spondence was interrupted, but the friendship was afterwards renewed. Three series of Goethe's letters to Frau von Stein were published in 1848-51, 1883–5, and 1886. Her letters to Goethe, long supposed to be destroyed, have recently been recovered in part. See Düntzer's Charlotte von Stein (1874), Hofer's Goethe und Charlotte von Stein (1878), and Adler's Goethe und Frau von Stein (1887).

Stein, HEINRICH FRIEDRICH KARL, BARON VON (1757-1831), Prussian statesman, born at Nassau; entered the Prussian public service in 1780, and by 1796 was president of the Westphalian Chambers. In 1804 he was called to administer the department of trade and manufactures, where he introduced various reforms; but King Frederick William III. disapproved of his reforming zeal, and Stein resigned (1807). He was, however, recalled a year later and given a free hand to carry out his plans. He abolished some of the more glaring survivals of feudalism, promoted freedom of trade, and encouraged military reform. His energy and foresight alarmed Napoleon, who obtained his dismissal. Stein, repairing (1812) to St. Petersburg, devoted himself to consolidating the league against Napoleon. After the Congress of Vienna, Stein withdrew to his estates and founded the society which has published the Monumenta Germania Historica. His political doctrines appear in his Politisches Testament and in his Tracts.' See Pertz's Leben des Ministers Freiherrn vom Stein (6 vols. 1849-55), Seeley's Life and Times of Stein (3 vols. 1878), and Max Lehmann's Freiherr vom Stein (1902).

Stein, LORENZ VON (1815-90), German economist and writer on politics, was born at Eckernförde in Schleswig. Professor at Kiel (1846-52) and at Vienna (185585), he wrote on French social and political history, his other noted works being System der Staatswissenschaft (1852–7), Lehrbuch der Nationalökonomie (1887), Verwaltungslehre (1865-84), and Die Frau auf dem Gebiet der Nationalökonomie (1875).

To

Steinbok (Nanotragus campestris), a small (under two feet) S. and E. African antelope, in which the horns of the male rarely exceed four inches. the same genus belong a number of other African species, notably N. pygmæus, the royal antelope, which only stands one foot high at the shoulder, and is the smallest living ruminant.

Steinen, KARL VON DEN (1855), German traveller and ethnologist, born at Mülheim-an-derRuhr; made a voyage round the

world (1879-81); was naturalist of the German expedition to S. Georgia (1882), and in 1884-5 explored the province of Matto Grosso in Brazil, making the first modern descent of the river Xingú, a most important piece of exploration. In 1897-8 he explored the Marquesas Islands, and in 1900 was appointed assistant-director of the royal museums in Berlin. He has published Durch Zentralbrasilien (1886), and Unter den Naturvölkern Zentral-Brasiliens (1894).

Steinitz, WILLIAM (1837-1900), German chess-player, was born at Prague, and joined the staff of the Constitutionelle Oesterreichische Zeitung. He devoted his leisure hours to chess, in which he subsequently beat every great player, except Morphy and Staunton, whom he never met, until 1894, when in a match played at New York, Philadelphia, and Montreal, he lost the championship to Emanuel Lasker, who also won the return match in 1896. For some years he edited the chess column of the Field, and after 1883 resided in the United States. He edited the International Chess Magazine in New York from 1885 to 1891, and published Book of the Sixth Chess Congress of 1889, and The Modern Chess Instructor (1889). He died in New York Aug. 12, 1900.

Steinmetz, KARL FRIEDRICH VON (1796-1877), Prussian general, born at Eisenach, entered Paris with the allied armies (1815). He was in command of the Prussian army which gained victories over the Austrians at Nachod, Skalitz, and other places (1866), and was at the head of the First Army which invaded France, contributing to the great victory near Metz (1870); in the same year he was deprived of his command as the result of his failure at Gravelotte; and was appointed governor-general of Posen and Silesia.

Steinbok.

Steinthal, or BAN-DE-LAROCHE, a valley of the Vosges Mts., Lower Alsace, scene of the labors of Pastor Oberlin (17401826).

Steinway, HEINRICH ENGELHARD (1797-1871), GermanAmerican piano-maker, was born (Steinweg) at Wolfshagen, Brunswick. He served in the army of the Duke of Brunswick, and after studying cabinet-making engaged in the manufacture of pianos at Seesen, close by the Harz mountains. There he built up a considerable patronage and instructed his sons in the trade, until interrupted by local tariff conditions which shut him off from much of his business. Accordingly the family emigrated to New York city in 1850, and three years afterwards Heinrich, with three of his sons, established the well-known house of Steinway & Sons. They soon received prizes and medals at international and other fairs, and, besides their factories, erected in 1863 a large building in East 14th Street, New York, containing their salesrooms and Steinway Hall, long the principal concert-room of the city. Mr. Steinway retired from the management several years before his death.-His son, WILLIAM STEINWAY (1836-96), having organized the firm with his father and his brothers, became its head in 1889. He was noted for his interest in philanthropic matters. In 1890 he was appointed one of the New York city rapid transit commissioners.

Stejneger, LEONHARD (1851), American naturalist, born in Bergen, Norway. He graduated at the Royal University, Christiania, in 1875, and in 1882-3 accompanied the Smithsonian Institution's natural history expedition to Behring Island and Kamtchatka. In 1884-89 he was curator of the ornithological department of the U. S. National Museum, and in 1889 became curator of reptiles in that institution. He visited the Commander Islands 1895-97 on behalf of the U. S Fish Commission to study the habits of the fur seal, and collected much valuable data. His publications include: Results of Ornithological Excursions in the Commander Islands and Kamtchatka (1885); Report of the Rookeries of the Commander Islands (1897); The Asiatic Fur-Seal Islands (1898); The Relation_of Norway and Sweden (1900); The Herpetology of Porto Rico (1904); vol. iv. of the Standard Natural History (1885), and two works in Norwegian dealing with the ornithology and zoology of Norway.

Stella. See SIDNEY, PHILIP; SWIFT, JONATHAN.

Stellaland, dist. of some 6,000 sq. m., Bechuanaland, S. Africa, s.w. of the Transvaal; was a Boer republic from 1882 till 1884, and in 1885 was divided between the Transvaal and British Bechuanaland.

Stellaria

Stellaria, STITCHGRASS, STITCHWORT, or STARWORT, a former genus of herbaceous plants belonging to the order Caryophyllaceæ, and now included in the genus Alsine. Their flowers have five distinct sepals, five petals deeply two-cleft, ten stamens inserted into a ring beneath the capsule, and three styles. The greater stitchwort (S. holostea) is one of the most beautiful flowers

Greater Stitchwort (Stellaria

holostea).

1, Andrœcium and pistil; 2, dehiscent fruit.

of Europe; it has long stems, and its flowers are satiny white. The Lesser stitchwort (S. graminea, which blooms later, is much smaller and less conspicuous. S. media, the chickweed, is a very common annual weed, bearin nearly yellow lesser

its small white flowers the year through. A leaved variety of the stitchwort (S. graminea aurea) is sometimes grown in gardens.

Stellenbosch, cap. of dist. of same name, Cape Colony, British S. Africa, 21 m. by rail E. of Cape Town; centre of a wine district, and seat of Victoria University College. Pop. (1904) of dist. 22,269; of tn. 7,573.

Stellerine, or STELLER'S SEACow. See RHYTINA.

Stelvio Pass (9,055 ft.) is traversed by the highest carriage-road in the Alps, constructed (1820-5) by the Austrian government, at a cost of some 3,000,000 florins.

443

It leads from the Adige valley, above Meran, over to Bormio in the Adda valley, and is a favorite trip for tourists.

wood

Stem, the ascending axis of a plant, contrasted with the root or descending axis, bearing leaves and flowers, and in its highest development putting forth branches freely. Its ordinary functions are the elevation of the leaves, that they may be exposed to the action of the sun and air, and the transmission to them of the nutritive matters absorbed by the roots from the soil. In a transverse section of a young dicotyledonous tree the central pith, with the medullary rays diverging therefrom, the surrounding layers, the cambium between the wood and the bark, and between the bundles (the interfascicular cambium) and the bast or phloem may be distinguished. Stems may be herbaceous, as in most annuals, or woody, as in shrubs and trees. The former may be erect (the technical name for which is 'caulis'); procumbent, or lying along the ground; creeping that is, procumbent and sending off adventitious roots from the nodes; climbing, or clinging by tendrils, or twinging round a support in a spiral coil. Stems may also grow beneath the surface, of which the rhizome of Solomon's seal, the corm of the crocus, the bulb of the hyacinth, and the stem-tuber of the potato are well-known examples. See WOOD.

Stenbock, MAGNUS, COUNT VON (1664-1717), Swedish general, was born in Stockholm; accompanied Charles XII. in his earlier campaigns, and contributed largely to the victory of Narva and the subjection of Poland. In 1710 he gained a brilliant victory over Frederick IV. of Denmark at Helsingborg, and in 1712 defeated the Danes at Gadebusch, for which exploit he obtained his marshal's baton. In 1713 he burned Altona, but was surrounded by the combined Russians, Danes, and Saxons at Tönning, and compelled to surrender with 12,000 men. He died in a Danish dungeon. See his Mémoires (1745), and Life, in Swedish, by Lilliestrale (1890).

Stencilling, the art of cutting out, from sheets of metal, cardboard, or paper, spaces, as of ornaments or lettering, which are then laid upon a surface and painted through. It was common among the Egyptians and Romans. The design is first drawn on metal or cardboard, which must be all in one piece and in one color, so as to enable a broad or spreading brush to pass at one sweep over the whole. Stencilling is unsurpassed for the purpose of giving bold and effective ornament in antique style on

Stephanotis

walls and ceilings. It is carried out in Italy at the present day with so much care and refinement as to resemble careful hand-painting. It is extensively used to decorate furniture and the spaces between windows, also in gardens to imitate foliage. A beautiful variety of stencil work is known as 'theorems' and 'Grecian painting.' This consists of painting flowers, fruit, etc., on a damp surface by stencil. As the colors shrink and dry in different tones, the peculiar blending seen in nature is imitated.

Stendal, tn., Prussia, prov. Saxony, 33 m. by rail N.N.E. of Magdeburg. Its cathedral dates from 1188. Birthplace of Winckelmann. Pop. (1905) 23,278.

Stendhal. See BEYLE, MARIE HENRI.

Stennis, par., Orkney. See MAES HOW and CIRCLES OF STONES.

Steno, NICOLAUS (Dan. NIELS STENSON) (1638-86), Danish physiologist and prelate, was born in Copenhagen. In 1657 he discovered the salivary canal called ductus Stenonianus, and shortly afterward the salivary gland. He was the first to demonstrate that the heart is a muscle. Subsequently he lectured at Paris, and at Florence went over (1667) to Catholicism. Ten years later he was appointed vicarapostolic for Scandinavia, and led the life of a saintly ascetic. He also wrote with great shrewdness on geology and crystallography. His chief works were De Musculis et Glandulis Observationum Specimen (1664) and De Solido intra Solidum naturaliter Contento (1669). Stenography.

HAND.

See SHORT

Stenson's Duct, the duct leading from the parotid gland to the inside of the cheek, where it discharges the parotid saliva.

Stentor, a herald of the Greeks at Troy, said by Homer to be able to shout as loud as fifty ordinary men together; hence proverbial for any one with a loud voice.

Stephan, HEINRICH VON (183197), German statesman, born at Stolp, Pomerania. He reorganized the postal service in Schleswig-Holstein (1864); became postmaster-general of the North German Confederation (1870) and of the newly founded empire (1871), and secretary of state for the post-office department (1878). He was the chief promoter of the International Postal Union (1874). He wrote Geschichte der Preussischen Post (1859), and Das heutige Aegypten (1872). Sce Knickeberg's Heinrich von Stephan (1897).

Stephanotis, a genus of tropical twining shrubs, belonging to

Stephanus

the order Asclepiadaceæ. The species usually grown under glass for its fragrant white flowers is S. floribunda, the clustered wax flower, a native of Madagascar.

Stephanus, a family of French printers. See STEPHENS.

Stephen, the name of nine popes, of whom the most important were:-(1.) STEPHEN I. (d. 257), succeeded Lucius as bishop of Rome (254), and carried on a vigorous controversy with Cyprian on the baptism of heretics. (2.) STEPHEN III., sometimes called Stephen II. (752-757), solicited the aid of Pepin, king of the Franks, against the attacks of Astolphus, king of the Longobards.

Stephen, king of England (1097-1154), the son of Stephen, Count of Blois, and of the Conqueror's daughter Adela. On Henry 1.'s death (1135) Stephen took advantage of his personal popularity to claim the throne, as against his cousin Matilda, and was duly crowned. But by his acts he quickly alienated the sympathy of the people, and brought in Flemish mercenaries. David of Scotland invaded the north on behalf of his niece Matilda, but was disastrously defeated at Northallerton (1138). Stephen made enemies of the church and the most powerful of the nobles. In 1141 he was a prisoner in Matilda's hands, and was granted his liberty in exchange for that of Robert, Duke of Gloucester. From 1142 Stephen had it all his own way; but Matilda's son Henry came over from France in 1152 to assert his rights. Stephen was glad to make peace on the basis of acknowledging Henry as heir to the throne.

Stephen, JAMES (1758-1832), English master of chancery and abolitionist, was born at Poole, and went out to St. Kitts in the West Indies, where he practised law, there being at that time considerable legal business arising from trade regulations between the West Indies and the U. S. There he was inspired with a horror for slavery, which led him to become the friend and coworker of Wilberforce. He returned to England and engaged in practice before the prize court, entered Parliament as member for Tralee, was under-secretary for the colonies, and became master of the Court of Chancery. He was the author of various pamphlets-e.g. War in Disguise (1805), and of an exhaustive and eloquent treatise, The Slavery of the British West Indies (1830). See Henry Adams's History of the United States, vol. iii. (1891).

Stephen, SIR JAMES (17891859), English politician, born at Lambeth, London; called to the bar at Lincoln's Inn (1811), but in 1836 became under-secretary VOL. XI-29

445

for the colonies. From 1836 to 1847 he literally ruled the colonial empire,' and his autocratic methods won him the nickname of King Stephen. In 1849, after he resigned from the Colonial Office, he was appointed regius professor of modern history at Cambridge, and published Essays in Ecclesiastical History (1849) and Lectures on the History of France (1851). See 'Life' prefixed to 5th ed. of Essays.

Stephen, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES (1829-94), English judge, was the son of Sir James Stephen, and was born at Kensington, London. He was called to the bar at the Inner Temple (1854), and, after acting as recorder at Newark-on-Trent (1859-69), became legal member of the Viceroy's Council (1869-72), and judge of the High Court of Justice in India (1879-91), being created a baronet on his retirement. He published Liberty, Equality, and Fraternity (1873), Digest of the Law of Evidence (1876), widely used in the U. S.; History of the Criminal Law of England (1883), and Hore Sabbaticæ (1892). See L. Stephen's Life (1895).

Stephen, JAMES KENNETH (1859-92), better known as 'J. K. S.,' English writer, was the second son of Sir James Fitzjames Stephen. In 1891 he published Lapsus Calami, and Quo, Musa, Tendis?, two little volumes of brilliant society verse and parody, worthy of Calverley at his best. He was tutor to the Duke of Clarence (1883).

Stephen, SIR LESLIE (18321904), English man of letters, born at Kensington, London. He edited Cornhill Magazine from 1871 to 1882, and was editor of vols. i-xxi., joint editor with Sidney Lee of vols. xxii.-xxvi., of the Dictionary of National Biography, to which he contributed many excellent biographies. His book, Hours in a Library (187479), is a work of great value. The possessor of a clear, crisp style, Stephen had a wide knowledge of books and a fine critical taste, which give to his deliverances weight and authority. His most satisfactory work in this department is English Thought in the Eighteenth Century (1876). 1900 an important continuation of this work appeared as The English Utilitarians. This book is a critical history of the progressive and reactionary ideas of the 19th century, in so far as they bear directly on ethical, political, and economic problems. To add to the value of the work, the speculative elements are set in a charming series of biographical frameworks, thereby blending in a masterly fashion the personal and the intellectual, the concrete and the abstract. Closely

In

Stephens

connected with the latter work is his Science of Ethics (1882), in which the utilitarian system of ethics is set forth and improved in the light of the evolutionary theory of man as expounded by Spencer and Darwin. Among his important writings are Studies of a Biographer (1898), a Life of Sir James Stephen (1895), of Professor Fawcett (1885); and Lives of Johnson, Pope, Swift, and Hobbes, in English Men of Letters. He was knighted in 1902. In 1904 appeared his English Literature and Society in the 18th Century.

Stephen, ST. See DEACON.

Stephen, ST., king of Hungary (7969-1038), originally called Vaik, was born at Gran, was converted (995) to the Christian faith, and crowned first king of Hungary (1000). During his reign Christianity was firmly established in his dominion.

Stephen Báthori. See BÁTHORI. Stephens, called also ESTIENNE and ETIENNE, a family of French printers and publishers, the founder being Henri (c. 14601520), who set up (1501) his press close to the University of Paris, and printed about 120 works, the first being the Ethics of Aristotle. He left three sons, François (1502-50); Charles (150464), who published an edition of Cicero (1555); and Robert (1503-59), who was king's printer to Francis I. (1539), but migrated to Geneva (1551), where he became a convert to Calvinism. His great works were a French Bible revised by Calvin (1553), a Greek Testament (1546), a Hebrew Bible in 8 vols. (1539-44), a Latin Bible in folio (1528), and a Concordance (1555). His son Henri (152898) was a printer in Paris and Geneva, devoting his fortune to the purchase of Greek manuscripts in order to restore the texts. Among his publications were Anacreon (1554), Dictionnaire du Médecin (1564), and Thesaurus Græcæ Linguæ (1572). His son Paul (1566-1627) completed his father's unfinished works, especially editions of the Greek classics, but was banished from Geneva for conspiracy (1602). The last great printer of the family was Antoine (15921674), who became French king's printer in 1623. See Renouard's Annales de l'Imprimerie des Estienne (1843).

Stephens, ALEXANDER HAMILTON (1812-83), American statesman, and vice-president of the Confederate States, was born near Crawfordville, Ga., February 11, 1812. He attended in his boyhood such schools as the neighborhood afforded, and through the assistance of a Presbyterian society he was able to study and to graduate at Franklin College (the state university)

of the war, he was always among the foremost in favor of making attempts to end the fierce struggle by negotiation, without ever in the least degree wavering in his loyalty to the Confederacy.

On February 3, 1865, Mr. Stephens with Messrs. Campbell and Hunter as his associates met President Lincoln and Mr. Seward at Fortress Monroe in a final effort to end the war by negotiation. The conference failed to accomplish any good, and Mr. Stephens, seeing nothing more that he could do, returned home and remained in retirement until his arrest on May 11, 1865. Confined for five months at Fort Warren, he endured his imprisonment without yielding his convictions, and in October, 1865, was released on parole. In February, 1866, the Georgia legislature, after compliance with the terms proposed by President Johnson, elected Mr. Stephens United States senator, but Congress, refusing to recognize President Johnson's reconstruction policy, denied his right to a seat. Later, when the reconstruction era was ended, he was elected to the National House of Representatives of the 43d Congress (1873) to fill the vacancy caused by the death of A. R. Wright, and served with great ability until 1882, when he was elected governor of Georgia. During his term as governor, he died at Savannah, March 4, 1883. He was the author of A Constitutional View of the War Between the States (1868-70), School History of the United States (1872), and a larger illustrated History of the United States (1883).

See Cleveland's Alexander H. Stephens, in Public and Private, with Letters and Speeches (1866), and Johnston and Browne's Life of Alexander H. Stephens (1878-83).

Stephens, CHARLES ASBURY (1847), American author, was born at Norway Lake, Me., and graduated (1869) at Bowdoin. He afterwards took the course in medicine at Boston University, receiving his degree in 1887. Mr. Stephens began writing boys' stories for the Youths' Companion in 1870; and was still so occupied in 1906. Among his books are: Camping Out (1872), The Knockabout Club series (3 vols. 1882-4), and several biological volumes published at "The Laboratory,' Norway Lake.

Stephens, GEORGE (1813-95), English archeologist, was born in Liverpool. Philology early engrossed his interest, and in his dialectical researches he formed the theory that English was a Scandinavian, not a Germanic, language. In 1834 he took up his residence in Stockholm, where he taught English; and in 1851 he became lector, and later professor, of English in the univer