Semi-Pelagians an island in the Irtish. It is divided into Russian and Tartar quarters: in the former are the old fortress and the governor's house; in the latter, twelve mosques. The town has tanneries and distilleries, and manufactures flour, soap, and candles. Pop. (1897) 26,353. Semi-Pelagians. GIUS. See PELA Semiramis, a mythical queen of Assyria, and wife of Ninus, the founder of Nineveh. She was the daughter of the Syrian fish-goddess Derceto, and was married by Onnes, one of Ninus's generals. When Onnes was engaged in the siege of Bactra, Semiramis led a forlorn hope against the citadel, and captured it and the town. Thereupon Ninus resolved to marry her, and Onnes slew himself. After Ninus's death Semiramis ruled, and founded many cities and built many marvellous buildings, including her husband's tomb at Nineveh. She is also reputed to have built Babylon, and to have conquered Egypt and Libya, though failing to conquer India. After a reign of forty-two years she resigned the throne to her son Ninyas, and departed to heaven in the shape of a dove. See Lenormant's La Légende de Sémiramis (1873). Semiryechensk, prov., Russian Central Asia, forming part of the general government of Turkestan (till 1899 of the general government of the steppes). Area, 152,280 sq. m.; pop. (1897) 990,107. It is naturally divided into a mountainous region in the S. and S.E., and a steppe region in the N.W. The mountains be long to the Tarbagatai and TianShan systems, the former dividing Semiryechensk from Siberia, the latter from Chinese Turkestan. The drainage belongs mainly to the basins of the Syr Daria and of lakes Issik-kul, Alakul, and Balkhash. Gold, copper, iron, coal, and salt occur. Cotton, vines, and fruit trees are grown in the s. Market-gardening engages the Russian colonists, but not more than 6 per cent. of the land is treated as arable. The capital is Vyernyi. Of the population about 70 per cent. are Kirghiz (mostly nomads), 24 per cent. Sarts. Semites, the descendants of Shem. signifies a particular race of manEthnologically the term kind, of which the Arabs and the Jews may be taken as types. The type is characterized by a dull white skin, black hair and eyes, a prominent and aquiline nose, thick lips, oval face, abundance of beard, and dolichocephalic skull. Owing to mixture, however, many (if not all) of these characteristics tend to disappear: VOL. XI-7 thus, an examination of the Jews The Semitic languages are B.C. The Aramaic dialects were used throughout the region which extended from the borders of Babylonia to N. Syria. Aramaic tribes encamped in Babylonia itself; and inscriptions found at Sinjirli, north of the Gulf of Antioch, prove that in the 8th century B.C. Semites blood and language better than have their kinsfolk elsewhere. Indeed, although the earlier monuments of literary Arabic are hardly older than the age of Mohammed, the sounds and grammatical forms have survived in it which were already lost in the Babylonian of six thousand years ago. This literary Arabic was originally the language of the tribe of Koreish at Mecca, and was spread over the Oriental world by the conquests of Mohammedanism, supplanting Aramaic, just as Aramaic had previously supplanted the native languages of Babylonia and Canaan. Distinct from Arabic are the dialects of S. Arabia, represented by the extinct Minæan and Sabæan, and the modern Ehkili with its allied idioms. Emigrants from S. Arabia carried their language with them to the opposite shores of Africa, where it became the Ethiopic of the Abyssinian Church and its modern descendant Amharic. the peculiarities which mark Aramaic off from its sister tongues were as yet only in process of formation. Aramaic eventually became the language of trade and diplomacy in the East, replacing Assyrian in Assyria and Babylonia and Hebrew in Palestine. One of its dialects, known as Syriac, has acquired a specially prominent position in consequence of its use in the Christian Church. Arabic was spoken in Central and N. Arabia, more especially by the nomad Bedawin (Bedouins), who have preserved the purity of their As a general rule the Semitic race and the Semitic family of speech go together. There are indeed Semites-such as the Jews -who have adopted non-Semitic languages; and some of those who speak Semitic languagessuch as the Maltese and some Nubians are not of Semitic descent. The Semitic family occu pies a compact square in S.W. Asia and a large part of N. Africa. The centre of the square is roughly formed by N. Arabia, and it is probable that either N. or Central Arabia was the original cradle of the race. From there came the great movement and expansion of the race in historical times under Mohammed and his successors. The suggestion has been made that the beginnings of the race should be sought in Africa, Arabia being rather the land in which its characteristics became fixed, and its language acquired the features which distinguish it from other families of speech. However this may be, the Semitic family, so far as it is known to us, had its first home in Arabia. Recent researches have gone to show that the dominant race in ancient Egypt was of Asiatic extraction, and that the language they brought with them was a sister of the parent Semitic speech. Like the latter, it was characterized by triliteralism, its roots consisting of three consonantal sounds. It shared also some peculiarities of Semitic grammar, and part of its vocabulary has been traced to a Semitic origin. Tradition brought the Phoenicians also from the Persian Gulf. Assyria, moreover, had a Semitic population, and the mountains of Elam were occu pied by Semitic settlers as far eastward as Susa. In Babylonia the older non-Semitic inhabitants were conquered by Semitic immigrants, who assimilated the culture of their predecessors, and formed with them a mixed population, which in turn created the Babylonian civilization of the historical age. As an individual the Semite was intense, persevering, and relentless. Politically, the Semite showed dislike to absorption into a large empire and inability to create a well-knit and abiding system of control. Separatism and small communities express the preferences of the race. Hence the great empires existed only by repeated reconquest of large parts of the realm. The same traits showed themselves in the religion. The primary object of worship in any locality was a 'Baal' or 'lord,' who often manifested himself in the sun, and, like the sun, was at once a healer and a destroyer. But the Baals were as numerous as the tribes who adored them or the high places which were dedicated to their worship. For his worshippers, however, each separate Baal was supreme in his own district or among those who invoked his name. He was conceived as the head of the family or tribe, and the patriarchal constitution of the family was accordingly extended to him. By the side of the Baal stood his wife, the Baalath, a colorless reflection of the god. The divine family was occasionally completed by a son, who acted as the minister of his father and the interpreter of his will. Semitic religion was thus essentially tribal in its origin, and a tribal character clung to it to the last. See Robertson Smith's Religion of the Semites (1889); T. Nöldeke, in Sketches from Eastern History (1892); McCurdy, History, Prophecy, and the Monuments, vols. i., ii. (1894-6); Barton's Sketch of Semitic Origins (1902); Wright's Comparative Grammar of the Semitic Languages (1890), and works cited under ARABIA, ASSYRIA, BABYLONIA, etc. Semler, JOHANN SALOMO, (1725-91), German theologian, born at Saalfeld in Thuringia; was professor at Halle (175291). Though a rationalist, he was not a naturalist'; and his philosophical insight was not keen. He foreshadowed. however, the true method of Biblical criticism, and may be said to have anticipated the central idea of the Tübingen school. The most important of his many works are Apparatus ad liberalem Veteris Testamenti Interpretationem (1773), Abhandlung von freier Untersuchung des Kanons (1771-2), Selecta Capita Hist. Eccl. (1767-9). See his autobiography (1781-2). Semliki, riv., E. Africa, issues from Aibert Edward Nyanza, curves round w. rim of Ruwenzori, and flows N.E. to S. end of Albert Nyanza. The river swarms with crocodiles. It first became known in 1888, when Stanley came upon it some thirty miles above its mouth. Length, 150 m. Semlin, tn., Croatia-Slavonia, Hungary, on 1. bk. of Danube, 6 m. W.N.W. of Belgrade; has important transit trade, and contains the ruins of the castle of John Hunyadi, who died here in 1456. Pop. 14,416. Semmering, Austrian Alpine pass (3,219 ft.) connecting Vienna with Graz, the capital of Styria. It is the lowest of the Alpine passes, and is traversed by a railway, the first (1854) to be carried across the Alps. The summit tunnel is 285 ft. below the highest point of the pass. The viaducts of the Semmering railway, some of them with several tiers of arches, are among the grandest works of engineering. (1809 Semmes, RAPHAEL 1877), American naval officer, born in Charles county, Md. He was appointed a midshipman in the navy in 1826, but did not actively take up his duties until 1832, spending the intervening time in study. He became a lieutenant in 1837 and commander in 1855. He served with the Gulf Squadron in the Mexican War. Upon the secession of Ala., of which state he had become a citizen, he resigned from the navy and soon afterwards accepted a commission as commander in the Confederate navy. Immediately after his resignation, President Davis sent him North in search of skilled mechanics and supplies, and he succeeded in shipping many cases of percussion caps to Montgomery without interference from the Federal authorities. In 1861-62 he commanded the Sumter and in 1862-64 the Alabama, cruising in the paths of commerce and doing vast damage to American shipping. The Sumter was finally blockaded in Tangier and sold, and the Alabama was sunk by the Kearsage, off Cherbourg, June 19, 1864. Semmes escaped to England and returning to the Confederacy was given command of the James River Squadron, with the rank of rear admiral. Upon the evacuation of Richmond his squadron was destroved and he served the few remaining weeks of the war in the army, surrendering with Johnston. The remainder of his life was spent at Mobile, practising law. Semnones, a tribe of ancient Germany, the most powerful of the Suevic race, which inhabited the country between the Viadus (Oder) and Albis (Elbe). Semnopithecus. See LANGUR. Semolina, sometimes known as GRITS, consists of small particles of grain, chiefly wheat, roughly ground. The name is given to the residuum of larger granules left unground in the process of flour-making where hard wheat is used. It is also applied to the coarser forms of potato-flour. Consult Bulletin 20, U. S. Dept. of Agriculture, Bureau of Plant Industry (1902). Sempach, tn., Swiss canton of Lucerne, 10 m. N.w. of town of Lucerne, near small lake of Sempach. Here was gained (1386) the victory which secured Swiss independence, and in which Arnold von Winkelried (a real person) is said to have performed his (legendary) feat of arms. Pop. (1900) 1,028. Semper, KARL (1832-93), German naturalist, born at Altona; after a tour in the Philippines and the Pacific islands, he became professor of zoology at Wurzburg (1868). He visited the U. S. in 1877, and gave a course of lectures at the Lowell Institute, Boston, which were published later with the title Animal Life as Affected by the Natural Conditions of Existence (1881), and by this work he is chiefly known. Sempervivum, a genus of succulent plants belonging to the order Crassulaceæ. Mr. J. G. Baker has classified all the hardy species as follows: (1.) SUB-GENUS SEMPERVIVUM PROPER. Parts of the flowers usually in twelves. Open flower, bell-shaped. RHODANTHA: flowers reddish. Group 1. Ciliata.-Leaves of the barren rosette glabrous on the face when mature, shortly ciliated on the edges only. Group 2. Pubescentia.-Leaves of the barren rosette pubescent on the face, as well as ciliated on the edges, not tipped with a tuft of spreading hairs. Group 3. Barbatula.-Leaves of the barren rosette strongly ciliated on the edges, and furnished with a tuft of short, straight hairs at the tip. Group 4. Arachnoidea.-Dwarf species, with the tips of the inner leaves of the rosette connected by fine, fleecy threads, like a spider's web. (2.) SUB-GENUS DIOPOGON.— Parts of the flower usually in sixes. Flowers always yellowish. Expanded flower spreading widely. See also HOUSE-LEEK, Sempronia, daughter of Tibe rius Sempronius Gracchus, Roman censor in 169 B.C., and sister of the Gracchi, the famous tribunes. She married Scipio Senaar Africanus the Younger. After his mysterious death, in 129 B.C., she and her mother Cornelia were suspected, without sufficient grounds, of having murdered him. Also the name of a character in Ben Jonson's tragedy, Catiline. Senaar. See SENNAAR. Senancour, ETIENNE PIVERT DE (1770-1846), French writer, born at Paris. His first book was a sort of metaphysico-sentimental romance called Obermann (1804; Eng. trans. by A. E. Waite, 1903), or letters written about himself by a solitary living on the slopes of the Jura. The influence of Rousseau and of Goethe's Werther is very perceptible. He followed this up by De l'Amour (1805), in which his really fine French style is seen 99 magistrate, who could convoke it when he chose. Finally, the execution of any resolution passed by the senate rested with the magistrates, who could disregard it without any constitutional penalty. In spite of all these disabilities, the senate was for centuries the ruling body at Rome, particularly during the 3d and the 2d century B.C., during which Rome secured the empire of the world. In the first century or so of the republic it claimed, however, the right to approve the list of candidates proposed for magisterial office; down to 339 B.C. measures passed by the assembly needed to receive the patrum auctoritas before becoming law, but after that date the auctoritas had to be given beforehand, and it alone could Senate chose and conferred power on a new emperor. But the last-mentioned privilege was usually snatched from it by the soldiers; and its exercise of the others depended entirely on the emperor's caprice. In consequence its attitude was usually that of abject subservience to the ruler. Originally all senators were patricians; plebeians were, however, included soon after the foundation of the republic. In process of time a property qualification came to be considered necessary for membership: under the republic it was 400,000 sesterces (about $15,500), and was fixed by Augustus at 1,000,000 sesterces (about $39,000). As has been already said, admission to the senate originally depended purely on nomination by the mag The Roman Senate-Cicero accusing Catiline. (From a fresco by Prof. C. Maccari in the Italian Senate House at Rome.) at its best, but the work is still more persistently Wertherish.' Sainte-Beuve praised his work highly. Senate, deliberative council of ancient Rome. Its individual members were known as patres (fathers').e. the heads of the families or clans which formed the primitive community. But in historical times the senator obtained his seat through nomination, first by the king, and afterwards by the consuls or censors; only after Sulla's legislation in 81 B.C. did election to the questorship legally and necessarily confer the subsequent right to a seat in the senate. Constitutionally and in theory the senate was nothing but an advising body. The senators did not give votes, but merely expressed their opinions. Moreover, the senate could only meet when convoked by a declare a dictator to be necessary; the actual appointment, however, was made by a consul. But, as a rule, the consul or other magistrate was in the position of a young man, of brief experience, confronted with a body of men of greater age and wider knowledge, many of whom had earlier in life held the same high office as himself. Hence, as a matter of fact, the senate was generally consulted with regard to public worship, finance, the administration of the provinces, and the management of foreign affairs; in the last of these departments the necessity of a continuous policy could hardly be supplied by officials who changed every year. Under the empire the position of the senate was altered; it made laws, elected to the magistracies, was the supreme judicial authority, and istrate. By the 4th century B.C., however, the practice had grown up that ex-quæstors and ex-magistrates of higher rank were called to the senate; and after 351 B.C. this became the regular practice. The office was lifelong; the term could only be cut short by exclusion by the censors, usually on the ground of immorality. Augustus made the senatorship hereditary. In early days the number of the senate was about 300; Sulla's reform raised it to 500 or 600; Julius Cæsar increased it to 1,000, but Augustus reduced it to its old figure. Senators wore a distinctive tunic with a broad purple stripe, and a particular kind of shoe ornamented with a crescent in front. They shared with knights the privilege of wearing gold rings. See E. Herzog's Geschichte und System der römischen Staats verfassung (2 vols. 1884-91), and Willems's Le Sénat de la République Romaine (3 vols. 1878-85). In modern times the senate is the upper house of the legislature in various countries-e.g. the United States (also the individual states of the Union), France, Italy, and Canada. The term senate is also applied to the governing bodies of some universities. See UNITED STATES, section on Gov ernment. Sendai, tn., on E. coast of Honshiu, Japan, 220 m. by rail N.N.E. of Tokyo; has trade in fish and salt. Pop. 100,231. Seneca. (1.) MARCUS ANNEUS SENECA (c. 61 B.C. to after 30 A.D.), Roman rhetorician, was a native of Corduba in Spain. He spent some time at Rome early in the reign of Augustus, and afterwards returned to Spain. His literary efforts were confined to the popular rhetoric of the day, and his extant works are the (in complete) Controversiarum Liber, contentious rhetorical exercises, and the Suasoriarum Liber, speeches of counsel. Their only excellence, that of form, does not atone for their weakness in thought. There are editions by H. J. Müller (1888), and Kiessling (in the Teubner Series, 1872). (2.) LUCIUS ANNEUS SENECA (c. 5 B.C.-65 A.D.), Roman philosopher and statesman, was the son of the above, and was born at Corduba. By the reign of Caligula (37-41 A.D.) he had won reputation as a pleader of cases; in the first year of the reign of Claudius he was banished to Corsica, but was recalled after 49, raised to the prætorship, and made the tutor of Nero. On Nero's accession to the imperial throne Seneca was with Burrus, the chief minister to the emperor; and they must be credited with the excellent administration of Nero's first five years. After the death of Burrus, in 62, Seneca, believing that Nero coveted his great wealth, offered it to the emperor, and asked leave to retire. But being suspected of complicity in Piso's plot in 65, he was ordered to die, and he accordingly opened his veins and bled to death. The one blot on Seneca's name is his share (if he was an accomplice in it) in the murder of Agrippina, Nero's mother. In philosophy and literature Seneca formerly enjoyed a great reputation, but at the present time his works are little read. Montaigne speaks of him and Plutarch as his two teachers. In philosophy he was a Stoic, but his Stoicism is of an eclectic nature; his writings show practical wisdom rather than profound speculation. His ; style is that of a rhetorician, but is clear and forcible. His trage dies, ten in number, are, with one exception, imitations of the Greek, and consist of declamatory speeches, interspersed with lyrical passages.. The Octavia, the subject of which is Nero's illtreatment of Octavia, his wife, is the most dramatic. In prose he wrote De Ira, a treatise on anger; De Beneficiis Libri vii, on benefits; De Animi Tranquillitate, on peace of mind-and similar themes; Liber de Consolatione ad Marciam; Epistolæ ad Lucilium, a collection of maxims; Quæstiones Naturales, discussing meteors, winds, earthquakes, thunder and lightning, and the like; and a satire on the deification of the Emperor Claudius Apocolocyntosis Divi Claudi, published in Bücheler's Petronius (1882, ed. by Ball, 1903). Editions: Philosophical works, by Koch and Vahlen (1879), and Gertz (1886); tragedies, by Leo (1879) and Peiper-Richter (in the Teubner Series, 1902); complete works, by Haase (in the Teubner Series, 1898). There are English translations by Stewart of The Minor Dialogues (1889) and On Benefits (1887). See Hochart's Etudes sur la Vie de Sénèque (1885), and H. Westbury's novel, Acté (1890). Seneca Falls, vil., Seneca co., N. Y., 35 m. w. by s. of Syracuse, on the Seneca R., and on the N. Y. C. and H. R. and the Leh. Val. R. Rs., and the SenecaCayuga Canal. It is an industrial centre, utilizing power afforded by the river in the manufacture of pumps, fire engines, automo biles, machine tools, buttons, etc. It is a shipping point for fruit, which is extensively grown in the district. The village contains Mynderse Academy,, Rumsey Hall, a preparatory school, Mynderse Library, and Johnson Home for Old Ladies. Cayuga Lake Park is a summer resort of the neighborhood. The first settlement here was made in 1787, and the village was incorporated in 1831 and 1905. Pop. (1910) 6,588. Seneca Lake, a long and narrow body of water in New York state, of glacial origin. Its s. extremity is 21 m. N. by w. of Elmira. It is drained by Seneca R. to Lake Ontario, and is 35 m. long by from 1 to 3 m. broad. Senecio, the most extensive genus in the vegetable kingdom, including upwards of nine hundred species. It is a subdivision of the order Compositæ, and is marked off by its five-cleft, tubu lar, central florets, the outer florets being strap-shaped, forming a ray, and furnished with pis Senecio vulgaris. 1, Flower; 2, flower head; 3, fruit. tils only. The involucre is imbricated, with a few smaller scales at the base, and the receptacle is' naked. Among the species are the German Ivy (S. mikanioides); and the spring flowering S. aureus or swamp squaw-weed. Senecú, vil., Chihuahua, Mex., 6 m. below El Paso on the Rio Grande. The inhabitants, of whom there were about 60 in 1905, are a remnant of the Piro. tribe of New Mexico. They preserve the old tribal organization' under a cacique, but their orig inal language is almost entirely forgotten. Senerelder Senefelder, ALOYS (1771-1834), the inventor of the art of lithography, born at Prague, Austria; took to playwriting, and afterwards to engraving, etching, and He published an stereotyping. account of his discovery of lithography (1818). Senega (Polygala senega), á North American plant about nine inches in height, bearing terminal spikes of small, dull-white flow ers. The woody root of this plant was used by Indians as an antidote against the bite of the rattlesnake, and is used in medicine chiefly in chronic bronchitis. Senegal Protectorates, French possessions in W. Africa, formed (since 1904) of various towns, trading and military posts, and patches and strips of territory between the rivers Gambia and Casamance, on those rivers, and on the Senegal R. up as far as Kayes, more or less enclaves in the administrative territories of Senegambia-Niger. The total area is 438 sq. m., and the population (1904) 107,826. In 1904 the exports amounted to $6,678,847, and the imports to $11,175,961. Much of this trade, however, belongs to the colony of Upper Senegal-Niger (formerly Senegambia and Niger), which is exclusively an inland colony, and has no intercolonial customs. Other products are millet, maize, rice, castor oil, cocoanuts, and gum. The chief towns are St. Louis, the capital (pop. 24,070), Dakar (18,447), Rufisque (12,446), and Goree (1,560). The inhabitants are of negro origin, but greatly mixed with Moorish and Fulah elements. They are mostly Mohammedans. The chief industries are weaving, brickmaking, and camel and cattle breeding. a Senegambia and Niger, vast territory in French W. Africa, including the former protectorates of Senegal and the wide stretch of country that lies between the s. limits of the Algerian 'sphere of influence,' the Atlantic, French Guinea, Ivory Coast, Gold Coast, Togo, Dahomey, and N. Nigeria, and thus includes the basins of the upper Niger and the upper Senegal. The capital is Bammako, on the Niger. Apart from the great rivers, the principal geographical features are those of the Sahara and Sudan in the E. of the region, and a vast low plateau (1,500 ft.), seamed with river-courses, in the w. The principal products are gum, groundnuts, gold, indiarubber, rice, millet, wheat, earthnuts, and kola-nuts. Timbuktu has a trade valued at less than $500,000. The railway, which ascends beside the Senegal, runs across from Bafoulabé on that river to Bammako on the Niger. 101 The French gradually made themselves masters of this region between 1880 and 1898. The native population, who are in part Mohammedans, consist principally of Fulahs, Mandingoes, Wolofs, and Sarakoles. The reorganization of French. West Africa, begun in 1895, was completed by the decree of October 18, 1904, which converted the territories of Senegambia and Niger into a separate colony, under the name of Upper SenegalNiger. Seneschal, an officer in the house of mediæval princes and other high dignitaries, who took the charge of feasts or domestic ceremonies; a steward who in certain cases had the dispensing of justice; a military commander of high rank. In the reign of Philip 1. (1059) the office was considered the highest place of trust in the French kingdom. of Sengora (Siamese, Songkla), Siamese prov. on E. coast Malay Peninsula, in 7° 30′ N. lat. Area, 17,000 sq. m. Pop. about 500,000, many being Chinese. Senigallia, or SINIGAGLIA, tn., prov. Ancona, Italy, on Adriatic, 15 m. N.W. of Ancona. The bishopric was founded in the 4th century. The town is the birthplace of Pope Pius IX. Until 1869 a famous fair used to be held here in July and August. Pop. (1901) 23,195. The Senility, a condition dependent less upon the number of years a man has lived than upon the strength of his constitution at starting and his use or abuse of his strength. The condition has been described as one of general progressive atrophy of all tissues. The chief causes of premature senility are syphilis, alcohol, and overwork, or, perhaps more correctly, overworry. The condition is marked, outwardly, by a wasting of tissues and a loss of elasticity. The skin wrinkles, for subcutaneous fat goes. bones waste from within outwards. The arteries lose their elasticity, and so the blood volume lessens. The blood is badly driven by a weakened heart through deteriorated channels, and thus the blood itself deteriorates, and the organs deteriorate which it should nourish. Hence fatty and fibrous degenerations of organs are common, with other grave changes, such as softening of brain substance; or apoplexy occurs a very common ending in senility, due to rupture of a cerebral vessel or to blocking of it by embolus. In senility the man tends to become thin. All his appetites lessen, unless indeed abnormally excited, as they may be in senile dementia. His nervous system shows the most marked changes. His memory goes, and Senn goes in particular for recent events, while he may still have vivid recollections of long-past affairs. He is slow to respond to the emotions, and, mercifully, not so deeply impressed by either joy or sorrow. The diseases of the senile tend to be chronic, rarely acute. Light, nutritious food, no alcohol except under physician's orders, and a quiet life defer the progress of senility. Senior, NASSAU WILLIAM (1790-1864), English political economist, was born at Compton Beauchamp in Berkshire. In 1825 he was appointed professor of political economy in Oxford, and again (1847-52). He was appointed master of Chancery in 1836, a post which he held till 1853. As an economist he was chiefly interested at first in the reform of the poor-laws, and sat as a member of the Poor-law Commission in 1832. As an economist he stands midway between Ricardo and J. S. Mill. Many of his writings are records of conversations and interviews he had with eminent public men at home and abroad. See his Journals (1868 and 1871) and Conversations (1878-80 and 1882). Senlac. See HASTINGS, BAT TLE OF. Senlis, tn., France, dep. Oise, 27 m. N.N.E. of Paris. Old walls, partly of Gallo - Roman masonry, still surround the place; just outside is a Roman amphitheatre; the castle (parts dating from the 11th century) was a residence of the kings of France from Clovis to Henry IV.; and the church of Notre Dame (begun in 1155) is a gem of French Gothic. It was a bishop's seat until 1801. Pop. (1901) 7,115. Senn, NICHOLAS (1844), American surgeon, born in Buchs, Switzerland. He graduated at the Chicago Medical College in 1868, practised medicine in Fond du Lac county, Wis., for several years and then settled in Milwaukee. In 1874 he became attending surgeon to the Milwaukee Hospital, and in 1884-87 was professor of surgery in the College of Physicians and Surgeons, Chicago. In 1887 he became professor of surgery_and surgical pathology in the Rush Medical College, Chicago, and in 1890 professor of practical and clinical surgery in the same institution. He also became professor of surgery in the Chicago Polyclinic, lecturer on military surgery in the university, chief surgeon to the 6th Army Corps (1898), and attending surgeon to the Presbyterian. St. Joseph's, and other hospitals in Chicago. His publications include: Experimental Surgery (1889), Intestinal Surgery (1889), Surgical |