LEUCUS V., son of Demetrius II., assumed the crown in 125 B.C.; but his mother, Cleopatra, had him assassinated. (6.) SELEUCUS VI., surnamed Epiphanes Nicator, reigned from 95 to 93 B.C. He was the eldest son of Antiochus VIII. He defeated his cousin, Antiochus Cyzicenus, who claimed the kingdom; but he was soon afterwards expelled from Syria by Antiochus Eusebes, son of Cyzicenus, and took refuge at Mopsuestia in Cilicia. His tyranny and exactions, however, provoked the people to burn him. See Plutarch's Life of Demetrius, Droysen's Geschichte Alexanders des Grossen (ed. 1892), and Bevan's House of Seleucus (1903).

Self-consciousness, in psychology, denotes the fact that we have consciousness, not only of an external world, but of ourselves in relation thereto. Psychologists trace the stages through which this presentation is supposed to pass. In the first or merely perceptual phase of mind, the self, which is an object of consciousness, can be nothing else than the body, which is strongly differentiated from external objects by the fact that it is the source of keen pleasurable and painful feeling. As a child passes from the perceptual to the higher phases of mental development, this immediately present bodily self of perception is expanded by memories of past and expectations of future experiences, internalized by distinguishing the self of images and feelings from the visible bodily self, and finally socialized by the intercourse with other persons which speech makes possible; that is to say, we conceive ourselves as persons of whom certain conduct is expected by others. The self which is thus an object for consciousness is called by psychologists the empirical self or ego, to distinguish it as an object known from the knowing subject. Concerning the empirical self, psychologists are largely agreed; but concerning the knowing or pure subject, and how we are to think of it, there is considerable divergence of opinion. The term self-consciousness is used in metaphysics by a certain school of writers to designate the principle to which they would refer, and in terms of which they would explain, the whole world of experience. And such a usage may be regarded as signifying that the world is held to be essentially spiritual, and to. be explicable only in terms of mind as the ultimate reality. For the psychological doctrine, see James's Principles of Psychology (1890).

Self-Defence. In its broadest sense, the use of force in the pro

tection of one's own person or property, or the person of another, from unlawful injury. The term is most frequently employed in cases where the person who attempts the injury is killed by the one whose person or property is attacked. The general rule is that any one may repel an attack with reasonable force, and may even kill his assailant, if he reasonably believes that he is in danger of losing his life or suffering great bodily harm. The person attacked should retreat before killing his assailant if it is safe to do so, unless he is on his own premises, where, by the weight of authority, he is not obliged to retreat even if he has opportunity to do so. The old rule requiring a person attacked to 'retreat to the wall' has been greatly modified. A person may take life only where necessary to protect his property from being stolen from his presence, and not in attacking a trespasser. Opprobrious language directed to a person is not an excuse for inflicting great bodily injury upon the offender, and the latter may defend himself to the extent of taking the life of the person insulted, under the above rule. See ASSAULT; MURDER. Consult Bishop, Criminal Law.

Self-denying Ordinance, a measure passed in the English Parliament of 1645, largely through the instrumentality of Cromwell and the Independents, whereby all officers holding commissions in the army were called on to resign. In this way those generals who held either Episcopalian or Presbyterian viewssuch as Essex, Manchester, Waller, and others-were removed from command, their places being filled by Cromwell's nominees.

Self-heal, or PRUNELLA, a genus of hardy, perennial, herbaceous plants belonging to the order Labiatæ. They bear white or purplish flowers, and are easily grown in ordinary garden soil. P. vulgaris is a common naturalized plant with heads of purplish flowers in late summer.

Selfridge, THOMAS OLIVER, JR. (1836-1902), American naval officer, born in Charlestown, Mass. He graduated at the Naval Academy in 1854, and had reached the rank of lieutenant when the Civil War began. He was second lieutenant on the Cumberland when she was sunk by the Merrimack, commanded the Osage in the Red R. expedition, and the Huron in both attacks on Fort Fisher, and, in the successful one, headed one of the storming parties. In 1869-73 he was engaged in surveying for a route for an interoceanic canal across the Isthmus of Panama. He became a cap

tain in 1881 and rear-admiral in 1896, retiring in 1898.

Seligman, EDWIN ROBERT ANDERSON (1861), American economist, born in New York. He graduated at Columbia College in 1879, was appointed lecturer on political economy there in 1885; in 1888 became adjunct professor, and in 1891 professor of that science in the same institution. For many years he was secretary of the N. Y. Tenement-house Building Co., and in 1897 became its presi dent. In 1886 he established the Political Science Quarterly, and became one of its editors. His publications include: Owen and the Christian Socialists (1886); Two Chapters on the Mediaval Guilds of England (1887); Railway Tariffs and the Interstate

Self-heal.

1, Corolla opened; 2, anther; 3, calyx; 4, ovary.

Commerce Law (1887); Finance Statistics of the American Commonwealth (1889); Taxation of Corporations (1890); The Shifting and Incidence of Taxation (1892); Progressive Taxation in Theory and Practice (1894); Essays in Taxation (1895); Economic Interpretation of History (1902); and Principles of Economics (1905).

Selim I. (1467-1520), sultan of Turkey, dethroned and murdered his father, Bajazid II. (1512), and then entered upon a career of conquest against Persia, defeating Shah Ismail at the battle of Chaldiran near Tabriz, which enabled him to subdue Kurdistan. and Diarbekr (1514). Then he warred against the Mameluke sovereigns of Egypt and against Syria (1517), and finally against

Selim II.

Arabia, whereby he gained possession of Mecca and Medina and the green flag of the Prophet. Thereupon he assumed the title of Imam, and became the recognized spiritual head of Islam. He reorganized the Janizaries, and laid the foundation of the modern military power of Turkey. In addition he was a munificent patron of letters.

Selim II. (1524–74), grandson of the above, ascended the throne in 1566, and was a drunken debauchee, but had the sense to leave everything in the hands of his ministers. In his reign occurred the great defeat of the Turkish fleet by Don John of Austria off Lepanto in Greece (Oct. 7. 1571), and the first collision between the Turks and the Russians at Astrakhan.

Selim III. (1761-1808), on his (1789), was favorable accession to reforms in the adminstration of the empire. The war with Austria and Russia had gone very disastrously for the Turks-Belgrade, Bucharest, Bender, Akkerman, and Ismail having all surrendered to Suvorov; but by the treaty of Jassy (1792), which confirmed that of Kainardji, the Dniester was made the frontier line, and Belgrade was restored to Turkey, Selim's zeal for reform cost him his life.

Selinus, ancient Greek city on s.w. coast of Sicily, was founded about 628 B.C. by colonists from Hyblæan Megara, itself a colony from Megara in Greece. It soon became very prosperous, but about 500 B.C. fell into dependence on Carthage. It was liberated by Gelon's great victory at Himera in 480 B.C. The Athenian expedition of 415 B.C. was sent primarily to champion Segesta against Selinus. In 410, however, the Segestans appealed to Carthage, and next year a vast army attacked Selinus: it capitulated, and nearly all the population was massacred, and the town destroyed. On the site are the ruins of eight ancient temples. One of them dates from before 600 B.C.; its metopes (in the museum at Palermo) are the most ancient Greek sculptures known except the lions at Mycena. See Hittorf and Zanth's Architecture Antique de la Sicile (1870), Hittorf's Restitution du Temple d'Empedocle à Sélinonte (1851), and Sladen's Selinus, Segesta, and the West of Sicily (1903).

Seljuks, a Turkish dynasty which originated in W. Turkestan in the 11th century. Its capital was Merv, and after becoming converted to Islam, the chieftain, Toghrul Beg, and his nephew, Alp Arslan, successively conquered (1040-72) Persia, Bagdad, Syria, Palestine, and a great part of Asia Minor, or Rûm.

93

Alp Arslan's son and successor, Malik Shah, was distinguished for his noble personal qualities as well as for his extensive empire. After his death, in 1092, the European powers began the great movement of the Crusades, with which the Seljuk sultanates of Rum and Syria became closely intermingled. The last sultan of Rum was Kaikobad, whose reign at Iconium (Konieh) ceased somewhere about the year 1315. The Turkish empire, founded by the Seljuks, was thereafter continued by the Ottoman or Osmanli Turks. See Mirkhond's History of the Seljuks (Vullers's Ger. trans. 1838), Archer and Kingsford's Crusades (1894), and the Saturday Review of Jan. 12, 1895.

Selkirk, ALEXANDER (16761721), English mariner, born at Largo, Fifeshire, joined Dampier's privateering expedition in 1703; but when his vessel touched at Juan Fernandez, off the west coast of S. America, he asked, in consequence of a quarrel with his captain, to be put ashore (1704). In 1709 Dampier touched at the island, and Selkirk was taken off. After living for some time the life of a recluse at Largo, he again went to sea, where ne died. It was from the record of his experiences that Defoe wrote Robinson Crusoe. See Howell's Life and Adventures of Alexander Selkirk (1829).

Selkirk, EARL OF. See MANI

TOBA.

Selkirk Mountains, range of mountains in the s.E. of British Columbia, Canada, w. of the Rocky Mts. and almost parallel to them, being separated by the northwesterly flowing portion of the Columbia R., and bounded on the w. by the same river in its southward course. The whole range covers an area 200 m. by 80 m., and is thoroughly alpine in character, with great snowfields and glaciers. The highest peak is Mt. Sir Donald (10,645 ft.). The Canadian Pacific Ry. crosses the range, at an altitude of 4,300 ft., by Roger's Pass.

Selkirkshire, southeastern co., Scotland, bounded N. by Midlothian; covers an area of 172,373 acres. It is essentially a pastoral county, consisting of great rounded hills. The Tweed skirts the N. border, but the truly Selkirk rivers are the Ettrick and the Yarrow, which join a few miles above the county town. St. Mary's Loch is the finest sheet of water within its borders. The only towns are Selkirk (the county town) and Galashiels, which form two of the Border group of burghs. Pop. (1911) 24.600.

Sella, QUINTINO (1827-84), Italian statesman, born at Mosso,

Sellar, WILLIAM YOUNG (182590), Scottish scholar, born at Mor vich in Sutherlandshire, and elected in 1848 to a fellowship at Oriel College, Oxford. In 1859 he became professor of Greek at St. Andrews, and in 1863 professor of Latin at Edinburgh. His chief work was his series of appreciations and interpretations of the Latin poets-The Roman Poets of the Republic (1863), The Roman Poets of the Augustan Age (1877), and Horace and the Elegiac Poets (1892).

Sellers, COLEMAN (18271907), American engineer, born in Philadelphia, became superintendent of the Globe rolling mills at Cincinnati, chief engineer and partner in the machine tool works of Wm. Sellers & Co., at Philadelphia, consulting engineer_to the Niagara Falls Power Co., professor of mechanics in Franklin Institute, Philadelphia, and non-resident professor of engineering practice in Stevens Institute, Hoboken. He was also an American representative on the International Niagara Commission. Prof. Sellers was an earnest student of photography, began making photographs by artificial light in 1873, produced many improvements in the art, and invented the kinematoscope.

Selma, city, Ala., co. seat of Dallas co., 40 m. w. of Montgomery, on the N. side of the Alabama R., and on the Southern, the Louisv. and Nash., and the W. of Ala. R. Rs. It is a commercial and industrial centre, with cotton factories and structural iron and bridge works. Cottonseed oil, lumber, fertilizer, car wheels, etc., are also manufactured. Iron and coal mining are carried on in the district, and cotton and timber are also extensively shipped. Among the more important institutions are Dallas Academy, Carnegie Library, Selma Infirmary, and the Baptist Colored University. The first settlement here was made about 1756, and the place was incorporated in 1826. It was a Confederate supply depot during the Civil War. A Federal force under Gen. J. H. Wilson here defeated the Confederates under Gen. N. B. Forrest, April, 1865, and took the city. Pop. (1910) 13,649.

Selous, FREDERICK COURTENEY (1851), English traveller,

(1896), and Sport and Travel, East and West (1900).

Seltzer Water is properly an aerated mineral water obtained from the spring at Oberselters in Hesse-Nassau, Germany, but is generally artificially prepared. The chief ingredients are bicarbonates of sodium (58 grains per gallon), of calcium (17 grains), and of magnesium (14 grains), with sulphate of potassium (163 grains), and smaller quantities of other ingredients, the whole being aerated with 91 volumes of carbon dioxide per 100 of the water. is valuable medicinally where an alkaline water is required, and is

It

New Zealand and bishop of Lichfield, was born at Hampstead, near London, and rowed in the first university boat race. He was in 1841 consecrated first bishop of New Zealand. In 1867, during a visit to England, he was appointed bishop of Lichfield. Selwyn College, Cambridge, was erected and endowed to his memory (1882). For his life consult Tucker (1879) and Curteis (1889).

Selymbria, a Greek city, founded (c. 700 B.C.) by colonists from Megara, on N. coast of Propontis (Sea of Marmora) in Thrace. During the 5th century

pairs of arms, one above another, on a pole, and they were manipulated from a room below. This machinery was superseded by a mast with two arms, one above the other. Semaphores of this type were used until 1847, when the simpler plan of the present day was adopted. The signs denote numbers as well as letters, so that messages may be transmitted by code or spelling. In the U. S. navy all seamen are instructed in signalling.

In the accompanying plate is shown the flag semaphore system which is used in the United States navy and with some

Sembrich

slight differences-in the British navy also. The mechanical semaphore uses the same alphabet, thus:

The general instructions are in substance as follows: To call a station or vessel: Make 'attention' call and call letter of station or vessel. The station called answers with its 'call letter' or 'attention' if it has no call letter. The sender then makes alphabetical' or 'numeral,' and proceeds with the message.

At the end of the message extend arms horizontally and wave flags slightly until the receiver answers with the same signal.

At the end of a word cross the flags in front of the body as shown in plate.

Should the receiver miss a word he waves the flag over his head. The sender then stops and waves flag in same manner. The receiver then signals 'repeat last word' or whatever he wishes.

If the sender should make an error, he signals 'error' until answered by the receiver with the same. He then proceeds, beginning with the word in which the error occurred.

See article on SIGNALLING, NAVAL; Consult International Signal Code (published by U. S. Naval Hydrographic Office).

Sembrich, MARCELLA (1858), Polish soprano singer, born at Wisniowczyk, Galicia, and a pupil of Wilhelm Stengel, to whom she was afterwards married, and of Epstein and Rokitansky in Vienna. She made her début in 1877, at Athens, inĮ Puritani. In 1879 she sang in Dresden, and for the next ten years in London, New York (1884), Dresden, Munich, and

Numbers

Don Pasquale; Lucia, Martha, and Leonora, in Il Trovatore. She is also noted as an admirable lieder singer.

Semecarpus, a genus of tropical evergreen trees belonging to the order Anacardiacea. They bear panicles of small flowers, followed by nuts or drupes. The black juice of the fruits is used by the natives of Ceylon for marking clothes. The kidney bean of Malacca is S. Anacardium.

Semele, in ancient Greek mythology a daughter of Cadmus, king of Thebes, was beloved by Zeus, whose wife Hera, in her jealousy, persuaded Semele to ask Zeus to show himself to her in all his majesty. Zeus thereupon appeared as the god of thunder, and Semele was consumed by lightning; but Zeus saved the child Dionysus, with whom she was pregnant. An-. other story is that Semele gave birth to Dionysus, and after his birth Cadmus put her and the child into a boat and cast it loose on the sea; that the boat came ashore at Brasiæ in Laconia, with Semele dead but Dionysus still alive. The general account agrees that Dionysus brought Semele out of Hades, and that she became a goddess by the name of Thyone.

Semendria (Serv. Smederevo), tn., Servia, on Danube, 26 m. S.E. of Belgrade; exports grain and wine. Here in 1411 the Turks defeated the Hungarians. The fortress was taken by Prince Eugene in 1717, but remained in Turkish hands till 1867. Pop. (1901) 6,912.

Seminoles, North American Indians, a branch of the Muskhogean division, formerly dominant in Florida, where about 350 still survived in the Everglades in 1900. The rest (2,700) are in Oklahoma. In 1906 they, with the other tribes of civilized Indians, came under agreement for individual allotment of their tribal lands and absorption into American citizenship. The Seminoles are prominent in the history of the United States because of their former position on the border of Florida while that territory was a possession of Spain. It was in retaliation for their raids that Gen. Andrew Jackson crossed over to attack their villages, the incident resulting in the transfer of Florida to the United States (1819). They were noted for the complexity of their ceremonies, among which may be mentioned the 'busk,' or green corn dance, a festival marking the time when the corn became edible. In this ceremony purification was sougnt by the black drink,' a decoction of the Ilex cassine, which acts as a powerful emetic, producing vio

lent nervous disturbances. Another important feature of the busk was the kindling of new fire. See MUSKHOGEAN. For a good general account see C. MacCauley's The Seminole Indians of Florida (Report of Bureau of American Ethnology, 1887); Jones, Antiquities of the Southern Indians (1873).

a

Seminole Wars. While Florida was still a possession of Spain the Seminoles were charged with depredations on the Georgia border, and on the other hand many white men settled on the Indian lands. Many fugitive slaves also sought refuge among the Indians, and a modified form of slavery existed among them. In 1817 Apalachicola, fortress originally built by the British but turned over to the Indians, was captured by Gen. E. P. Gaines with a force of U. S. regulars and Creek Indians. In 1818 Gen. Andrew Jackson invaded the country of the Seminoles, set fire to their villages, occupied the Spanish town of Pensacola, and summarily hanged two British traders who had been active in stirring up the Indians. Spain was induced to cede Florida to the United States by a treaty concluded in 1819. The pressure of whites upon the Seminole territory_continued, and by the treaty of Fort Moultric, Sept., 1823, the Indians agreed to give up the northern part of the peninsula. The friction continued, however, and in 1832, by a provisional treaty at Payne's Landing, the Indians agreed to move across the Mississippi, if the lands there allotted were satisfactory. The next year at Fort Gibson their seven delegates signed a supplementary treaty agreeing to remove, which was ratified by the U. S. Senate in 1834. The Indians declared that they had been tricked and that the delegates were not authorized to sign a binding treaty, but the U. S. Government determined to remove them by force if necessary. In Nov., 1835, one of the chiefs, Osceola (q.v.), began the second Seminole War by killing a Ichief who favored removal and capturing a U. S. baggage train. Indian agent Wiley Thompson was killed, and on Dec. 28, 1835, Major F. L. Dade and a force of 110 men marching to the relief of Fort King were ambushed, and only one man escaped. During the next year the American army was increased to about 10,000 men, though the entire number of the Indians was less than 4,000. In 1837 Gen. Thos. S. Jesup secured a promise that about 800 would go west, and the war was declared at an end on March 26. Disputes over the possession of the negroes, whom the whites

claimed were runaway slaves, lea to further hostilities, however, but Osceola was captured by treach ery in October and died in prison at Fort Moultrie the next year. In February, 1838, 513 Indians and 165 negroes were captured and removed beyond the Mississippi, and in May Gen. Zachary Taylor sent 400 more to join them. Gen. Macomb concluded a peace in 1839, according to which the Indians were allowed to remain in Florida, but in July the Indians again resumed hostilities, though with less success than formerly. Fighting continued until 1842, the last battle being fought near the site of the Dade massacre. The Indians were finally subdued and all prisoners sent west. Gen. Worth reported that not more than 300 remained and that they had retired to the impenetrable_retreats in the Everglades. total number of Indians and negroes transported in 1836-42 was 3,930. The total American loss was about 1,500, and the cost of the war was possibly $10,000,000. In 1855 the remnant in Florida rose in arms because of ill-treatment by a party of U. S. engineers, but the insurrection soon subsided. See Sprague's Origin, Progress and Conclusion of the Florida War (1848) and Coe's Red Patriots (1898).

were

The

Semionovka, tnship., Cherni gov gov., S. W. Russia, 75 m. N.E. of Chernigov. It manufactures leather, boots, pottery, and oil. Pop. (1897) 15,125.

Semipalatinsk. (1.) Province, Russian Central Asia, between Zungaria (E.) and Russian provinces of Tomsk (N.E.), Akmolinsk (w.), and Semiryechensk (s.). Together with Akmolinsk, Semipalatinsk now forms the general government of the steppes. Area, 184,631 sq. m. Pop. (1897) 685,197. The highland region in east and centre belongs to the Altai system on the N., and to the Tarbagatai range on the s., and reaches up to over 10,000 ft. The Zaisan plateau, between the Altai and Tarbagatai mountains, is one of the chief gates from east into west Central Asia. Almost all the water-courses belong to the Irtish basin. Gold, silver, copper, salt, coal, and iron are mined, and graphite and various gems are found. Fish abound in Lake Zaisan. The Kirghiz nomads form three-quarters of the population. Of the 685,197 inhabitants (1897), 555,259 were Mohammedans, and 65,718 belonged to the Russian Orthodox Church. Agriculture is the chief occupation. Besides cereals, flax, hemp, melons, and tobacco are grown. Bee-keeping flourishes. (2.) Town, cap. of above province, 468 m. S.S.E. of Omsk, on