from 2,000 to 3,000 ft. (Mt. Cone, 2,601 ft.; Razorback, 2,834 ft.). Evidence of glacial action exists in places. On the E. slopes are fertile plains, extending to the Lower Murray. The Flinders Range, on the w., runs from near St. Vincent Gulf to Lake Torrens. The highest peaks are Mt. Remarkable and Mt. Brown, each about 3,000 ft. North and west from Lake Torrens stretch vast plains. The s. coast is pierced by Spencer's and St. Vincent gulfs, and Encounter, Lacepede, and Rivoli bays. The coast-line is generally bold and rugged, with stretches of sanddunes and low shores; but reefs make navigation dangerous and difficult. Inland there are chains of salt lakes, extensive marshes

inum, gold, and other minerals, and diamonds and other gems, have been discovered, and coal is extensively worked at Leighs Creek.

The climate, although occasionally trying in midsummer, is one of the healthiest in the world. The coldest months are June, July, and August; the hottest, December, January, and February. The thermometer in summer often registers over 105° in the shade, but the nights are always cool. The average rainfall at Mt. Lofty in the south is 49 in. At Parallana in the far north it is about 10 in. The average rainfall in the agricultural districts is 21.476 in.

The leading products are wheat, barley, oats, potatoes, and hay.

Vanderlin

Robinson Crandly H

R Van Alphen

Bartholomew, Edin

An enormous area is peculiarly adapted for wine-growing, nearly one million gallons of wine being manufactured annually, of which about one-half is exported. monds, oranges, olives, raisins, and honey are also exported. The edible fish include the schnapper, mullet, salmon, and Murray cod.

Al

In 1901 the population was 362,604, of whom 4,014 were in Northern Territory. In addition there were 3,888 natives. The chief seaport is Port Adelaide, on St. Vincent Gulf; others are Port Pirie, Wallaroo, and Port Augusta, on Spencer's Gulf. The total oversea imports for 1904 were $16,009,105, and exports $19,695,547; the interstate commerce being imports $20,249,802, and exports $21,583,102.

The government is carried on by an executive responsible to a Parliament of two chambers-a

legislative assembly and a council-both of which are elective on the basis of manhood suffrage, and female suffrage has been in force since 1895. The premier is always a member of the assembly. The governor is appointed by the British government. All members of Parliament are salaried. There is no state church, but the population includes adherents of the Church of England, Roman Catholics, Wesleyan and other Methodists, Presbyterians, Lutherans, Congregationalists, Bible Christians, and Baptists. Education is free, secular, and compulsory. There is a university at Adelaide, with 622 students in 1905. For the defence of the colony there are about 5,000 militia and volunteers.

Although discovered by the Dutch in 1627, and Flinders chartered its coast in 1802, S. Australia was not settled until Dec. 28, 1836. In 1856 responsible government came into force. A settlement was formed at Port Darwin, in the Northern Territory, in 1869.

South Bend, city, Ind., co. seat of St. Joseph co., 75 m. E. by s. of Chicago, on the St. Joseph R. and on the Gr. Trunk W., the L. Shore and Mich. S., the Vandalia,

the Ind., Ill. and Ia., the Ind. N., and the Mich. Cent. R. Rs. It is

a thriving manufacturing city, with abundant water and electric power. There are large manufactories of carriages and wagons, toys, ploughs, sewing machine parts, watches, clover hullers, shirts, concrete blocks, and wooden and paper boxes. Other manufactures include automobile parts, eyeglass lenses, baking powder, electrical apparatus, furniture, woollen goods, bricks, cigars, confectionery, grain drills, mattresses, varnish, sashes and doors, blinds, flour, etc. The census of manufactures in 1905 returned 157 industrial establishments, with $26,317,744 capital, showing an increase of 47.6 per cent. in five years, and products valued at $15,321,151. South Bend is the seat of the University of Notre Dame (R. C.). Other institutions include St. Mary's Academy for Women, two hospitals, a historical society, and a public library. It has a fine court house, erected at a cost of $250,000, a new post-office building, and several parks. The city is situated in a fine agricultural district. South Bend was laid out in 1831 and incorporated four years later, and in 1805 it was chartered as a city. Before settlement by white men the site was occupied by an Indian village, and was a post in the fur trade of the French. Pop. (1900) 35,999; (1910) 53,684.

South Berwick, tn., York co.,

South Bethlehem

Maine, 40 miles southwest of Portland, on the Boston and Maine Railroad. Berwick Academy is situated here. The town has shoe and woollen factories. Pop. (1900) 3,188; (1910) 2,935.

South Bethlehem, borough, Northampton county, Pennsylvania, at the fork of the Lehigh River and Monocacy Creek, on the Lehigh Canal, and on the Central of New Jersey, the Lehigh Valley, and the Philadelphia and Reading Railroads; 7 miles east of Allentown. It is connected by bridges with Bethlehem. It is the seat of Lehigh University.

Other institutions are Bishopthorpe School for girls and St. Luke's Hospital. It is here that the great Bethlehem Steel Works are located. There are manufactories of zinc, iron, and brass products, ribbons, silk and knitted goods, hosiery, metallic gaskets, brick, and paper boxes. The 1910 Census of Manufactures returned 49 industrial establishments, with a combined capital of $41,121,000, and products valued at $26,417,000. The place was settled about 1750. Pop. (1900) 13,241; (1910) 19,973.

Southbridge, town, Worcester county, Massachusetts, on the Quinebaug River, and on the New York, New Haven, and Hartford Railroad; 18 miles southwest of Worcester. It has an optical manufacturing plant, shuttle factory, and manufacturies of cotton and woollen goods, carriages, and cutlery. The Census of Manufactures in 1910 returned 36 industrial establishments, with a total capital of $4,266,335, and products valued at $6,269,131. Formerly part of Charlton, known as 'Honest Town,' Southbridge was incorporated in 1816. Pop. (1900) 10,025; (1910) 12,592.

South Brownsville, borough, Fayette county, Pennsylvania, on a branch of the Monongahela River, and on the Monongahela Railroad; 30 miles south of Pittsburgh. Pop. (1900) 1,805; (1910) 3,943.

South Carolina (popularly called the 'Palmetto State'), one of the South Atlantic States of the United States, lies between the parallels of 32° 2′ and 35° 17' N. lat., and the meridians of 78° 30 and 83° 20' w. long. It is bounded on the north by North Carolina; on the east by North Carolina and the Atlantic Ocean; on the southeast by the Atlantic. Ocean; and on the west and southwest by Georgia. It is separated from Georgia by the Savannah, Tugaloo, and Chattooga Rivers. The total area is 30,989 square miles, of which 494 are water surface.

VOL. XI.-Mar. '13

325

TOPOGRAPHY.-The State lies mainly in the Coastal Plain and Piedmont Plateau regions, which are divided almost equally by a line running from northeast to southwest parallel with the coast. The Coastal Plain is low in elevation, nowhere exceeding 450 feet; is generally level; and along the coast has considerable areas of swamp land. The 'fall line' which marks the beginning of the Piedmont Plateau is quite abrupt, giving rise to a number of waterfalls. The Piedmont has a diversified surface, with elevations rising gradually from 500 to 1,000 feet. The Chattooga and Saluda Mountains of the Blue Ridge are in the northwest, where the Appalachian Range extends slightly into the State. The highest point is Sassafras Mountain (3,548 ft.), on the North Carolina State line.

The rivers all flow from the northwest to the ocean on the southeast. The principal ones are the Waccamaw, Little and Great Pedee, Black, Santee (formed by the union of the Congaree and the Wateree), Edisto, Combahee, and Savannah. The rivers furnish considerable water power in the Piedmont region and at the 'fall line.'

CLIMATE AND SOIL. The climate is warm-temperate, almost tropical along the sea coast, becoming cooler and less equable in the northwest. The mean annual temperature is about 63° F. At Charleston it is 49° in January and 82° in July, with extremes of 7° and 104°. Zero temperature occasionally occurs in the mountains. The mean annual precipitation is about 49 inches. There is seldom any snow except upon the mountains.

The soils of the Coastal Plain are very light, consisting of sand and clay, and are generally available for cultivation. The soil of the Piedmont region is formed of eroded rock, largely limestone, and is very fertile and suited to variegated farming.

GEOLOGY. The geological and topographical features of the State are closely related. The Coastal Plain consists of Cretaceous and Tertiary sands, gravels, clays, and marls, underlaid by older and harder deposits, while the Piedmont Plain belongs to the Archæan age, and is characterized by the presence of granites and gneisses.

MINING. The chief mineral wealth of South Carolina is in its deposits of phosphate rock. The output in 1911 was 169,156 long tons, valued at $673,156. The quarries yielded-of granite, a value of $193,748; of clay products, a value of

Plain was originally covered with forests of hard woods, and the Coastal Plain with yellow pine, except in the swampy regions,

where cypress trees predominated. Much of the original timber remains, the wooded area being estimated at 19,000 square miles. Along the coast are found the palmetto, magnolia, and live oak; in the swamps, cypress, bay, and gum trees; on the mountains, laurel, white pine, and hemlock. Other varieties include oaks, beech, birch, ash, maple, black walnut, chestnut, and sycamore.

FISHERIES.-In 1908 the number of persons employed in the fisheries of the State was 2,559; capital invested, $113,400; value of products, $288,000. Of this total, oysters contributed nearly one-half, or $137,000; shad, $41,000; sea bass, $22,000; mullet, $19,000.

AGRICULTURE.-According to the U. S. Census for 1910, there were 176,434 farms in South Carolina, which included 13,512,028 acres-a decrease of 472,986 acres since 1900. The total value of farm property, including land, buildings, machinery, and animals, was $392,128,314-an increase of $238,537,155 (155 per cent.) in the decade. Negro farmers outnumbered white farmers, the totals being 96,772 and 79,636, respectively. Of the white farmers, 212 were foreign born.

Cotton is by far the most prominent crop, being raised generally throughout the Coastal and Piedmont plains and on the islands along the coast. Corn is raised mainly in the Piedmont region. The cultivation of rice began at the close of the seventeenth century, and until 1900 was an important crop. South Carolina is now third to Louisiana and Texas in its production.

The acreage, yield, and value of the principal crops for 1909 were as follows: cotton, 2,556,467 acres, 1,279,866 bales, $80,337,945; corn, 1,565,832 acres, 20,871,946 bushels, $20,682,632; oats, 324,180 acres, 5,745,291 bushels, $3,809,345; hay and forage, 209,767 acres, 186,131 tons, $3,189,122; sweet potatoes and yams, 48,878 acres, 4,319,926 bushels, $2,606,606; tobacco,

South Carolina

30,082 acres, 25,583,049 pounds, $2,123,576; dry peas, 265,632 acres, 711,853 bushels, $1,311,454; potatoes, 8,610 acres, 782,430 bushels. $609,424; rough rice, 19,491 acres, 541,570 bushels, $520,000.

The total quantity of orchard fruits produced in 1909 was 1,133,000 bushels, valued at $956,000. Peaches and nectarines contributed considerably more than one-half of this quantity, and apples most of the remainder. The production of grapes in 1909 amounted to 2,016,506 pounds, valued at $88,620; that of nuts to 376,013 pounds, valued at $26,888. Excluding potatoes and sweet potatoes, the acreage of vegetables was 51,994, and their value $3,706,000. Strawberries are by far the most important of the small fruits. The strawberry crop in 1909 was valued at $108,938. The production of small fruits in 1909 was 1,408,000 quarts, and the value was $113,254. In the same year, 59,165 tons of sugar cane were raised.

STOCK RAISING. The 1910 Census showed the value of domestic animals, poultry, and bees to be $45,131,380-an increase of $24,931,521 (123 per cent.) since 1900. The numbers and value of the principal farm animals were: mules and colts, 155,471, $23,830.361; horses and colts, 79,847, $10,147,178; cattle, 389,882, $7.088,259; swine, 665,211, $2,552,344. Poultry were valued at $1,206,615; bees at $134,622.

At each

MANUFACTURES. census from 1869 to 1909 the manufactures of South Carolina have represented an increased proportion of the total value of products of the manufacturing industries in the United States. In 1849 the value of the manufactures of the State, including the products of the neighborhood and hand industries, amounted to only $7,045,477; while in 1909, exclusive of those industries, it reached $113,235,945 senting an increase of fifteen fold. During the same period the gross value of products per capita of the population increased from $11 to $75.

repre

In

Cotton goods, including cotton and small wares, is by far the most important industry. 1909 it gave employment to an average of 45,454 wage earners, and the value of its products amounted to $65,930,000-these figures representing 62 per cent. and 58 per cent., respectively, of the corresponding totals for all manufacturing industries in the products, South Carolina is VOL. XI.-Mar. '13

State.

Measured by value of

327

third in the production of cotton goods.

According to the Federal Census for 1910, South Carolina had 1,854 manufacturing establishments, which gave employment to an average of 78,040 persons during the year, and paid out $24,117,000 in salaries and wages. Of the persons employed, 73,046 were wage earners. These establishments turned out products to the value of $113,236,000, to produce which materials costing $66,351,000 were utilized. The value added by manufacture was thus $46,885,000. In 1900, manufacturing products were valued at $53,336,000, and the value added by manufacture was $22,850,000.

Besides cotton, leading industries, with the value of their products in 1909, were as follows: lumber and timber products, $13,141,000; oil, cottonseed, and cake, $10,903,000; fertilizers, $9,025,000; printing and publishing, $1,601,000; railroad shop construction and repairs, $1,499,000; bakery products, $1,100,000.

TRANSPORTATION.-The greater portion of the railroad trackage is owned by the several companies which operate the important trunk lines of the South. There are also many less important roads which serve as feeders to these main lines. The total railway mileage on June 30, 1911, was 3,509. The principal roads are the Seaboard Air Line, the Southern, and the Atlantic Coast Line.

The principal rivers of the State, which are navigable to a considerable extent, afford additional means of transportation. The Savannah River is navigable for boats of 150 tons to Augusta; the Santee is navigable to the confluence of the Congaree and the Wateree, which are respectively navigable to Columbia and Camden; and the Edisto is navigable to Guignard Landing.

COMMERCE.-Beaufort, Charleston, and Georgetown are ports of entry. The imports at Charleston for the year ending June 30, 1911, were valued at $6,216,573, and the exports at $8,950,359-an increase of $2,840,576 and $6,439,394, respectively, since 1908.

FINANCE. On Dec. 31, 1910, the State Treasury showed a balance of $648,730; receipts during the succeeding year were $3,208,790, and disbursements $3,132,164; leaving a balance on Dec. 31, 1911, of $825,356. The total public debt in 1911 was $6,528,485, and the assessed valuation of taxable property in 1908 was $271,367,956.

South Carolina

BANKS.-On Sept. 4, 1912, there were 46 national banks, with $5,735,000 capital, $2,168,250 surplus, $4,740,752 circulation, $18,935,193 individual deposits, $26,275,122 loans, and $39,789,859 total resources. On June 7, 1911, there were 246 State banks, with $8,995,897 capital, $2,935,884 surplus, $16,399,248 checking deposits, $7,048,621 savings deposits, $40,492,003 loans, and $48,882,061 total resources; also 27 stock savings banks, with $48,882,061 total resources; also 8 loan and trust companies, with $3,465,810 total resources.

POPULATION.-The population of South Carolina, according to the U. S. Census, has been as follows: 1810, 415,115; 1830, 581,185; 1850, 668,507; 1870, 705,606; 1880, 995,577; 1890, 1,151,149; 1900, 1,340,316; 1910, 1,515,400. Of the total population in 1910, the foreign-born whites numbered 6,054. There were 835,843 negroes, and 395 of other races. In 1910, 15 per cent of the total population was in towns and cities of 2,500 and

over.

The population of the principal cities in 1910 was: Charleston, 58,833; Columbia, 26,319; Spartanburg, 17,517; Greenville, 15,741.

EDUCATION.-There is a State Superintendent of Public Instruction, elected for a term of two years, who is assisted by a Board of Education, consisting of the governor, superintendent of instruction, and seven persons appointed by the governor for four years. There is in each county a board of education, consisting of the county superintendent of public instruction, elected biennially, and two members appointed by the State board of education for two years. Separate schools for whites and negroes must be maintained. Schools must be open at least three months annually to all persons of ages six to twenty-one. Attendance is not compulsory. In 1911 the total enrollment in the public schools was 354,270, of whom 193,440 were negroes. The average daily attendance was 235,028. These schools had about 7,000 teachers. There were 140 public schools, with about 5,000 pupils, and 275 teachers. The receipts for school purposes amounted to $2,517,000, and the expenditures to $2,169,000. The education and training of teachers is provided in local summer schools, for both white and colored, and in the Winthrop Normal and Industrial College, for white girls, at Rock Hill.