ings of the Society for Psychical Research, where the evidence is carefully criticised.

Secret, DISCIPLINE OF THE. See DISCIPLINA ARCANI.

Secretary Bird (Serpentarius secretarius), an African bird of prey, allied to the vulture. The tuft of plumes at the back of the head bears a supposed resemblance to the pen of a clerk stuck behind the ear. The bird is very long-legged, standing four feet or more in height; the bill is short, strong, and much arched; the neck long; the tail with two greatly elongated and drooping feathers in the centre. The general coloring is a combination of gray and black. Secretary birds are best

were limited to gathering statistics of agriculture, experimenting with new varieties of plants, etc. From year to year new branches of service were created, and in 1889 the department was raised to the rank of an executive department with a cabinet member at its head. Under the secretary of agriculture are the Weather Bureau, the bureaus of Animal Industry, Plant Industry, Forestry, Chemistry, Soils, Statistics, and Entomology, the Biological Survey, the Agricultural Experiment Stations, and the Office of Public Road Inquiries.

Secretary of Commerce and Labor. The secretaryship of commerce and labor, as a cabinet officer in the United States Government, was instituted in 1903. The secretary of commerce and labor has jurisdiction over the bureaus of Labor, of Corporations, of Manufactures, of the Census, of Navigation (mercantile), and of Fisheries, and over the Lighthouse Establishment and the Coast and Geodetic Survey.

Secretary of Foreign Affairs. See SECRETARY OF STATE.

Secretary of State. After the adoption of the Constitution the first Congress in 1789 established a department of foreign affairs, with a secretary of foreign affairs at its head. Shortly afterward the same congress changed the name of the department to that of State, the head of the department thereafter being known as secretary of state. While his chief function was then as now the conduct of foreign affairs, functions of a quite different nature were entrusted to his department, as the custodianship of the seal of the United States and the promulgation of laws. The secretaryship of state is the highest appointive office in the federal service; and the secretary of state is first after the Vice-President in the line of presidential succession. See CABINET.

Secretary of the Interior. The department of the interior in the United States Government was instituted in 1849. The secretary of the interior controls a large number of unrelated branches of the federal service, the most important of which are the General Land Office, the bureau of Indian Affairs, the bureau of Education, and the Geologic Survey.

Secretary of the Navy. The department of the navy in the United States Government was created in 1798, and its head, the secretary of the navy, was made a cabinet officer in the same year. In addition to control over the personnel and disposition of the naval forces, the secretary of the navy has supervision over the Marine Corps, the bureaus of

Yards and Docks, of Construction and Repair, of Steam Engineer ing, of Ordnance, of Equipment, of Supplies and Accounts, of Medicine and Surgery, and of Navigation. The United States Naval Academy and the Naval War College are also under his supervision.

Secretary of the Treasury. The department of the treasury in the United States Government, with the secretary of the treasury at its head, was established in 1789. The secretary of the treasury has control over the administration of the finances and of the currency. In addition to these, a number of other branches of the federal service have at one time been under his supervision, as formerly the post office and the land office. At present in addition to the branches of service having to do with finance and currency, the public health and marine hospital service, the lifesaving service, the bureau engaged in construction of federal buildings, the bureau of Engraving and Printing, and the Secret Service, are under the secretary of the treasury.

re

In creating the department of the treasury Congress intended to subordinate the departmental chief to itself, not to the Presi dent. The secretary was quired to make reports directly to Congress. The action of President Jackson in 1833 in compelling the secretary of the treasury to follow the President's policy relative to the Bank of the United States established the presidential control over the secretary of the treasury.

Secretary of War. The secretaryship of war in the United States Government was created in 1789. The duties of the office included at first supervision over the Army, the Navy, the Bounty Lands, Indian affairs, and certain miner matters. At present, besides military affairs proper, the secretary of war has general powers of supervision over the Corps of Engineers, the United States Military Academy, the Bureau of Insular Affairs, river and harbor improvements, and Panama Canal. In time of war, the military government and the provisional civil government of conquered territory are also under the control of the secretary of war.

Secretion is (1) a process by which living organisms separate from surrounding fluids specific materials, which are elaborated, collected, and discharged for the performance of special functions; (2) the material secreted. A distinction is drawn between secretions and excretions, the former being functionally active, while the latter consist of waste materials thrown out by the organism

Secret Service

as useless or harmful; but in some cases-in the bile, for examplethe gland product is partly functional and partly excretory. In the human body each variety of gland has its peculiar product, which it elaborates from the blood and lymph. Secretion is due to the metabolic or transforming powers of living protoplasm, and the selective capacities of the various cells. Like muscular action, secretion is largely under the influence of the nervous system, and is often excited and inhibited in a reflex fashion. The sight and smell of food stimulate the salivary glands, and one's mouth waters'; irritation of the eye induces lachrymal flow. During the period of rest the constructive processes of the gland outpace the discharge, and zymogen or mucigen, as the case may be, accumulates in the cell. During the secretory activity, on the other hand, the cell becomes more or less depleted.

at

Secret Service, U. S. This descriptive title legally applies to one branch of the government only a division in the office of the secretary of the treasury Washington. It came into existence in June, 1860, when an appropriation of $100,000 was made for the purpose of detecting and prosecuting counterfeiters of gold and silver coins. At the close of the Civil War it absorbed the best of the available material from the ranks of Col. Baker's famous organization in the military bureau of information, and since that period has been maintained primarily for the protection of the currency of the country. It is practically an independent bureau, having jurisdiction in all the states and territories. Its operations are directed by a chief with an assistant and a clerical force in the Treasury Department. There are twenty-eight districts throughout the country, each of which is under the immediate supervision

of an

operative-in-charge,' with as many assistants and subheadquarters in each district as may be necessary. Appointments are made to the field force by the secretary of the treasury on the recommendation of the chief under civil service regulations. There are other branches of the government doing work of a conidential nature-special agents in

the customs service, revenue agents in the Internal Revenue

Bureau, inspectors in the Post Office and other departments, but none of these belong to the Secret All informatior

Service proper, as to the number of men in the field, their names and official stations (except at the principal district headquarters) is withheld by administrative officers in the

83

interests of efficiency, and in this respect it is unique. While the primary function of the Secret Service is the suppression of counterfeiting, it is used for other purposes to the distinct advantage of the general government. During the Spanish-American difficulty it was employed to checkmate the operations of the Spanish agents in the United States, arrested a number of spies, and brought about the expulsion from Canada of a former naval attaché of the Spanish legation who had established a base of operations across the Canadian border. All of the departments at Washington from time to time avail themselves of the services of experienced agents of the Secret Service, especially in the prosecution of naturalization and land frauds, violations of the anti-trust laws, and various offences against the federal statutes. There is a special detail of agents for the protection of the President and high dignitaries of foreign countries who may visit the United States.

Secret Societies in the United States. It is rather surprising that in no other country than the United States, where a democratic civilization has been so highly developed, have there been

or

are there so many secret societies, or so many members thereof. Students of this sociological phenomenon have recorded about 350 such organizations in the United States, with an approximate total membership in 1906 of about 7,500,000, about one in every eleven of the aggregate population. Many of these organizations are composed of women as well as men (see FRATERNAL BENEFICIARY ORDers), and if 7,000,000 be taken as representing the male membership it is seen that about 40 per cent. of the total adult male population are members of secret societies. The growth from 1796, when secret society life in the United States was made up of about 2,500 Freemasons, 500 members of St. Tammany Societies and kindred patriotic fraternities, and members of the few scattered chapters of the Phi Beta Kappa, the mother college fraternity, is thus seen to have been prodigious, from about one, or less than one per cent. of the population of the country 110 years ago to 9 per cent. to-day. When these secret societies, fraternities, sisterhoods, and mixed assemblies are classified, something of the enormous range taken by this peculiar Sociological development is shown

at

a glance. They may be grouped, in the order of their appearance, about as follows: 1, Freemasonry and appendant orders; 2, Patriotic and Political fraternities; 3, College (Greek

Secret Societies

letter) fraternities; 4, Charitable and Benevolent fraternities; 5, Temperance societies; 6, Fraternal beneficiary orders; 7, Industrial (or labor) organizations; 8, Military fraternities; and 9, Miscella

neous.

It is about one hundred and seventy-six years since Freemasonry made its appearance in the United States, it having been carried from England to Boston and to Philadelphia within a twelvemonth. (See FREEMASONRY.) For the next 34 years it was the only secret society here having an organized existence. Then sprang up the patriotic and political fraternities, the

first of which was the Sons of Liberty (1764-1783); from them came the Sons of St. Tamina and Sons of St. Tammany (17711813); the Tammany Society, or Columbian Order (1789), N. Y. city (q.v.); the Society of Red Men (1813-1832), and the Order of United American Mechanics (1845), treated elsewhere under that title, as well as the Junior Order of United American Mechanics (1853); Patriotic Order Sons of America (1847); Brotherhood of the Union (1850); Sons of '76, or Order of Star-Spangled Banner (Know Nothing Party, 1852) (q.v.), and many others which were temporarily swallowed by that last named. It was the Civil War which checked the first great Native American movement. Neither the Know Nothing party, nor its secret society, Crysalis, reappeared after that conflict, as did the two orders of 'Mechanics,' the Sons of America, and the Brotherhood of the Union, from which, with the assistance of the Loyal Orange Association, introduced here late in the sixties, were gathered the suggestion and impetus which started another nominal repetition of the Know Nothing movement by the American Protective Association (1888-1900). (See PROTECTIVE ASSOCIATION, AMERICAN.) During that period most of the older patriotic fraternities, those already named and new ones which had only short lives, were virtually absorbed by the 'A. P. A.,' only the four emerging from the eclipse in which the 'A. P. A.' was involved, at the beginning of the 20th century, the same which reappeared after the Civil War had blotted out the Know Nothing party. The Sons of Liberty stood for a protest against British oppression in the American colonies, and at the close of the War of the Revolution it was Sons of Liberty who organized Sons of St. Tamina, or St. Tammany, an American Indian, in ridicule of loyalty to the Crown then shown by such organizations as the St. George,

St. Andrews, St. David, and St. Nicholas societies, and as a protest against the so-called aristocratic Society of the Cincinnati, with its federal tendencies and hereditary memberships. The Society of Red Men (1813-1832), was formed by members of St. Tammany societies. In all of these organizations Indian ceremonials formed a part of those which were visited upon initiates. That last named was more political than merely patriotic and finally disappeared through excessive diversions in social lines. Two years later, in 1834, former members of the Society of Red Men, and of late St. Tammany societies, made a radical departure by forming the Improved Order of Red Men (q.v.), the first purely charitable and benevolent secret society having an American background and origin, organized along lines suggested by the Independent Order of Odd Fellows, originally an English friendly secret society, which was introduced into the United States in 1819. (See INDEPENDENT ORDER OF ODD FELLOWS.) Owing to this abrupt switching off of a long line of patriotic fraternities into one which eschewed politics and worked alone for the welfare of fellow-members, there was a nominal break of a few years in the more than a century and a third of patriotic and political secret societies, which began with the Sons of Liberty, 1764, and are still extant in the United Orders of American Mechanics and allied societies. Native American political uprisings began in New York city in 1835, in Philadelphia in 1837, and were quite pronounced at New York in 1843, when James Harper, founder of Harper Bros., publishers, was elected mayor on the anti-free immigration, America for Americans, and anti- Roman Catholicism cries. Labor disturbances at both New York and Philadelphia were frequent, and an outgrowth of them in 1845, at Philadelphia, was the United American Mechanics, afterward Order of United American Mechanics, which, later, was made a secret society to which all American men in sympathy with its objects were eligible. (See ORDER, UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS; also JUNIOR ORDER UNITED AMERICAN MECHANICS.) Native Americanism first showed itself in the St. Tammany societies, then in the Alien and Sedition Laws of 1798, next in the War of 1812, and was kept alive during the era of good feeling' by the Society of Red Men and Surviving Sons of St. Tammany, until 1832. It was only a few years later that it flared out

again, as first described, and has had a continuous existence, generally behind closed doors, ever since. First and last, there have been some seventy or more patriotic or political secret fraternities. These in the last third of the 18th century stood for popular patriotism and Americanism; in the second third of the 19th century this developed into antifree immigration and anti-Roman Catholicism, and during the final decade of the last century it became an unsuccessful attempt virtually to revive the issues of the period 1852-1856.

For an account of the origin and development of the College, or Greek Letter Fraternities, the first of which made its appearance in 1776, see FRATERNITIES, COL

LEGE.

Charitable and benevolent secret societies in this country, while borrowing in part from Freemasonry, are more nearly the offspring of the Odd Fellows. The latter, as told, was introduced here in 1819, and the Ancient Order of Foresters first in 1834, from England, the year the native society, the Improved Order of Red Men, was formed; the Ancient Order of Hibernians (1836) came from Ireland, and the United Ancient Order of Druids (1839) from England. The German Order of Harugari was formed at New York city in 1847, the Knights of Pythias, at Washington (1864), and the Benevolent and Protective Order of Elks at New York city in 1866, which constitute the leading as well as typical fraternities of this variety, all of which are described in detail elsewhere under their several titles.

an

The parent American secret society formed to disseminate total abstinence principles, Sons of Temperance (1842), was outcome of the Washington temperance movement. Freemasons were among its founders. It had been preceded by the Independent Order of Rechabites, formed by Odd Fellows and Foresters, in England, in 1842, which was brought to the United States in 1845. From the American Sons of Temperance there sprang the Templars of Honor and Temperance (1845), Independent Order of Good Templars (1852), and from the latter came the Royal Templars of Temperance (1870).

It was in 1868 that the first of the American fraternal beneficiary (assessment insurance orders) orders, a modification of the charitable, beneficiary, or English friendly societies, was organized, the Ancient Order of United Workmen. For an extended account of the growth and work of this large section of secret society life in the United

States, see FRATERNAL BENEFICIARY ORDERS.

Organized labor has not greatly favored the secret society methods of working out its purposes, but what it has done in that direction has been conspicuous. The various Railway Brotherhoods, the Engineers (1863), Conductors, (1868), Firemen (1873), Trainmen (1883), Telegraphers (1866), Switchmen (1887), and Carmen (1889), had a Masonic origin in the parent of them all, the Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers, and constitute some of the most efficient organizations in the ranks of labor to this day. (See RAILWAY EMPLOYEES, AssoCIATIONS OF.) An outgrowth of the French labor unions was the forming of 'The International' at London in 1862, from which the Knights of Labor, formed in the United States in 1869, drew its inspiration. The latter has had a varied career. Its membership in 1886 was 726,000. It is not believed the total is as much as 100,000 to-day. From the Knights of Labor sprang the Amalgamated Iron and Steel Workers' Association (1876), the International Association of Machinists (1888), and others.

Military secret societies were mostly the outgrowth of the Civil War, when they took the place, in some instances, of general or open societies for the perpetuation of the memories and sacrifices which the members had shared in the war for the preservation of the Union. Following came those fraternities (and sisterhoods) formed of descendants of and of women relatives of veterans. Typical of them all are the Grand Army of the Republic (1866), and the Sons of Veterans (1878), which are referred to elsewhere under their respective titles.

In addition to these groups of secret societies, there are or have been many which may be classed as miscellaneous, with purposes which may be given in part as revolutionary, co-operative and recreative. Among those in the first groups were the Knights of the Golden Circle, the Ku Klux Klan, the Fenian Brotherhood, and the Clan-na-Gael; in the second, the Wheel and the Patrons of Husbandry; and, in the third, various annexes to secret societies already referred to, such as the 'Mystic Shrine' oi the Freemasons, and like attachments to the Odd Fellows, the Knights of Pythias, and other fraternities, most of which may have been suggested by the now extinct Sons of Malta, which had such a Vogue throughout the North and South E. of the Mississippi river prior to the Civil War.

In all of these secret fraternities and sisterhoods, or combinations

Sector, that portion of a circle contained between two radii. 20, where is the angle between the radii in circular measure, or sr, where s is the

Area

arc.

ETRY.

See MENSURATION; GEOM

Secularism may be regarded in two very different ways-(1) as an aggressive movement of a particular sect; (2) as a vague and general tendency of thought. As a particular aggressive movement, secularism belongs to the latter half of the 19th century, and had for its leading representative G. J. Holyoake. Its aim was twofold-first, to free our views of human life and conduct from their traditional association with religion and theology; and secondly, to lay a far greater emphasis than the traditional religious ethics does on the importance of the material conditions of life. The former aim was connected, in the case of some members of the party, such as Charles Bradlaugh, with a frank profession of atheism. But even those who were not prepared, or did not think it politic, to make such a profession, still considered it essential to make a vehement protest against any dependence of moral rules and ends on theological opinions which they regarded as incapable of any certain proof. See Holyoake's Principles of Secularism (1859) and Origin of Secularism (1896).

Criticism and historical references are given in Flint's AntiTheistic Theories (1879).

Secularism as an existing tendency or characteristic of thought means the fact that, in consequence of the teachings of modern science, there has taken place an enormous expansion of the mundane horizon, and a corresponding recession of the traditional religious view of things by which that horizon was formerly defined. Physical science and biological science have completely destroyed that picture of creation which, in consequence of a too literal acceptance of scriptural teaching, was so long regarded as a representation of actual events which occurred not so very many thousand years ago. And historical criticism is steadily undermining those conceptions of supernatural

85

intervention in Jewish and Christian history which have formed the basis of Christian dogma in its traditional forms. The tendency of these changes has been to make matters of religious belief more and more vague and shadowy. Such secularism has no direct or immediate bearing upon conduct, but it is none the less a profoundly important intellectual tendency of the present day.

Seculars. See CLERGY. Secundarabad, tn. and cantonment, state of Haidarabad, India, 6 m. N.E. of Haidarabad.' Pop. (1901) 85,267.

Security, a term which includes documents and transactions that assure or facilitate the payment of money, by giving the holder of them some right for the recovery of his debt, in addition to the rights which he has in common with creditors generally. It includes bonds, debentures, promissory notes, checks, bills of exchange, mortgages legal and equitable, banknotes, and government stock, but not shares in companies, bank stock, and unpaid legacies. The obligation of the debtor, or of another for his benefit, is known as personal security. A person who undertakes to perform the obligation of another is called a surety. Security for the performance of an obligation may also be given by creating a lien on property by document or pledge. See MORTGAGE; LIEN; PLEDGE; SURETYSHIP.

Security and Information. The service of reconnaissance, advance and rear guards, outposts, patrols, etc., upon which the safety and success of an army in the field largely depends. See Wagner's Security and Information (Kansas City, 1902), and Field Service Regulations, U.S. Army (Washington, 1905).

Sedaine, MICHEL JEAN (171997), French dramatist, born at Paris; whilst apprenticed to an architect he wrote plays, particularly in the department of opéra comique, where, often in collaboration with Philidor or Monsigny, he produced a mass of works, sometimes of a high order. It was to one of these-Richard Caur-deLion (1784) that he is said to have owed his election to the French Academy. Two of his comedies-Le Philosophe sans le Savoir (1765) and La Gageure Imprévue (1768) were performed at the Théâtre Français. His talent was original and his work careful, and the style he initiated was no doubt in great degree responsible for the subsequent success of Scribe and Augier.

Sedalia, city, Mo., co. seat of Pettis co., 80 m. E.S.E. of Kansas City, on the Mo. Pac. and the

Sedatives

Mo., Kan. and Tex. R. Rs. It is located at an elevation of 986 ft. above the sea in an agricultural, coal-mining, and limestone region. It contains the George R. Smith College (colored), a public library, 2 hospitals, the state fair grounds and buildings, court house, post office building, college of music, and 2 parks. Its industrial establishments include the general offices and railway shops of the Mo., Kan. and Tex. R. R., the locomotive shops of the Mo. Pac. R. R., iron foundries, breweries, beef, pork, and poultry packing houses, grain elevators, flour mills, and manufactories of boots and shoes, overalls, shirts, clothing, carriages, candy, woollens, ice, agricultural implements, and brooms. It has also horse breeding interests and an extensive trade in the grain, hay, potatoes, fruit, poultry and eggs, etc., produced in the surrounding district. There are adjacent deposits of zinc, iron, lead, fire-clay, and emery. It was laid out in 1861, by Gen. G. R. Smith, and received its present charter in 1864. It was a U. S. military post (1861-1865) and Iwas held in 1864 for a short time by the Confederates. Pop. (1900) 15,231; (1910) 17,822.

Sedan. (1.) City, Kan., co. seat of Chautauqua co., 75 m. S.E. by E. of Wichita, on the Caney R., and on the Mo. Pac. R. R. It is located in a region containing coal and building stone. Pop.(1910)1,211. (2.) Tn. and frontier fortress in French dep. Ardennes, on the Meuse, 32 m. N.w. of Verdun. It is a centre of cloth manufacture, which employs 10,000 hands, and has existed for more than three centuries. From the 16th century it was the seat of a famous Protestant seminary. On Sept. 1, 1870, the army of MacMahon was defeated by the Germans, commanded by Frederick William, crown prince of Prussia (afterward Frederick III.) and the crown prince of Saxony. On the following day, Sept. 2, Napoleon III. and 86,000 French troops surrendered to the Germans. It was the birthplace of Marshal Turenne (1611). Pop. (1901) 19,349.

Sedan Chair, an enclosed armchair carried by two bearers by means of poles passed through rings fixed to the side of the vehicle. Taking its name from the town of Sedan in France, where the chair was said to have been invented, it was introduced into England by Buckingham in the reign of James I. It continued in use until about the third decade of the 19th century.

Sedatives, in medicine, agents used to soothe the body, whether by external or internal application. A sedative may be a drug (of which some are stimulant in

one dose and sedative in another), or the application of heat or cold. A poultice may act as a local sedative, as also may ice applied to the head in feverish conditions. Cerebral sedatives are also general opium, chloral, chloroform, and many other drugs being examples. Gastric sedatives are represented by hydrocyanic acid diluted, by bismuth, and by oxalate of cerium. Hydrocyaníc acid diluted and derivatives of opium are also pulmonary sedatives. Spinal sedatives are bromide of potassium and Calabar bean. Digitalis and strophanthus are cardiac sedatives, although also cardiac tonics. A warm bath is a valuable example of the sedative action of heat.

a

Sedden, JAMES ALEXANDER (1815-80), Confederate States official, was born in Stafford co., Va. He graduated in law at the University of Virginia, and began to practise at Richmond. In 1845 he entered Congress. In 1846 he declined renomination, but served again in 1849-51, when he retired from political life on account of ill health. In 1861 he was one of the representatives of Virginia in the peace convention at Washington, and, as a member of the committee resolutions, introduced the minority report which recognized the right of peaceable secession. He was a member of the first Confederate Congress, and in 1862 received the portfolio of secretary of war of the Confederate States. He held this position until the close of hostilities.

on

Seddon, RICHARD JOHN (18451906), British premier of New Zealand, was born at Eccleston in Lancashire. He emigrated to Victoria in 1863 as a mechanical engineer. He afterwards removed to New Zealand, where in 1879 he was returned to Parliament as member for Hokitika, and afterwards for Kumara (1881) and Westland (1890). In 1891 he became minister of mines, then minister of public works, and in 1895 premier. He attended the conferences of Colonial premiers at London in 1897 and 1902. He died at sea June 10, 1906. Sedge. See CAREX.

Sedgemoor, moor, Somerset, England, between Bridgwater and Weston; scene of the defeat of Monmouth (1685).

Sedgley, urban dist., Staffordshire, England, 4 m. s.s.w. of Wolverhampton. Nails, gas retorts, iron safes, and hardware are manufactured, and coal, limestone, ironstone, and fire-clay are worked. Pop. (1911) 16.529.

Sedgwick, ADAM (1785-1873), English geologist, was born at Dent in Yorkshire, and in 1818 became professor of geology at Cambridge University, and soon

became recognized as an authority on palæozoic rocks and fossils. His principal publication was a long introduction to Description of British Paleozoic Fossils (1854). He strenuously opposed Darwinism when the Origin of Species appeared. See Life and Letters (2 vols. 1890).

Sedgwick, CATHERINE MARIA (1789-1867), American author, born at Stockbridge, Mass., the daughter of Judge Theodore Sedgwick. In 1839 she travelled in Europe. She was a voluminous writer, and her books were widely read in this country and in Europe. She was sometimes cailed "The Female Cooper.' Among her writings were: A New England Tale (1822); Redwood (1824); The Traveller (1825); Hope Leslie; or Early Times in Massachusetts (1827); Sketches and Tales (1835); Live and Let Live (1837); Letters from Abroad to Kindred at Home (1841); Historical Sketches of Old Painters (1845); William Harvey and Other Tales (1845). Her Life and Letters, edited by Mary E. Dewey, was published

in 1871.

Sedgwick, JOHN (1813-64), American soldier, born at Cornwall, Conn. He graduated at West Point in 1837 as a second lieutenant of cavalry, and served in the second Seminole War and in the Mexican War. At the outbreak of the Civil War he was appointed colonel in the regular army and brigadier-general of volunteers, and he became maiorgeneral in 1862. He commanded a division of the 2d Corps in the Peninsula campaign and at Fair Oaks, May 31, 1862, the arrival of his division on the field saved McClellan's threatened right wing from disaster. At Antietam his division had some of the severest fighting, and he himself was twice wounded. When Hooker re-organized the Army of the Potomac in the spring of 1863, Sedgwick was given the 6th Corps and he commanded it until his death. In the Chancellorsville campaign he directed the operations against the heights Eehind Fredericksburg, retiring when the main army was defeated. His corps took part in the last two days at Gettysburg and led in the pursuit of the defeated Confederates. He played important part in the opening operations in the campaign of 1864, in the Wilderness, and was killed at Spottsylvania on May 9.

an

Sedgwick, ROBERT (c. 15901656), American colonist, born probably in Woburn, Bedfordshire, England. He settled in Charlestown, Mass., in 1635; was many times a deputy to the General Court; and was one of the founders of the celebrated Ancient and Honorable Artillery Com

pany. He was major-general over all the militia in 1652; expelled the French from the Penobscot region in 1654; assisted in the capture of Jamaica in 1655; and was one of the commissioners appointed to govern that island.

Sedgwick, THEODORE (17471813), American jurist, born at West Hartford, Conn. He was educated at Yale and was admitted to the bar. After a short service in the Revolutionary army he returned to his practice and in 1781 argued the case of Elizabeth Freeman, the decision in which abolished slavery in Mass. He was a member of the Continental Congress in 1785-86, member of the Mass. convention which ratified the Federal Constitution in 1788, member of Congress in 178996, U. S. senator in 1796-99, member of Congress and speaker of the House in 1799-1801, and justice of the Mass. Supreme Court in 1802-1813. He was a strong Federalist in politics.

Sedgwick, THEODORE (181159), American jurist, born in Albany, N. Y. He graduated at Columbia College in 1829, was admitted to the New York bar in 1833, and was appointed an attaché to the U. S. fegation in Paris. In 1852 he was president of the Crystal Palace association, and in 1858 was appointed U. S. district attorney. He edited the Political Writings of William Leggat (2 vols. 1840); and published: Thoughts on the Annexation of Texas (1844); Treatise on the Measure of Damages (1847); and Statutory and Constitutional Law (1857).

Sedgwick, WILLIAM THOMPSON (1855), American biologist, born in West Hartford, Conn. He graduated at Yale in 1877, in 1878-79 was an instructor in physiological chemistry there, and was a fellow and instructor in biology at Johns Hopkins in 1879-83. In 1883-85 he was assistant professor of biology in the Massachusetts Institute of

Technology; he was associate professor there in 1885-91; and became professor in 1891. In 1888-96 he was biologist to the Massachusetts state board of health, and became known as an authority on epidemiology. In 1897 he was curator of the Lowell Institute, Boston, and in 1897-99 was chairman of the board of pauper institutions trustees. In 1902-04 he was a member of the advisory board of the Hygienic Laboratory for Public Health and Marine Hospital Service of the U. S. He was joint author, with E. B. Wilson, of General Biology (1886); assistant editor, with Mrs. Rogers, of the Life and Letters of William Barton Rogers (2 vols. 1896); and author of