in the chemical department of the University of Pennsylvania. He carried out a large number of important experiments, and became an authority on electrolytic methods of assaying metals and inorganic substances. publications include: Chemistry of the Carbon Compounds (2 vols., 1900) and, with H. F. Keller, Experiments Arranged for Students in General Chemistry (1900).

His

Smith, EDMUND KIRBY (182493), American soldier, was born in St. Augustine, Fla. He graduated at West Point in 1845; was twice brevetted for gallantry during the Mexican War; and in 1861, having reached the rank of major of cavalry, resigned to enter the Confederate service. He was made brigadier general, and at Bull Run commanded the brigade of Johnston's army which was first to arrive on the field to the relief of the Confederates. He became majorgeneral in the fall of 1861, and in 1862 commanded in East Tennessee. In August of that year he invaded Kentucky, in concert with Bragg; defeated a small Federal force at Richmond, and captured Lexington. Forced to retreat, he joined forces with Bragg at Harrodsburg, and both commanders retired into East Tennessee. Smith was appointed lieutenant-general in October, 1862; in 1863-65 he commanded the Trans-Mississippi Department, reaching the rank of general in 1864. He defeated Banks's expedition up the Red River in April of that year, winning, with Dick Taylor, the victory of Sabine Cross Roads. On May 26, 1865, he surrendered the last Confederate army to General Canby. He was president of the Atlantic and Pacific Telegraph Company in 1866-68; chancellor of the University of Nashville in 1870-75; professor of mathematics in the University of the South in 1875-93.

261

Smith, ELI (1801–57), American missionary and traveller, born at Northford, Conn. He graduated at Yale College in 1821, and at the Andover Theological Seminary in 1826. In the latter year he was sent to Malta by the American Board to superintend a missionary printing plant. He spent some time at Beirut, acquired a knowledge of Arabic, and in 1829, with Dr. Rufus Anderson, travelled through Greece. In 1830-31, in company with Dr. H. G. O. Dwight, he made an extensive tour through Armenia, Georgia, and Persia. As a result of this journey, the American Board established the important Armenian and Nestorian missions. He accompanied Dr. Edward Robinson in his geographical expeditions in Palestine in 1838, and again in 1852, and contributed to the volumes which resulted from these journeys. Under his supervision there was cast, at Leipzig, a new and improved font of Arabic type. From 1847 to his death he was engaged on a translation of the Bible into Arabic. This was completed by Dr. C. V. Van Dyke. He wrote: Missionary Researches in Armenia (with Dr. Dwight, 1832); Sermons and Addresses (1834).

Smith, ELIZABETH ÓAKES (PRINCE) (1806-93), American author, was born at Cumberland, Me. She was early married to Seba Smith (q.v.), whom she assisted in editorial work. Her first metrical compositions were published anonymously, but in 1839 she began to write over her own name. Removing with her husband to New York City in 1842, she added lecturing to authorship, and was an early advocate of woman's suffrage, publishing in this connection Woman and Her Needs (1851). Some of her volumes are: Riches Without Wings (1838); Sinless Child, and Other Poems (1843); Jacob Leisler (1853); Bald Eagle (1867).

Smith, ELLISON DU RANT (1866), American merchant and legislator, was born in Lynchburg, S. C. He graduated from Wofford College, Spartanburg, S. C. (1889), and received the degree of A.M. from Vanderbilt University in the following year. He became a merchant and planter, and in 1896 entered public life as member of the South Carolina House of Representatives. After the expiration of his term (1900) he was active in the movement that resulted in the formation of the Farmers' Protective Association, and was the general organizer of the Southern Cotton Association (1905-8). He gained a national reputation by speeches at several industrial conventions. In 1909 he was elected United States Senator from South Carolina.

Smith, ERMINIE ADELLE (1836-86), American ethnologist, born in Marcellus, N. Y. She graduated as a mining engineer in

Smith

the School of Mines, Freiberg, Saxony. She founded and acted as president of the Esthetic Society, Jersey City, and was an active public lecturer on scientific subjects. In 1878 she undertook some ethnological studies for the Smithsonian Institution. She visited the Tuscarora Indians in Canada, and obtained and classified 15,000 words of the Iroquois dialects. She was author of an Iroquois-English dictionary and a volume of essays and poems.

Smith, FRANCIS HOPKINSON (1838), American engineer, artist, and author, was born in Baltimore. As a contractor he built several works for the U. S. Government, including the sea wall around Governor's Island, N. Y.; another at Tompkinsville, Staten Island; the Race Rock Lighthouse off New London, Conn., and the foundation for the Bartholdi Statue in New York Harbor. He also became noted for the delicacy and spirit of his water-color sketches, which include views in this country, and in Holland and Venice, and for his lectures on art. He began to write sketches of travel for the magazines in 1880, and since that time has produced many books marked by force and humor. His works include: Old Lines in New Black and White (1885); Well-Worn Roads (1886); A White Umbrella in Mexico (1889); Colonel Carter of Cartersville (1891); A Day at Laguerre's (1892); American İllustrators (1892); A Gentleman Vagabond and Some Others (1895); Tom Grogan (1896); Gondola Days (1897); Venice of To-Day (1897); Caleb West (1898); The Other Fellow (1899); Fortunes of Oliver Horn (1902); Under Dog (1903); Colonel Carter's Christmas (1904); At Close Range (1905); The Tides of Barnegat (1906); The Veiled Lady (1907); Peter (1908); Forty Minutes Late (1909). Colonel Carter of Cartersville has been dramatized and played with success throughout the country.

Smith, GEORGE (1840-76), English Assyriologist, was born in Chelsea, London. In 1867 he entered the service of the British Museum. In 1870 he published Annals of Assur-banipal; in 1872, Chaldean Account of the Deluge. In 1873 he led the Daily Telegraph expedition for research at Nineveh, which was so fruitful that he went again for the Museum authorities. In 1875 he published Assyrian Discoveries, and in 1876, Chaldean Account of Genesis. He went again to the East, and died at Aleppo.

Smith, GEORGE ADAM (1856), British Orientalist, was born in Calcutta, India. He was educated at Edinburgh and the Universities of Tübingen and Leipzig. He held the charge of Queen's Cross Free Church, Aberdeen, from 1882 until elected (1892) to the chair of Hebrew